Section: 006

Name: ID: Signature:

(Leader) Ghala a. 202204193 Ghala
Malek
Sh. Muneera Alkhalifa 202201049 Muneera

Hana Ali Alnemah 202201788 Hana

Ameena Juma 202200632 Ameena

RL SERIES CIRCUIT
INTRODUCTION & BACKGROUND:

A resistor and an inductor are connected in series to form the Resistor-Inductor (RL) series
circuit, which is a basic electrical circuit layout. Power supply, motor control circuits, and
communication systems are just a few of the electrical and electronic systems that use it
extensively. For engineers and scientists working in the field of electrical engineering,
comprehension of the behavior and features of RL series circuits is crucial.

A resistor is a passive, two-terminal electrical component that opposes the passage of current
in electrical circuits. An inductor, on the other hand, is a passive electrical component that
stores energy in a form of magnetic field, when an electric current pass through it. Its
distinctive resistance to changes in current is due to its inductance, which is expressed in
Henry (H) units.

A resistor and an inductor are connected in series to form an RL series circuit. Both
components in this configuration experience the same current flow because they are
connected in series. The behavior of the circuit is affected by the combined activities of the
resistor and inductor.
Working:

One of the key characteristics of RL series circuits is the time-varying nature of the current
and voltage. When an AC (Alternating Current) signal is applied to the circuit, the inductor
opposes the change in current, which shifts the phase of the voltage and the current. This
phase shift is dependent on the frequency of the AC signal and the inductance of the inductor.
RL series circuits therefore behave differently from circuits that merely use resistors.

Usage:

RL series circuit analysis and comprehension are crucial for many applications. For instance,
power supply circuits use RL series circuits to filter out unwanted noise and stabilize the
output voltage. To control the speed and torque of motors, RL series circuits are employed in
motor control circuits. Additionally, RL series circuits are employed in communication
systems for impedance matching and signal processing.

EXPERIMENTAL WORK:

List of Equipment:

• Function Generator.
• Probes.
• Oscilloscope.
• DMM (Digital Multi-Meter).
• Resistor.
• Inductor.
• Connecting Wires.
• Breadboard.

Circuit Implementation:

To implement an RL series circuit with a resistor, inductor, function generator (voltage

source), and an oscilloscope for voltage measurement, you can follow the steps below:

1. Place the resistor and inductor on the breadboard, then connect them in series. Form a
series connection by connecting the resistor's one end to the inductor's one end.
 2. Join the resistor's free end to one of the function generator's terminals. The voltage
source for the circuit will be the function generator. Connect the function generator's
other terminal to the circuit's ground or common reference point.

Figure 1: Series RL Circuit Diagram

3. Connect the channel 1 probe of the oscilloscope to the spot where the resistor and
inductor meet. You may then use this to gauge the voltage across the resistor. For a
separate measurement of the voltage across the inductor, attach the channel 2 probe to
one end of the device.
4. Make sure that the oscilloscope and function generator are powered appropriately. To
produce the desired signal, alter the function generator's settings.
5. Turn on the oscilloscope and adjust the parameters for measuring voltage. The time
base and vertical scale of the oscilloscope can be changed so that you can see and
measure the voltage waveforms across the resistor and inductor independently. You
may examine the behavior of the circuit by looking at the voltage waveforms that the
oscilloscope will show you on its screen.

RESULTS:

1. Show that the current flowing in series RL circuit can be mathematically

expressed by following mathematical equation:

𝑽 𝑹𝒕
𝒊(𝒕) = )𝟏 − 𝒆! 𝑳 -
𝑹
2. Based on the above equation, find the current flowing in the circuit after 2
seconds.

After 2 seconds, the value of time (t) would be 2 seconds and the given data for
Voltage, Resistor and Inductor is 5 Volts, 100 Ohms and 5 milli Henry respectively.

