Introduction

PHY 121: Waves & Oscillations, Optics and Thermal Physics

Instructor: Dr. Md. Azizar Rahman
E-mail: [email protected]
Phone: 01714658898
Office Location: OAB, Room 136E
Course website: All documents (syllabus, lectures, problems) will be posted at: TEAM

Microsoft Team Class code (EEE): 9ia54kw

Microsoft Team Class code (BME):m3p6wr9

Teaching strategies to be used to develop that knowledge: • Lectures • Assignments, at
home • Discussions in the Class • Reading (books, internet search)
 Course Contents and Books
Defects of images: Spherical aberration, Astigmatism, Coma, Distortion,
Curvature, Chromatic aberration. Theories of light; Interference of light:
Young's double slit experiment, Displacements of fringes and its uses, Fresnel
bi-prism, Interference in thin films, Newton's rings, Interferometers;
Diffraction: Diffraction by single slit, Diffraction from a circular aperture,
Resolving power of optical instruments, Diffraction at double slit and N-slits,
Diffraction grating; Polarization: Production and analysis of polarized light,
Brewster's Law, Malus Law, Polarization by double refraction, Nicol prism,
Optical activity, Polarimeters.
Text/reference books
1. Fundamentals of Physics (10th Edition), D. Halliday, R. Resnick, and J. Walker
2. Fundamentals of Optics (4th Edition); F. A. Jenkins, and H. E. White
3. Physics for Engineers - Part-1; Giasuddin Ahmad
 Course Objective
Objective 1: To develop logical and critical thinking with scientific
knowledge of waves & oscillation, optics, and thermal
physics required for the students of electrical and
electronic engineering.

Objective 2: To understand the different laws of physics associated

with waves & oscillation, optics, and thermal physics,
and apply them to solve the real life problems.
 Course Outcomes (CO)
CO CO Statement Corresponding Domains Delivery Assessment Tool(s)
No. At the end of the course, a student PO(s)* and Method(s)
should be able to Taxonomy and Activity(-
level(s)** ies)
CO1 Describe the basic laws of physics related PO 1 C1 e.g., Lectures, e.g., Written exams; viva
to waves & oscillation, optics, and Homework voce; presentation;
thermal physics to express different assignment
phenomena in the physical world.
CO2 Explain the fundamental concepts and PO 1 C2 e.g., Lectures, e.g., Written exams; viva
theories of waves & oscillation, optics, Homework voce; presentation;
and thermal physics applicable for assignment
different physical conditions.
CO3 Apply the relevant laws of physics to solve PO 1 C3, C4 e.g., Lectures, e.g., Written exams; viva
various mathematical problems and Homework voce; presentation;
interpret the result and its consequences. assignment
*POs
PO 1: Engineering knowledge; PO 2: Problem analysis; PO 3: Design/development of solutions; PO 4: Investigation; PO
5: Modern tool use; PO 6: Engineer and society; PO 7: Environment and sustainability; PO 8: Ethics; PO 9: Individual
work and teamwork; PO 10: Communication; PO 11: Project management and finance; PO 12: life-long learning
**Domains
C-Cognitive : C1: Knowledge; C2: Comprehension; C3: Application; C4: Analysis; C5: Synthesis; C6: Evaluation
Domains and Taxonomy level(s)

Benjamin Bloom
Domains and Taxonomy level(s)

Benjamin Bloom
 Course plan
Week Lecture Topics Corresponding CO(s)
1 Defects of images: spherical aberration, CO1, CO2
2 astigmatism, coma, Distortion, Curvature, CO1, CO2, CO3
3 Chromatic aberration, Solving mathematical problems related to aberration CO1, CO2, CO3
4 Class Test (Optics) CO1, CO2, CO3
Theories of light, Interference of light, Young's double slit experiment, displacements of
5 CO1, CO2, CO3
fringes and its uses
6 Fresnel bi-prism, interference in thin films CO1, CO2, CO3
7 Newton's rings, Interferometers CO1, CO2, CO3
8 Solving mathematical problems related to interference of light CO1, CO2, CO3
9 Diffraction of light, Fresnel and Fraunhofer diffraction, diffraction due to single slit CO1, CO2, CO3
10 Diffraction from a circular aperture, diffraction at double slits CO1, CO2, CO3
11 n-slits- diffraction grating CO1, CO2, CO3
Resolving power of optical instruments, solving mathematical problems related to
12 CO1, CO2, CO3
diffraction of light
13 Polarization of light, production and analysis of polarized light, Brewster's Law, Malus law CO1, CO2, CO3
14 Polarization by double refraction, Nicol prism, optical activity, polarimeters, polaroid CO1, CO2, CO3
 Mark Distribution
Credit hours = 3
Content Percentage of mark
Attendance 10% 30
Class test 20% 60
Final examination 70% 210

