MIDTERMS PERIOD 5.

community participation and protection of

historical districts and heritage zones.
ASPEC
WO2
TOPIC: HERITAGE
• the traditions, achievements, beliefs,
etc., that are part of the history of a group
or nation (Encyclopedia Britannica)
• Heritage is the past made present
• Heritage is anything valued by people
today that was also valued by previous
generations.
• Heritage is what we have accepted as
gifts from those who came before us.
• Heritage is our inheritance of land, CULTURAL HERITAGE
language, ecosystems, knowledge, and • Refers to the totality of cultural property
culture. preserved and developed through time
and passed on to posterity.
CULTURAL PROPERTY
• All products of human creativity by which
a people and a nation reveal their
identity, including churches, mosques
and other places of religious worship,
school and natural history specimens
and sites, whether public or privately-
owned, movable or immovable, and
tangible or intangible.

Why does heritage matter?

• Heritage is a fundamental source of
individual and group identity, vitality, and
solidarity.
• Heritage is a universal process by which
humans maintain connections with our
pasts, assert our similarities with and
differences from one another, and tell
our children and other young people
what we think is important and deserves
to be part of the future.
TANGIBLE CULTURAL PROPERTY
Heritage related Job Opportunities
• cultural property with historical, archival,
1. building, beautification and management of
anthropological, archaeological, artistic
museums, monuments, plazas and parks
and architectural value, and with
2. maintenance, repairs and rehabilitation of
exceptional or traditional production
old buildings and houses
whether of Philippine origin or not,
3. adaptive re-use and creative use of historic
including antiques and natural history
buildings, houses and establishments for
specimens with significant value.
business purposes
4. restoration and preservation of paintings, old
INTANGIBLE CULTURAL PROPERTY
books, art works, artifacts and the like
 • the peoples’ learned processes along HISTORICAL LANDMARKS
with the knowledge, skills and creativity • refer to the sites or structures that are
that inform and are developed by them, associated with events or achievements
the products they create and the significant to Philippine History as
resources, spaces and other aspects of declared by the National Historical
social and natural context necessary for Commission of the Philippines.
their sustainability.
• the practices, representations, NATURAL PROPERTY OF CULTURAL
expressions, knowledge and skills, as SIGNIFICANCE
well as the instruments, objects and • refer to areas possessing outstanding
artifacts associated therewith, that ecosystems with flora and fauna of
communities, groups and individuals national scientific importance under the
recognize as part of their cultural National Integrated Area Protected
heritage. System (NIPAS).
(1) oral traditions, languages and expressions
(2) performing arts PRESUMED IMPORTANT CULTURAL
(3) social practices, rituals and festive events PROPERTY
(4) knowledge and practices concerning nature • For purposes of protecting a cultural
and the universe property against exportation,
(5) traditional craftsmanship modification or demolition, the following
works are considered important cultural
NATIONALLY SIGNIFICANT HERITAGE property, unless declared otherwise by
• refers to historical, aesthetic, scientific, the pertinent cultural agency:
technical, social and/ or spiritual values
that unify the nation by a deep sense of Unless declared by the NCCA
pride in their various yet common a. Works by a Manlilikha ng Bayan
identities, cultural heritage and national b. Works by a National Artist Unless
patrimony. declared by the National Museum
c. Archaeological and traditional
NATIONAL CULTURAL TREASURE ethnographic materials (unless declared by the
• refers to a unique cultural property found National Museum)
locally, possessing outstanding d. Works of national heroes
historical, cultural, artistic and/ or e. Marked structure
scientific value which is highly significant f. Structures dating at least fifty (50) years
and important to the country and nation, old
and officially declared as such by a
pertinent cultural agency.

HISTORICAL SHRINES
• refer to historical sites or structures
hallowed and revered for their history or
association as declared by the National
Historical Commission of the
Philippines.

HISTORICAL MONUMENTS
• refer to structures that honor illustrious
persons or commemorate events of HERITAGE ZONE
historical value as declared by the • refers to historical, anthropological,
National Historical Commission of the archaeological, artistic geographical
Philippines. areas and settings that are culturally
 significant to the country, as declared by
the National Museum and/or the National
Historical Commission of the
Philippines.