Putting values in the given equation yields:

5 !
%&&×(
𝑖(𝑡) = )1 − 𝑒 )&×%&!" - = 0.05 𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑠 = 50 𝑚𝐴
100

3. Plot the current against time.

Using MATLAB software, we have implemented the above given equation in MATLAB
and plotted the current vs time graph for first 5 milli seconds at the input voltage of 5
Volts. The graph shows like below:

Figure 2: Current vs Time

4. Add new column to Table-1 with the heading Reactance and use equation 6 to fill
in that column.
 𝑋* = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿

𝑭𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 (𝒌𝑯𝒛) 𝑽𝑹 (𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒔) 𝑽𝑳 (𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒔) 𝑿𝑳 (𝑶𝒉𝒎𝒔)

0.5 2.69 4.22 157.07
1 1.52 4.76 314.16
1.5 1.04 4.89 471.24
2 0.79 4.94 628.32
2.5 0.63 4.96 785.4
3 0.53 4.97 942.5

5. Add new Column to Table 1 with the heading Phase Shift and use equation 7 to
fill in that column.

𝑉*
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛!% ) -
𝑉+

𝑭𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 (𝒌𝑯𝒛) 𝑽𝑹 (𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒔) 𝑽𝑳 (𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒔) 𝑷𝒉𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝑺𝒉𝒊𝒇𝒕(𝜽)

0.5 2.69 4.22 57.48
1 1.52 4.76 72.29
1.5 1.04 4.89 77.99
2 0.79 4.94 80.91
2.5 0.63 4.96 82.76
3 0.53 4.97 83.91

6. Plot Phase Shift against the Frequency and show how the phase shift changes
with frequency.

Using MATLAB software, we have implemented the above given data and plotted the phase
shift vs frequency 2D graph for given frequencies. The graph shows like below:
 Figure 3: Phase Shift vs Freq

It is evident here that at lower frequencies, the phase shift is smaller and as the frequency
increases, the phase shift keeps on increasing but after certain frequency, this change in phase
shift becomes smaller which means that the relation between phase shift and frequency is not
linear.

7. Add new Column to Table 1 with the heading Impedance and use equation 9-11
to fill in that column.

𝑍 = 𝑅 + 𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝐿

𝑭𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 (𝒌𝑯𝒛) 𝑽𝑹 (𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒔) 𝑽𝑳 (𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒔) 𝒁(𝒐𝒉𝒎𝒔) |𝒁|

0.5 2.69 4.22 100 + 𝑗157.07 186.2
1 1.52 4.76 100 + 𝑗314.16 329.69
1.5 1.04 4.89 100 + 𝑗471.24 481.73
2 0.79 4.94 100 + 𝑗628.32 636.22
2.5 0.63 4.96 100 + 𝑗785.4 791.74
3 0.53 4.97 100 + 𝑗942.5 947.79

8. Based on Table, Plot Impedance vs Frequency and show how the impedance
changes with frequency.
Using basic knowledge of finding absolute value of complex numbers, we have converted the
given complex impedance into the absolute values.

Then using MATLAB software, we have implemented the above given data and plotted the
Impedance vs Frequency 2D graph for given frequencies. The graph shows like below:

Figure 4: Impedance vs Freq

It is evident here that the relation between impedance and frequency is linear. This is
because, the frequency directly effects the imaginary value of impedance as per equation 11.
Due to the increase in imaginary value, the absolute value increases which results in the
proportional increment while keeping the real part constant.

9. Write the impedance as a complex number in cartesian form at 500 Hz, and then
convert it to polar form using equations 9-11.

At given frequency of 500 Hz, the impedance can be written in cartesian coordinate system as
follows:

𝑍 = 𝑅 + 𝑗𝑤𝐿

𝑍 = 100 + 𝑗(2𝜋 × 500 × 50 × 10!, )

𝑍 = 100 + 𝑗157.07
Converting it into Polar Form:

|𝑍| = f100( + 157.07( = 186.2

157.07
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛!% ) - = 57.51°
100

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION:

In the above experiment, we have observed that resistor is a passive device having linear
behavior to AC signals whereas inductor stores the energy in the form of magnetic field when
current passes through it. But whenever the current passes through the inductor, it will oppose
the change in current which creates a phase shift.

Multiple experiments were performed here at different input frequencies to observe different
parameters of the circuit. It has been observed that the phase shift in current is non-linearly
dependent upon the input frequency whereas impedance of an inductor is linearly dependent
on the input frequency. This means at higher frequencies; the greater impedance is offered by
the inductor which will decrease the current flow in series circuits.
REFERENCES:

• KVL: https://digilent.com/reference/learn/fundamentals/circuits/kirchhoffs-voltage-
law/start
• Working of Inductor: https://circuitdigest.com/article/what-is-an-inductor-
construction-and-working
• Phase Shift: https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/accircuits/phase-difference.html
• Reactance vs Impedance: https://byjus.com/physics/reactance-and-impedance/
• Polar vs Cartesian Coordinates: https://www.mathsisfun.com/polar-cartesian-
coordinates.html
• RL Series Circuit: https://electricalacademia.com/basic-electrical/rl-series-circuit-
analysis/