Attendance Mark
Above 90% 10
Class test = Best 3 class test mark from 4 class test
85-89 % 9
80-84% 8
Final exam: Section A = 3 questions out of 4
75-79 % 7 Section B = 3 questions out of 4
70-74% 6 35 marks for each questions
65-69 % 5 Exam time 3 hours
60-64% 4
Below 60% 0
 Optics-Introduction
Optics is the branch of classical physics that studies the
behaviour and properties of light, including its interactions with
matter and the construction of optical instruments that use or
detect it.

Branches of optics
1.Geometrical optics: Behavior of rays of light, laws of reflections
and refractions, Mirror, lens, combination of lenses, defect of
images, optical instruments
2.Physical Optics: Nature of light, Interference, diffraction,
polarization
Optical instruments
optics in our daily life

Ref. Book: Fundamental of photonics

 Spherical lenses
Lens: A lens is a transmissive optical device that focuses or disperses a light beam by means of refraction.

Type of lens
❑ Convex or converging lenses
❑ Concave or diverging lenses

Different type of convex lenses

❖ Double convex
❖ Plano-convex
❖ Concavo-convex

Different type of concave lenses

➢ Double concave
➢ Plano-concave
➢ Convexo-concave
 Geometrical optics
Geometrical optics

❖ Describes light propagation in terms of rays

Assumptions of geometrical optics include that light rays:

❑ propagate in straight-line paths if they travel in a homogeneous medium

❑ Obey the laws of reflection and refraction

❑ may be absorbed or reflected.

Sign convention for lenses
 Lens equation
Lens equation
1 1 1 1
+ = (𝜇 − 1) −
𝑣 𝑢 𝑅1 𝑅2

1
𝑢 = ∞, = 0, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛, 𝑣 = 𝑓
𝑢

1 1 1
= 𝜇−1 −
𝑓 𝑅1 𝑅2

This is lens maker formula

➢ If 𝑅1 and 𝑅2 are interchanged, no change in 𝑓

➢ f will be increased with decreasing the values of

𝑅1 and 𝑅2 and high refractive index
 Deviation produced by a thin lens

❑Lenses can be thought of as a series of tiny refracting prisms

❑This prisms have different refracting angles
❑These prism are placed with bases either, (i) towards the axis for convex lens and (ii) away
from the axis for concave lens
 Deviation produced by a thin lens
𝐴 𝐴
𝛿
ℎ 𝛿 ℎ
𝐵 𝐹 𝑂 𝐵 𝐼
𝑓 𝑢 +𝑣
Figure 2: deviation for point object
Figure 1: deviation for extended object
The deviation produced by the OA incident ray
From triangle ABF (figure 1)
ℎ ℎ 1 1 ℎ
ℎ 𝛿 = ∠𝐴𝑂𝐵 + ∠𝐴𝐼𝐵 = − + = ℎ − + =
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛿 = 𝑢 𝑣 𝑢 𝑣 𝑓
𝑓
In the paraxial region, 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛿 = 𝛿
ℎ
∴𝛿=
𝑓 Deviation produced by a lens is independent of
the position of the object
 Equivalent focal length of two lenses
A single lens is said to be equivalent to be a number of lenses when this single lens produces an image of a given object at
the same place and of same size as that formed by the number of lenses together. The focal length of such a lens is known as
equivalent focal length

𝛿1
𝐴
𝛿
𝐵 𝛿2
ℎ1
ℎ2
𝐿1 𝐿 𝐿2 𝐹 𝐹1
 Equivalent focal length of two lenses placed in contact
Two lenses focal length 𝑓1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓2