WORLD HERITAGE SITE

A place listed by the UNESCO (United Nations
Educational, Scientific, and Cultural
Organization) as having outstanding universal
value. In the Philippines these include:
• Puerto Princesa Subterranean River
National Park
• Tubbataha Reefs National Park
• • Mt. Hamiguitan (protected)
• Rice Terraces of the Cordillera (a living
cultural landscape)
• Historic Town of Vigan (cultural site)
• Four (4) Baroque Churches in the
Philippines:
1. Paoay in Ilocos Norte
2. Santa Maria in Ilocos Sur
3. Miag-ao in Iloilo
4. San Agustin in Manila

BUILT HERITAGE
• refers to architecture and engineering
structures such as, but not limited to:
a. bridges
b. government buildings
c. houses of ancestry
d. traditional dwellings
e. quartels
f. train stations
g. lighthouses
h. small ports
i. educational
j. technological and industrial complexes,
and their settings, and landscapes with notable
historical and cultural significance.

CONSERVATION OF CULTURAL
PROPERTY
• refers to all the processes and
measures of maintaining the cultural
significance of a cultural property
including, but not limited to:
a. preservation
b. restoration
c. reconstruction
d. protection
e. adaptation or any combination thereof.
 WO3: Specialization issue of integrity is one of the elements of
TOPIC: VALUE AND IMPORTANCE OF the theory of restoration by Cesare
HERITAGE RESOURCE Brand.
• Concepts of value
• Different types of value
• Benefits of heritage
• Importance of construction

AUTHENTICITY
• can be referred to several attributes of
the heritage resource from form to
substance and other qualities.
• authenticity to three fundamental issues:
a. the creative process
b. the documentary evidences
c. the social context

The condition of “integrity”

• In relation to natural heritage sites, the
concept of a biotope is defined as a
region environmentally uniform in
conditions and in the flora and fauna The concept of “value”
which live there. Within a particular
habitat, the different organisms living In relation to cultural heritage, we can
together interact forming an ecosystem understand value as a social association of
within its own functional integrity. qualities to things.
• In reference to the built environment, the
issue of integrity is relevant especially in
relation to urban and regional planning • Values are produced through cultural-
processes, but also the Venice Charter social processes, learning and maturing
refers to integrity (articles 6 to 14). The of awareness. Considering the global
framework of today’s world, the context
 for such processes is not limited to the • Quiet, rest and sanctuary
local community, but is extended to the • Social capital, relationships
international framework. • Meaningful pursuits
• One of the tasks of the World Heritage • Safe, rich environment
Convention is to stress the importance of • Access to arts and culture
the specificity of cultural heritage, and the
subtlety of values SOCIAL BENEFITS OF HERITAGE FOR
COMMUNITIES
HERITAGE VALUES • greater interaction between people,
• Aesthetic hence the strengthening of social capital
• Artistic • a deeper sense of collective identity,
• Historic linked to sense of place
• Symbolic • enhanced levels of awareness and
• Social significance understanding between particular
• Scientific groups, with a positive effect on
• Anthropological community cohesion
• Ethnological
ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF HERITAGE
BENEFITS OF HERITAGE • The impact associated with the day-to-
• Social Benefits day operations of a heritage attraction /
• Economic Benefits facility
• Nation Building • The economic benefits associated with
• Environmental benefits heritage-based recreation and tourism
• The impact associated with capital
NATION-BUILDING works, including restoration and repair /
• Enhancing our pride by promoting a maintenance
sense of national identity. • How heritage and cultural institutions
• Bringing people of different castes, make a place more attractive for non-
races, cultures, and ethnicity together tourism businesses and workers to locate
under a shared history. • Economic security
• Helping people to gain more
understanding of their ancient cultures
and past.
• Engendering the nation’s collective
memory and identity.
• Being one of the visible identifying
markers of who we are as a people.
• Focusing on the intangible aspects of
heritage, with living human treasures the
focus of attention.

