Introduction to Programming

• What is Programming?
• Why Programming?
• What are the significance?
 What is Programming?
Programing is the process of creating a set of instruction
that tell a computer how to perform a task.
Programming can be done using a variety of computer
“languages” such as SQL, Java, Python , C# and C++.

Programming Language
C, C++, C#, java, Python

Instruction
Programmer OR
Programing
Computer
 Why Programming?
Programing is important in our daily life to entrance and increase the
power of computer and the internet. programing is important for
speeding up the input and output processes in a machine. Programing
is important to automate, collect, mange, calculate, analyse the
processing of data and Information accurately.

Urdu Speaker Pashto Speaker Machine Language

 Types of Programming?
Programmer
Object Oriented

High Level
Procedural

Assembly
Language

Low Level
Machine
Language
 Programming Languages
 Artificial Language.
 Designed to communicate
instructions to a machine
 Used to create programs that
control the behaviour of a
machine.
 Program

Dim message, sapi

 List of instruction. message = InputBox("A
Free Pronunciation
tool"+vbcrlf,"Text to Audio
 Used of control the converter")
Set sapi =
behaviour of a machine. CreateObject("sapi.spvoice"
)
sapi.Speak message
Program Language
 Types of Programming?

Programmer Object Oriented

High Level Procedural

Assembly
Language
Low Level

Machine
Language
 Machine Language
 Directly run on CPU.
 Series of bits like, 0s and 1s.
 Tedious and error prone to write
code manually.
01001110
 Not Portable.
 Assembly Language
 Less error-prone.
 Coding easier than machine language. Dim message, sapi MIPS
message =
 Replaces 1 and 0s with English instructions. InputBox("A Free

 Mnemonic codes for corresponding machine

language. nasm

x86
 High Level Language
 It is portable.
 Statements are like English
Volid main()
language. {
 Amount of abstraction provided int a=25
a””a + 25
defines level of programing
language. print(‘hello”):
}
Procedural Object Oriented

Program is written as Program is interaction of

sequence of instructions. function between objects
e.g Recipes,
Start()
morning steps.

START()
I wake up
I brush my teeth
Object me
I open fridge Object
wake up () frigde
I take milk
brush () open ()
I want it in microwave
………. Object
close ()
microwave
……….
warm ()
BSke ()
……….
Procedural Object Oriented

Program is written as Program is interaction of

sequence of instructions. function between objects
• Top down approach. • Bottom up approach.
• It doesnot have proper • Helps in warping data
way for hiding data. and function in a class.
• Data is not secure. • Helps building secure
• Code is interdependent. programs.
• Reuse difficult. • Code is modular.
• Can be extended for
reuse.
Compiler Interpreter
• Translates high level • Translates high level
instruction into machine instruction into an
langue. intermediate code.
• Generators an executable • Each and every line is
file like.exe excuted individually
Where to write the program?
How that program be converted to machine language?
How to run that program?
Where to write the program?

Text Editor
 How that program be converted to
Machine Language
Programing language Translators
Is a software which translate a program to machine
language
 compiler
Programming Language