The deviation produced by the first lens 𝐴

ℎ1 𝛿1
𝛿1 =
𝑓1
𝐵
Deviation produced by the 2nd lens ℎ1
ℎ2 ℎ2 𝛿2
∴ 𝛿2 =
𝑓2
ℎ ℎ 𝑂 𝐿1 𝐿2 𝐼2 𝐼1
Total deviation 𝛿 = 𝛿1 + 𝛿2 = 1 + 2 … … … … (1)
𝑓1 𝑓2
If the combination is replaced by their equivalent lens
of focal length 𝑓
ℎ1
𝛿 = …………………… 2
𝑓
From equation (1) and (2)
ℎ1 ℎ1 ℎ2
= +
𝑓 𝑓1 𝑓2
Since they are thin and placed in contact ℎ1 = ℎ2
1 1 1 Power of the equivalent lens
= +
𝑓 𝑓1 𝑓2 𝑝 = 𝑝1 + 𝑝2
𝑓1 𝑓2
𝑓=
𝑓1 + 𝑓2
 Equivalent focal length of two lenses separated by a distance
Two lenses focal length 𝑓1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓2
𝛿1
𝐴 𝐶
The deviation produced by the first lens
ℎ1 𝛿
𝛿1 = 𝐵 𝛿2
𝑓1 ℎ1 ℎ1
nd
Deviation produced by the 2 lens ℎ2
ℎ2 𝐿1 𝐿 𝐿2 𝐹 𝐹1
∴ 𝛿2 =
𝑓2
ℎ1 ℎ2
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝛿 = 𝛿1 + 𝛿2 = + . . … (1)
𝑓1 𝑓2
If the combination is replaced by their equivalent
lens of focal length 𝑓
ℎ1 𝑓1 − 𝑑
𝛿 = …………………… 2 𝑑
𝑓
From equation (1) and (2) 𝑓1
ℎ1 ℎ1 ℎ2 𝑃𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 ℎ2 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 3 𝑓1 𝑓2
= + … … … … … … … … (3) ℎ1 ℎ1 ℎ1 (𝑓1 − 𝑑) 𝑓= … … … … (5)
𝑓 𝑓1 𝑓2 = + 𝑓1 +𝑓2 −𝑑
From similar triangle AL1F1 and BL2F1 𝑓 𝑓1 𝑓1 𝑓2
𝐴𝐿1 𝐵𝐿2 1 1 1 𝑑 𝑝 = 𝑝1 + 𝑝2 − 𝑑𝑝1 𝑝2
= = + −
𝐿1 𝐹1 𝐿2 𝐹1 𝑓 𝑓1 𝑓2 𝑓1 𝑓2
ℎ1 ℎ2 ℎ1 𝑓1 − 𝑑
= ⟹ ℎ2 = … … … (4)
𝑓1 𝑓1 − 𝑑 𝑓1
 Problem
Two converging lenses are placed 20.0 cm apart, as shown in figure below, with an
object 30.0 cm in front of lens 1 on the left. (a) If lens 1 has a focal length of 10.0
cm, locate the image formed by this lens and determine its magnification. (b) If lens
2 on the right has a focal length of 20.0 cm, locate the final image formed and find
the total magnification of the system
Problem
Problem
In the two-lens imaging system depicted below, a convex thin lens of focal length F1 is
combined with another convex thin lens of focal length F2 and OA is an object.

Fig.

•Draw ray diagram showing the position and orientation of the image formed by lens L1
alone.
•On the same diagram, consider a ray that passes through the tip of the image of lens L 1
alone and carefully draw where they go after lens L2 has been added. Find the position
and orientation of the image formed by the combination.
•Is the image of the two-lens system real or virtual?
 Defect of image
Objective of this section

1. Defect/aberration produced by a lens

2. Analysis of different defects and how to eliminate them

3. Monochromatic aberration- spherical (lateral and longitudinal), coma, astigmatism,

curvature and distortion

4. Chromatic aberration (lateral and longitudinal)

5. Achromatism- conditions of achromatism for two lenses

6. Aberration in a combination of lenses

7. Achromatic doublet
 Defect of image
The deviation from the actual size, shape and position of an image are called defect of image or aberration.

Images formed by a lens are defective because of the following reasons

❑ Lens maker’s formula is derived on the assumptions that incident rays are paraxial, and aperture of the lens is small.

❑ Object may be extended and need not have point size always.

❑ Due to dispersion, the focal length of the lens changes with color.