SOCIAL BENEFITS OF HERITAGE FOR

INDIVIDUALS
• Sense of connection and belonging
• Human capital, including skills
• Optimism and hope
• Moral values, beliefs
• Identity capital and self-esteem Values
• Emotional capital, resilience
• Opportunity for success
• Recognition of achievement
• Support
IMPORTANCE OF HERITAGE PROTECTION
• future generations can enjoy, benefit and
learn from the legacy of the past
• Heritage can be a driver of sustainable
development and local job creation.
• essential for the health of the planet
• plays a key role in addressing the risk of
natural and human-made disasters
• brings countries and communities
together, uniting people of different
backgrounds around a common belief in
the value of our history and environment
• provides an invaluable source of stability
and hope for affected communities.
Wo4: Specialization 7.8 Deputize in writing or request assistance of
ICOMOS appropriate government agencies or
• international council on monuments and instrumentalities for the purpose of protecting
sites. heritage property under the jurisdiction of the
• ICOMOS is a non-governmental NCAA.
international organization dedicated to
the conservation of the world's 7.9 Exercise such powers and perform such
monuments and sites. other functions as may be necessary to carry out
its duties and responsibilities under RA 7356
REPUBLIC ACT 10066 (National Cultural and RA 10066 and their IRR.
Heritage Act of 2009)
7.10 designates a hearing officer to receive
SECTION 7. ADJUDICATION OF HERITAGE evidence and submit the same to the Board
CASES together with its recommendations for the
• The NCCA Board has the power and adjudication of contriversies.
authority to: NCAA - National
Commission for Culture and Arts.

7.1 Issue Cease and Desist Orders to prevent

destruction of heritage sites which are works of
National ARtists or World Heritage Sites or
portions removed therefore pursuant to the
provisions of RA Nos 7356 and 10066, and their
implementing rules and regulations (iRR).

7.2 Issue compulsory repair orders to prevent

deterioration of heritage sites within the
jurisdiction of the NCCA under RA Nos. 7356
and 10066 and their IRR.

7.3 Lift an object or properties presumption as

Importam Cultural Heritage under the
jurisdiction of the NCCA or clarify such
presumption.

7.4 Declare an object or property as National

Cultural Treasure (NCT) under the jurisdiction of
the NCAA.

7.5 Declare intangible heritage as important

cultural property or National Cultural Treasure.

7.6 Require or Compel the registration of

property under the jurisdiction of the NCAA in
the Philippine Registry of Cultural Property.
(PRECUP)
7.7 Issue permits for restoration. reconstruction,
renovation, repair, or any such intervention work
on property that is under the jurisdiction of the
NCAA.
(a) Adaptive reuse the utilization of buildings, (h) Commission the National
other bull-structures and siles of value for Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA).
purposes other than that for which they were
intended originally; in order to conserve the site, (i) Conservation all the processes and
their engineering integrity and authenticity of measures of maintaining the cultural
design. significance of a cultural property including, but
not limited La, preservation, restoration,
(b) Anthropological area any place where reconstruction, protection, adaptation or any
studies of specific ethno-linguistic groups are combination thereof.
undertaken, the properties of which are of value
to our cultural heritage. (j) Cultural agencies the following national
government agencies with their specific areas of
(c) Antique a cultural property found locally responsibility:
which is one hundred (100) years in age; more • National Museum (cultural property);
or less, the production af which has • the National Library (books);
ceased • National Historical Institute (Philippine
history);
(d) Archaeological area any place, whether • National Archives (documents);
above or underground, underwater or at sea • Cultural Center of the Philippines (culture
level, containing fossils, artifacts and other and the arts); and Komisyon sa Wikang
cultural, geological, botanical, zoological Filipino (language).
materials which depict and document culturally
relevant paleontological, prehistoric and/or (k) Cultural education the teaching and
historic events. learning of cultural concepts and processes.