High Level
Language
Translator

Interpreter

Low Level
Language Assembler
Translator are programs that convert high level language
commands into set of machine code commands so that the
CPU can process the data!
1011,11001, 110001110 etc.
Compiler
Take the whole code and convert it into machine code before running.
Interpreter
Take the code one line at a time, translate and run the instruction, before
translating then ext instruction.
Assembler
The translator which can convert assembly language to machine language.
 How to run the program?
Linker: A linker is a program which link the object code with the
library file to produce an executable file.
 So what you need
 Editor
 Compiler
 Linker
 Debugger
IDE ( integrated Development Environment is an application software that
provide comprehensive facilities for computer programmer for software
development. It consists of (Editor, compiler, Linker & Debugger)
History of C/C++
1960 ALGOL-60 CAMBRIDGE University
1963 CPL Combine Programming Language.
1967 BCPL Basic Combine Programming Language by Martin Richards
1967 B Language by Ken Thomas “Bell Lab”
1972 C Dannis Richard
1989 ANSI America National Standard institute assign name to it C or
C89.
1990 ISO International Standard Organization Give Name C90.
1995 ISO Give Name C95
1999 Give Name C99
2011 C11
History of C/C++
 C++ is derived from C language.
 It is the Superset of C Language.
 The C++ is the developed from of C.
 C is a structure programming language but C++ is object oriented
Language.
 Earlier C++ Known as C with Classes.
 C++ expression are the same as C Expression. Ex: a=a+1 or 5>4
 All C operators are valid in C++.Ex: ==,<,>
 Most C++ program can be compiled in C Compiler.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN C & C++
 C is a procedural language.  Is an object oriented language.
 C was developed by Dennis Ritchie  C++ was developed by Bjarne
between 1969 and 1973 at Bell Stroustrup in 1979 with C++’s
Labs for Unix Operating system. predecessor “c with Classes”.
 No virtual functions is present.  In 1983 they rename “C classes
 No polymorphism is possible. with C++.
 Overloading is not possible.  Virtual Functions are present.
 Ex: 3+3=6 here + is only use to add  Polymorphism is possible.
two int number.  Ex: Here the + operator can add
 Multiple declaration of global two int, float or long and also add
variables are not allowed. two class object.
 Multiple declaration of global
variables are allowed.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN C & C++
 In C language the scanf() function  In C++ the cin>> function is used
is use for input. for input.
 Printf() Function is used for output.  Count<<function is used for output.
 No inheritance is possible  Inheritance is possible.
 In C language exceptional handling  In C++ exceptional handing is
is not possible. possible.
Difference between Program
and Package
Program :
Program, as name suggest, is collection of instructions written
in sequence that tells a computer what operation to perform
and produce result one want as well as solve problem,
increase creativity and improve performance.
Package :
Package, as name suggests, are simply set of program files,
data files, etc. developed by programmers to perform specific
task and include information regarding installation of packages.
Difference between Program and Package :
 Programs are set of instructions
behind particular application or  Packages are set of software
software. programs.
 Programs are something that  These are multiple pieces of
provide instruction to computer to software.
perform particular task.  Packages are something that is
 Program is especially developed by packed.
highly skilled programmer i.e.  It is a special method of distributing
single programmer. and installing software to computer.
 Programs are easy to develop and  Package is especially developed
requires less time as compared to by group of programmers i.e. more
packages i.e. few hours or minutes. than one programmer.
 Programmers need knowledge of  Packages are not easy to develop
programming languages to develop and require more time to develop
program but not that much as than program i.e. weeks or
compared to develop packages. months..
C programing is a general-purpose, procedural computer
programming language originally developed at AT&T Bell Labs
by Dennis Ritchie in the early 1970s.
Most Popular Features of C Language.
• Simple and Efficient
• Fast
• Portability
• Function-Rich Libraries
• Mid-Level Programming Language
• Pointers
• Recursion
C language provides the feature of recursion. Recursion means that you can
create a function that can call itself multiple times until a given condition is
true, just like the loops. Recursion in C programming provides the functionality
of code reusability and backtracking.
What is the basic structure of a C++ program?
Structure of a C++ program
A C++ program is structured in a specific and particular manner. In C++, a
program is divided into the following three sections:
 Standard Libraries Section
 Main Function Section
 Function Body SectionPointers
For example, let’s look at the implementation of the Hello World program:
Standard libraries section

• #include is a specific preprocessor command that effectively copies and

pastes the entire text of the file, specified between the angle brackets, into
the source code.

• The file <iostream>, which is a standard file that should come with the C++
compiler, is short for input-output streams. This command contains code for
displaying and getting an input from the user.

• namespace is a prefix that is applied to all the names in a certain set.

iostream file defines two names used in this program - cout and endl.

• This code is saying: Use the cout and endl tools from the std toolbox.
• Main function section

• The starting point of all C++ programs is the main function.

• This function is called by the operating system when your program is

executed by the computer.

• { signifies the start of a block of code, ​and } signifies the end.

• Function body section

• The name cout is short for character output and displays whatever is
between the << brackets.
• Symbols such as << can also behave like functions and are used with the
keyword cout.
• The return keyword tells the program to return a value to the function int
main
• After the return statement, execution control returns to the operating system
component that launched this program.
• Execution of the code terminates here.
Advantages and Disadvantages of of Language

Advantages of C Language
• C language is a building Blocks for many other
Language.
• C Language has variety of datatypes and powerful
operator.
• C is highly portable language
• There are only 32 keywords
• C has ability to extend itself.
• C is a structured programing language.
Advantages and Disadvantages of of Language

Disadvantages of C Language
• C does not have concept of object oriented programing languages.

• There is no runtime checking

• C does not have concept if using namespace.

• C doesn’t have concept of constructor or destructor.

Character Set – What is Character Set in C++?
• Character set is the combination of English language (Alphabets and White
spaces) and math’s symbols (Digits and Special symbols). Character Set
means that the characters and symbols that a C++ Program can understand
and accept. These are grouped to form the commands, expressions, words,
c-statements and other tokens for C++ Language.

• The special characters are listed in Table

Character Set – What is Character Set in C++?
• There are mainly four categories of the character set

Alphabets
Alphabets are represented by A-Z or a-z. C- Language is case sensitive
so it takes different meaning for small and upper case letters. By using
this character set C statements and character constants can be written
very easily. There are total 26 letters used in C-programming.

Digits
Digits are represented by 0-9 or by combination of these digits. By using
the digits numeric constant can be written easily. Also numeric data can
be assigned to the C-tokens. There are total 10 digits used in the C-
programming
Special Symbols
All the keyboard keys except alphabet, digits and white spaces are the special
symbols. These are some punctuation marks and some special symbols used
for special purpose.

There are total 30 special symbols used in the C-programming. Special symbols
are used for C-statements like to create an arithmetic statement +, -, * etc. , to
create relational statement <, >, <=, >=, == etc. , to create assignment
statement =, to create logical statement &&, II etc. are required.

White Spaces
White spaces has blank space, new line return, Horizontal tab space, carriage
ctrl, Form feed etc. are all used for special purpose. Also note that Turbo-C
Compiler always ignore these white space characters in both high level and low
level programming.