❑ Refractive index of the lens changes with wavelength of the incident light.
 Defect of image
Two types of aberration Two types of aberration
1. Monochromatic aberration ❑ Spherical aberration
2. Chromatic aberration
❑ Coma
Monochromatic aberration
❑ Astigmatism
❑ Caused by the geometry of lenses
❑ Appeared even when using monochromatic light
❑ Curvature of field
❑ Distortion
Chromatic aberration
❑ Caused by the dispersion, the variation of lens’s refractive
index with wavelength
❑ They don’t appear when the monochromatic light is used
 Spherical aberration
Greater incident angle the greater the deviation .

𝐼𝑚 = image produced by the marginal ray

𝐼𝑝 = image produced by the paraxial ray

𝐴𝐵 = circle of least confusion, which measure the lateral spherical aberration

𝐼𝑚 𝐼𝑝 = the distance, which measure the longitudinal spherical aberration

𝐼𝑝
B
𝐼𝑚
 Reduction of spherical aberration
There are several methods for minimizing the spherical aberration.

❑ Use of a stope

❑ Use of cross lens

❑ Use of plano-convex lens

❑ Use of two convergent lenses separated by a fixed distance

 Reduction of spherical aberration-using a stope

❑ the stop reduces the effective lens aperture

❑ The stop allow to pass either paraxial rays or marginal rays

❑ The amount of light passing through the is reduced

❑ Image appear less bright

𝐼𝑝
B
𝐼𝑚
 Reduction of spherical aberration-using crossed lens
The longitudinal spherical aberration produced by a thin lens So the condition of minimum spherical
for a parallel incident beam is given by aberration is

where x is the longitudinal spherical aberration, ρ is the radius

of the lens aperture and ƒ2 is the second principal focal length
From equation (ii), for a lens whose material has
a refractive index µ = 1.5, k = –1/6.

A lens whose R1/R2 = –1/6 is called a crossed lens.

where R1 and R2 are the radii of the curvature. For a given
values of µ , ƒ2 and ρ, the condition for minimum Controlling the spherical aberration by changing
spherical aberration is dx/dk = 0, radius of curvature
Differentiating equation (i) and equating the result to zero
The procedure is called the bending of the lens
 Reduction of spherical aberration-using crossed lens

𝜃
𝜃

❑ As a lens may be regarded as a number of truncated prisms placed one above the other, the deviation of marginal rays
will be minimum when they enter the first surface and leave the second surface at more or less equal angles.
❑ To minimize the spherical aberration, the ratio of the radius of the curve surfaces of a lens will be 1:6 and this lens is
called cross lens.
 Reduction of spherical aberration-using plano-convex lens
❑ Crossed lenses are expensive and difficult to construct

❑ The spherical aberration of crossed lens is only 8% less than that of

plano-convex lens

❑ Plano-convex lens - (convenience and easy to construct) are used

instead of crossed lens.

❑ Light incident on plane surface increases spherical aberration

(figure a)

❑ Light incident on the curve surface decreases the spherical

aberration (figure b)

Because the total deviation is divided between the two surfaces.

 Reduction of spherical aberration-using two convergent lenses
separated by a fixed distance
Consider two Plano convex lens of focal lengths 𝑓1 and 𝑓2. The deviation
produced by the first and second lenses are 𝛿1 and 𝛿2 . 𝜹𝟏
The deviation produced by the first lens 𝜹𝟐
ℎ1
𝛿1 =
𝑓1
𝒉𝟏 𝒉𝟐
Deviation produced by the 2nd lens
ℎ2
∴ 𝛿2 =
𝑓2

Condition of minimum spherical aberration

𝛿1 = 𝛿2
ℎ1 ℎ2
=
𝑓1 𝑓2
ℎ1 𝑓1 𝑓1 𝑓1
= ………….. 1 =
ℎ2 𝑓2 𝑓2 𝑓1 − 𝑑
From the similar triangle AO1F1 and BO2F1 𝑑 = 𝑓1 − 𝑓2
𝐴𝑂1 𝐵𝑂2 For a lens system, The spherical aberration will
=
𝑂1 𝐹1 𝑂2 𝐹1 be minimized when their distance of separation
ℎ1 ℎ2
= will be equal to the difference of their focal
𝑓1 𝑓1 − 𝑑 length.
ℎ1 𝑓1
⟹ =
ℎ2 𝑓1 − 𝑑
If two convex lenses made of same glass and of focal lengths 32 cm and 20
cm are to be used to exhibit minimum spherical aberration; find the distance
between the two. If 𝜇 = 1.5, find the radii of curvature of the lens surfaces.
One surface of each lens is plane.
For minimum spherical aberration, 𝑑 = 𝑓1 − 𝑓2
From the lens maker formula,
1 1 1
= 𝜇−1 −
𝑓 𝑅1 𝑅2
For the first Plano-convex lens,