(e) Archives public and private nicords in any (l) Cultural heritage the totality of cultural
format which have been selected for permanent property preserved and developed through time
preservation because of their evidential, and passed on to posterity.
historical informational value; otherwise known
as archival materials collections or archival (m) Cultural heritage worker an individual
holdings the place (building/ room/storage area) undertaking cultural heritage work.
where archival materials are kept and
preserved; and an organization or agency or (n) Cultural Institution entities engaged
part thereof whose main responsibility is to primarily in cultural work.
appraise, arrange, describe, conserve, promote (o) Cultural property all products of human
and make archival materials available for creativity by which a people and a nation reveal
reference and research, also known as archival their Identity including churches, mosques and
agency. other places of religious worship schools and
natural history specimens and sites, whether
(f) Built heritage architectural and engineering public or privately-owned, movable or
structures such as, but not limited to, bridges, immovable, and tangible or Intangible.
government buildings, houses of ancestry,
traditional dwellings, quartels, train stations, (p) Dealers natural or juridical persons who
lighthouses, small ports, educational, acquire cultural property for the purpose of
technological and industrial complexes, and engaging in the acquisition and disposition of
their settings, and landscapes with notable the same.
historical and cultural significance.
(q) Heritage zone historical, anthropological,
(g) Collector any person who or institution that archaeological, artistic geographical areas and
acquires cultural property for purposes other settings that are culturally significant to the
than sale. country, as declared by the National Museum
and or the National Historical Institute.
 (z) Library an institution where the collection of
(r) History a written record of past events books, manuscripts, computerized information
relating to Philippine history. and other materials are organized to provide
physical, bibliographic and/or intellectual access
(s) Historical landmarks sites or structures to the public, with a librarian that is trained to
that are associated with events or achievements provide services and programs related to the
significant to Philippine history as desired by the information needs of its clientele.
National Historical Institute.
(aa) Museum a permanent institution that
(t) Historical monuments structures that honor researches, acquires, conserves,
illustrious persons or commemorate events of communicates and exhibits the material
historical value as desired by the National evidence of humans and their environment for
Historical Institute. purposes of education
or leisure.
(u) Historical shrines historical sites or
structures hallowed and revered for their history (bb) National cultural treasure a unique
or association as declared by the National cultural property found locally, possessing
Historical Institute. outstanding historical, cultural, artistic and/or
scientifc value which Is highly signlficant and
(v) Historical street name a street name which Important to the country and nation, and
has been in existence for at least fifty (50) years officially declared as such by pertinent cultural
and over time has been considered historic. agency.

(W) Important cultural property a cultural (cc) Nationally significant historical,

property having exceptional cultural, artistic and aesthetic, scientific technical, social and/or
historical significance to the Philippines, as shall spiritual values that unify the nation by a deep
be determined by the National Museum and/or sense of pride in their various yet common
National Historical Institute. Identities, cultural heritage and national
patrimony.
(x) Intangible cultural heritage the practices,
representations, expressions, knowledge and (dd) Natural property of cultural significance
stills, as well as the instruments, objects and areas possessing outstanding ecosystems with
artifacts associated therewith, that communities, flora and fauna of national scientific Importance
groups and individuals recognize as part of their under the National Integrated Protected Areas
cultural heritage, such as: System.
1. oral traditions, languages and
expressions. (ee) NCCA Portal Cultural Databank the
2. performing arts specific domain in the Commission's intranet for
3. social practices, rituals and festive cultural information that Is accessed only
events, internally with control and confidentiality. It
4. knowledge and practices concerning includes the registry of national cultural
nature and the universe, and property.
5. traditional craftsmanship.
(ff) Prehistory the period of human history
(y) Intangible cultural property the peoples' before the Introduction of the forms of writing.
learned processes along with the knowledge,
skills and creativity that Inform and are (gg) Registry the Philippine Registry of Cultural
developed by them, the products they create Property which Is the registry of all cultural
and the resources, spaces and other aspects of property of the country deemed of significant
social and natural context necessary for their Importance to our cultural heritage.
sustainability.
(hh) Restoration the action taken or the
technical Intervention to correct deterioration
and alterations.

(ii) Tangible cultural property a cultural

property with historical, archival,
anthropological, archaeological, artistic and
architectural value, and with exceptional or
traditional production, whether of Philippine
origin or not, including antiques and natural
history specimens with significant value.

Adapted from RA10066

 FINAL PERIOD
W05
IV. History of Architectural Conservation Architectural Design
and Early Approach to Conservation • Buildings have personalities, specific
architectural elements that make the
Conservation building unique and more valuable. Saving
• is the protection of tangible cultural heritage these unique traits within original building
to preserve historical testimonies and thus are ideal.
irreplaceable originals for future generations
Sustainability
Conservator • Historic buildings stores a lot of embodied
• is the professional responsible with the energy, hence, it is better to preserve or re
protection of artistic and cultural assets to use them rather than demolition. Restoring
preserve them authentically and sustainably a building for another purpose than its
for future generations. original intent is called adaptive issue.

Rationale Cultural Significance

• works of art and objects must not be altered • Certain sites are tied to a nation's identity
at will, because they are irreplaceable making the site more valuable for what it
originals and real testimonies of our history provides to the culture than if it were
demolished
Conservation and restoration of immovable
cultural property One Chance Rule
• describes the process through which the • When a building is demolished what is lost
material, historical, and design integrity of cannot be measured. The site could hold a
any immovable cultural property are one-of-a-kind design element or a
prolonged through carefully planned historically significant past currently
interventions. unknown. The One Chance Rule is guided
• the decision to conserve and restore is by the idea that there is only one chance to
value based: a combination of artistic, restore a site and missing that opportunity
contextual, and informational values is could destroy a site of unknown
normally considered. In some cases, a significance.
decision to not intervene may be the most
appropriate choice. Material and Form
Factors to consider Preservation
• Prolonging the life and preserving the
• "Pagpapanatili"
integrity of architectural character such as
form and style and or its constituents • A process of maintaining the existing
materials such as stone, brick, glass, metal, state of the heritage resource to retard
and wood. deterioration and prolong its existence.
• Preservation tool = science + art + craft +
technology Maintenance
• Identification, policy, regulation and • "Pangangalaga"
advocacy. • A continuous process of caring for
heritage resource to retard it
Reasons for Restoration deterioration.
Value
• Buildings hold intrinsic value not only in the
history of the building, how it was used, but
also how it was built. Historic buildings,
notably pre WW2, are built with higher Repair
quality materials and built under different • "Pagkukumpuni"
standards than modern buildings.
 • A process of putting together what is
torn broken or replacing any part to keep Retrofitting
the heritage • A drastic form of repair that entails
• resource in good condition. furnishing the heritage resource with
new or modified parts or equipment not
Restoration available or considered necessary at the
• "Pagpapanumbalik" time of its creation,
• A form of repair that returns a heritage • May involve adding new materials, like
resource to a previously known state, mechanical, plumbing, fire safety or
done without any conjecture, and electrical equipment or other elements
without the introduction of new materials and components often to meet the
to the existing fabric. current code requirements.

Reinstatement Refurbishment
• "Pagsasauli" • "Pagsasaayos muli"
• A form of restoration that refers to the • A process of change that involves
returning of a component of a heritage upgrading the material and/or form of a
resource to its former condition or heritage resource,"often primarily for
position. aesthetic purposes.”
• May involve installing new equipment,
Reconstruction fixtures, furnishings and finishes.
• "Rekonstruksyon"
• A form of repair that refers to the Redevelopment
accurate rebuilding of a vanished or • "Paglilinang muli"
irreversibly deteriorated heritage • A process of drastically changing the
resource from a known earlier state and material and/or form of a heritage
with the introduction of new materials. resource, in effect renewing a heritage
resource often without much regard to
Replacement its heritage values.
• "Pagpalit"
• A form of reconstruction that refers to Reproduction
the substitution of a new material, • "Pagkopya"
preferably using an equivalent material, • The process of copyng to make a
to a damaged, depleted, deteriorated, or representation, counterpart, image, or
lost components of a formerly known copy of an original work.
state of a heritage resource. • It can be same form material and size
(see replica); or same form but different
Renovation size and material; or same form and
• "Pagpapanibago" material but of different size.
• A Process of repair to increase the
value, utility, and/or improve the Replica
aesthetic quality of a heritage resource. • "Eksaktong kopya"
• Exact copy of an original work in all
Consolidation details that is same material, size, and
• "Pagpapatatag" form.
• A process of renovation to secure or
strengthen a building or structure by
combining material,
• use, form, size, or shape.
Rehabilitation modern materials and techniques.
• "Pagbabagong tatag" Reconstruction is often seen as a controversial
• Modification of resource to meet various form
functional requirements such as safety, of heritage conservation, as it can be difficult to
property protection and access while, recreate the original asset exactly.
preserving the historic character of the
structure It is important to note that these are just
general definitions, and the specific
Original Use approach to heritage conservation will vary
• "Itinalagang Paggamit" depending on the individual asset and
• Refers to the initial intended function of the circumstances. In some cases, it may be
a heritage resource. appropriate to use a combination of
approaches.
CURRENT TREATMENTS
The following are some of the key
1. Rehabilitation is the process of returning a considerations when choosing an approach to
heritage asset to a state of good repair while heritage conservation:
maintaining its historic character. This may
involve repairing or replacing damaged or • The condition of the asset: The more
missing elements, but it should not involve deteriorated the asset is, the more
making any changes that would alter the intervention may be necessary.
asset's historic fabric. • The significance of the asset: More
significant assets may require more
2. Preservation is the process of preventing the conservative approaches to
deterioration of a heritage asset. This may conservation.
involve measures such as cleaning, • The availability of resources: The cost of
stabilization, and environmental controls. conservation can vary significantly, and
Preservation does not involve making any the available resources will need to be
changes to the asset, but it does aim to keep taken into account.
it in its current condition. • The wishes of the owners or custodians:
The owners or custodians of the asset
3. Restoration is the process of returning a may have strong preferences for a
heritage asset to its original condition. This particular approach to conservation.
may
involve undoing changes that have been made
to the asset over time, but it should be
done in a way that is reversible. Restoration is
often seen as the most invasive form of
heritage conservation, but it can be justified in
cases where the asset is in a state of
significant deterioration or where it has been Adaptive Reuse
significantly altered.
Adaptive reuse is the process of reusing an
4. Reconstruction is the process of rebuilding a existing building or site for a new purpose. It is
heritage asset that has been destroyed or way of preserving architectural and cultural
lost. This may involve using original materials heritage, transforming urban blight and
and techniques, or it may involve using optimizing the performance of built assets.
Conservation Theories
Restoration Theories
Preservation/Conservation
• were used interchangeably to refer to
the architectural school of thought that
either encouraged measures that would
protect and maintain buildings in their
current state, or would prevent further
damage and deterioration to them. This
school of thought saw the original
design of old buildings as correct in and
of themselves. Two of the main
proponents of preservation and
conservation in the 19th century were
art critic John Ruskin and artist William
Morris.