1 1
= 𝜇−1
𝑓1 𝑅1
𝑅2 = ∞ for a Plano-convex lens
For the second Plano-convex lens,

1 1
= 𝜇−1 ′
𝑓2 𝑅1
Find the ratio of two radii of curvature of a crossed lens to exhibit minimum
spherical aberration. Given µ = 1.6.

𝑅1 𝜇 2𝜇−1 −4
For minimum spherical aberration, =
𝑅2 𝜇 2𝜇+1
 Coma/comatic aberration
❑ Spherical aberration refers to object point situated on the axis
whereas coma refers to object point off the axis.
❑ When object point is not situated on the axis then aberration
produced by the lens is called Coma.
❑ Coma is the result of varying magnification for rays refracted
through different zones of the lens.
 Coma
When object point is not situated on the axis then aberration
produced by the lens is called Coma.

the Abbe’s sine condition

µ1𝑦1sin𝜃1 = µ2𝑦2sin𝜃2

Where µ1, y1 & θ1 refer to the refractive index, height of the object
above the axis, and the slope angle of the incident ray, respectively.

Similarly µ2, y2 & θ2 refer to the corresponding quantities of image

space. The magnification of the image is 𝑦2/𝑦1 Elimination of coma is possible if the lateral
magnification 𝑦2/𝑦1 is the same for all
rays of light. Thus coma can be eliminated if
sin𝜃1 / sin𝜃2 is a constant because µ1 / µ2 is
constant.

A lens that satisfies the above condition is

called an aplanatic lens.
Elimination of Coma/comatic aberration
 Coma example

The left side image is free from comatic aberration and the
right side image is with comatic aberration
 Astigmatism
❑ When a lens is corrected for spherical aberration and coma, it will form
sharp images of object points lying on or very near the axis.
❑ For an object lying at appreciable distance from the axis, then the image
is not a point but a pair of mutually perpendicular line , some distance
apart. This called astigmatism

Why this aberration: The object B is far away from the axis, the lens is not
perfectly symmetric for the object B.

The cone of rays of light refracted through the tangential or meridional

plane MBN come to focus at P1 (near to the lens), called meridional focus
(primary image).

The cone of rays of light refracted through the horizontal or sagittal plane
BRS come to focus at P2 (away from the lens), sagittal focus (secondary
image).
If you place a screen in the refracted beam, you will see the different same
of the images at different position as shown in figure.

P1 near to convergent lens than P2 called positive astigmatism

P2 near to divergent lens than P1 called negative astigmatism

 Astigmatism
❑ In case of diverging lens, the sagittal focus P2 is near the lens than the tangential/meridional focus P1
and the astigmatism is said to be negative

❑ For convergent lens, the tangential/meridional focus P1 is nearer the lens than the sagittal focus P2
and the astigmatism is said to be positive .

❑ The locus of the primary images of all points in the object plane gives the surface of revolution about
the lens axis and is called the primary image surface.
❑ The locus of the secondary images give the secondary image surface.
❑ The surface of best focus is given by the locus of the circle of least confusion.
❑ The surface of best focus is not a plane but curve

❑ Since astigmatism is positive for convergent lens and negative for divergent lens, by proper spacing of
convergent lens and divergent lenses and suitable choice of their focal lengths, a combination may be
designed in which the astigmatic differences compensated for one another and the images are formed
on a single paraboloid surface/curve.
 Astigmatism

Astigmatism is a
common
problem of
human eye like
Myopia,
Hyperopia

Astigmatism occurs when the cornea is oblong—in other words, it is shaped more like a football than a basketball. The oblong shape causes
light rays to focus in two places on the retina, causing blurred vision.

Astigmatism may also accompany nearsightedness or farsightedness and can get worse with age. A small amount of astigmatism may cause
only slightly blurred vision. Sometimes uncorrected astigmatism can lead to headaches or eye strain.
 Astigmatism example

Here is an example of astigmatism.

 Astigmatism example

Astigmatism vision Normal vision

The left side figure is the astigmatic vision and right side figure is the normal vision.
 Curvature of field
Even if the lens or the lens system is free from spherical aberration, coma and astigmatism,
The image of an extended object due to a single lens is not a flat one but it will be a curved
surface. This is known as curvature of field.

Why this aberration is formed: the off-axial

point far away from the lens than near axial
point or point close to the axis

The image of an off-axial object point is

formed closer to the lens than the image of an
axial object point.

The marginal focal length is shorter than the

paraxial focal length.
Curvature of field-reduction
 Distortion
Even if it is possible to eliminate the spherical
aberration, coma, astigmatism, curvature of field, there
may remain another type of aberration known as
distortion.

Why distortion: This aberration arises because of

variation in the magnification with later distance
produced by a lens for object points at different
distances from the lens axis.

There are two types of distortion:

(1) pin-cushion distortion: the magnification increases

with the lateral distance (fig. 2)

(2) barrel-shaped distortion: magnification decreases

with the increasing axial distance (fig. 3)
Distortion-examples
Electromagnetic radiation
Wavelength (nm) Color
200 to 380 Ultraviolet
380 to 450 Violet
450 to 490 Blue
490 to 560 Green
560 to 590 Yellow
590 to 620 Orange
620 to 760 Red
760 to 1,000,000 Infrared
 Dispersion of light

The splitting of white light into constituent colors is called the dispersion
Dispersion of light
Dispersion of light
 Chromatic aberration
chromatic aberration is a failure of a lens to focus all colors to the same point. It is caused by dispersion: the refractive
index of the lens elements varies with the wavelength of light.
 Chromatic aberration

Y
Lateral or
X
Transverse
Axial/longitudinal Chromatic
Chromatic aberration
aberration
Axial/longitudinal
Axial chromatic aberration is a Chromatic aberration
variation in the length of each
wavelength of light. The distance Lateral chromatic aberration is a variation in
X in the figure is called the magnification of the different colors of
longitudinal or axial chromatic light. The distance Y in the figure is called
aberration. lateral or transverse chromatic aberration.
Expression for axial chromatic aberration for an object at infinity
Longitudinal chromatic aberration for an object at finite distance
L X Let us consider a point object
illuminated by white light and
situated on the axis of the lens.
A Colored images are formed
along the axis. The violet image
O c is nearest the lens and the red
M P Q images is the farthest. In
between these two images, if a
B screen is placed at position XY,
the image of least chromatic
aberration is formed
N Y
u 𝑣𝑣
𝑣𝑟

Let u be the distance of the object point and 𝑣𝑣 and 𝑣𝑟 the distances of the violet and red images on the axis of the lens. If
𝑣𝑣 and 𝑣𝑣 are the focal length for the violet and red rays of light, then,
Longitudinal chromatic aberration for an object at finite distance
𝑣𝑣 the distance of the violet image
𝑣𝑟 the distance of the red image
𝑓𝑣 the focal length of the violet ray of light
𝑓𝑟 the focal length of the red ray of light
1 1 1
− = … … … … … . . (1)
𝑣𝑣 𝑢 𝑓𝑣
1 1 1
− = … … … … … . . (2)
𝑣𝑟 𝑢 𝑓𝑟
Subtracting (2) from (1)
1 1 1 1 1 1
− − + = −
𝑣𝑣 𝑢 𝑣𝑟 𝑢 𝑓𝑣 𝑓𝑟
𝑣𝑟 − 𝑣𝑣 𝑓𝑟 − 𝑓𝑣
= … … … … (3)
𝑣𝑣 𝑣𝑟 𝑓𝑣 𝑓𝑟