Restoration
• was the conservationist school of
thought that believed historic buildings
could be improved, and sometimes even
completed, using current day materials,
design, and techniques. In this way it is
very similar to the Modernist
architectural theory, except it does not
advocate the destruction of ancient
structures.

• One of the most ardent supporters of

this school of thought in the 19th century
was the French architect Eugène Viollet-
le-Duc. Victorian restoration of medieval
churches was widespread in England
and elsewhere, with results that were
deplored at the time by William Morris
and are now widely regretted.
W06 Maintenance
Guiding Principles on the • With continuous care, future restoration
Conservation of Built Heritage will not be necessary. With regular
Properties upkeep, major conservation projects and
their high costs can be avoided.
Respect for documentary evidence
• Do not base restoration on conjecture.
Conservation work should be based on Threats Affecting the Universal Value of
historic documentation such as historic Buildings and Development (UNESCO)
photographs, drawings and physical
evidence. Housing
Respect for historical material • Urban high rise/urban sprawl
• Repair/conserve rather than replace • Encroachment/changes to skyline etc.
building materials and finishes except
where absolutely necessary. Minimal Commercial development
intervention maintains the heritage • Skyscrapers
content of the built resource. • Large shopping malls
• Encroachment/changes to skyline etc.
Respect for original fabric
• Repair with like materials. Repair to Industrial areas
return the resource to its prior condition, • Individual factories
without altering its integrity. • Industrial areas/parks
• Encroachment/changes to skyline etc.
Respect for the building's history
• Do not restore to one period at the Major visitor accommodation and
expense of another period. Do not associated infrastructure
destroy later additions to a building or • Major accommodation and associated
structure solely to restore to a single infrastructure (hotels, restaurants, golf
time period. courses, ski resorts, etc.)
• Major/permanent high cost tourism
Reversibility facilities (pontoons, jetties,
• Alterations should be able to be returned observatories, cable cars, chalets, fully
to original conditions. This conserves serviced camping areas, etc.)
earlier building design and technique.
For instance, when a new door opening Interpretative and visitation facilities
is put into a stone wall, the original • Visitor interpretive facilities (visitor
stones are numbered, removed and centre, site museum, etc.)
stored, allowing for future restoration. • Signage etc.
• Trail hardening, (trail markers etc.)
Legibility • Information booths etc.
• New work should be distinguished from • Minor picnic facilities
old. Buildings or structures should be • Minor camping areas
recognized as products of their own • Moorings/marker buoys
time, and new additions should not blur
the distinction between old and new.