Taking 𝑣𝑣 𝑣𝑟 = 𝑣 2 and 𝑓𝑣 𝑓𝑟 = 𝑓 2 but 𝑓𝑟 − 𝑓𝑣 = 𝜔𝑓

𝑣𝑟 −𝑣𝑣 𝜔𝑓
=
𝑣2 𝑓2
𝜔𝑣 2
𝑣𝑟 − 𝑣𝑣 = … … … … … (4)
𝑓
 Circle of least chromatic aberration
AB is the diameter of the circle of least chromatic aberration, d.
Let LN be the aperture of the lens, D and v be the mean
distance of the image.
LQN and AQB are similar triangle
𝐶𝑄 𝑀𝑄
= … … … … … . . (1)
𝐴𝐵 𝐿𝑁
LPN and APB are similar
𝑃𝐶 𝑀𝑃
= … … … … … . . (2)
𝐴𝐵 𝐿𝑁
Adding (1) and (2)
𝐶𝑄 𝑃𝐶 𝑀𝑄 𝑀𝑃
+ = +
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐵 𝐿𝑁 𝐿𝑁
𝑣𝑟 −𝑣𝑣 2𝑣
Adding (1) and (2) = … … … … (4)
∵ 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐿𝑁 = 𝐷
𝑑 𝐷
𝐶𝑄 𝑃𝐶 𝑀𝑄 𝑀𝑃 𝑣𝑟 − 𝑣𝑣
+ = + 𝑑 = 𝐷.
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐵 𝐿𝑁 𝐿𝑁 2𝑣
𝐶𝑄 + 𝑃𝐶 𝑀𝑄 + 𝑀𝑃 𝜔𝑣 2
= We know from the previous slide, 𝑣𝑟 − 𝑣𝑣 =
𝐴𝐵 𝐿𝑁 𝑓
𝑃𝑄 𝑀𝑄 + 𝑀𝑃 𝑣𝑟 − 𝑣𝑣 1𝜔𝑣 2 1 𝑣
= … … … … … (3) 𝑑 = 𝐷. = 𝐷. . = 𝐷𝜔.
𝐴𝐵 𝐿𝑁 2𝑣 2𝑣 𝑓 2 𝑓
𝑃𝑄 = 𝑣𝑟 − 𝑣𝑣 and 𝑀𝑄 + 𝑀𝑃 = 𝑣𝑟 − 𝑣𝑣 = 2𝑣 approx. If the incident light is parallel to the beam, then v=f
From equation (3) 1
𝑑 = 𝐷𝜔
2
 Mathematical problems
The focal lengths of blue and red rays of light are 98 cm and 100 cm respectively. Calculate the mean focal length
and dispersive power of the material of the lens.

𝑓𝑏 = 98 𝑐𝑚
𝑓= 𝑓𝑟 𝑓𝑏 = 100 × 98 = 98.98 𝑐𝑚 𝑓𝑟 = 100 𝑐𝑚
𝑓𝑟 − 𝑓𝑏 100 − 98 𝑓 =?
𝜔= = = 0.02
𝑓 98.98 𝜔 =?
Condition of achromatism for two lenses in contact
Condition of achromatism for two lenses in contact
Condition of achromatism for two lenses separated by finite distance
Condition of achromatism for two lenses separated by finite distance
1 1 𝑑𝑓1 1 𝑑𝑓2 1 1 𝑑𝑓2 1 1 𝑑𝑓1
= − × − × − 𝑎 × − × − × − ×
−𝐹2 𝑓12 𝑑𝐹 𝑓22 𝑑𝐹 𝑓1 𝑓22 𝑑𝐹 𝑓2 𝑓12 𝑑𝐹

𝑑𝐹 𝑑𝑓1 𝑑𝑓2 𝑎 𝑑𝑓2 𝑎 𝑑𝑓1

=− 2 − 2 + × 2 + × 2
−𝐹 2 𝑓1 𝑓2 𝑓1 𝑓2 𝑓2 𝑓1

𝜔1 𝜔2 𝑎
+ − 𝜔 + 𝜔2 = 0
𝑓1 𝑓2 𝑓1 𝑓2 1
𝜔1 𝑓2 + 𝜔2 𝑓1
𝑎= … … . . (4)
𝜔1 + 𝜔2
 Mathematical problems
Two glasses have dispersive powers in the ratio 2:3. These glasses are to be used in the manufactures of an
achromatic objective of focal length 20 cm. what are the focal lengths of the lenses?

𝜔1 𝜔2
+ =0
𝑓1 𝑓2
1 𝜔1 2
⟹ =− =− 𝜔1 2
𝑓2 𝜔2 𝑓1 3 𝑓1 =
𝜔2 3
𝑓 = 20
1 1 1
= + 𝑓1 =?
𝑓 𝑓1 𝑓2 𝑓2 =?
1 1 2 1
⟹ = − =
20 𝑓1 3 𝑓1 3 𝑓1
⟹ 𝑓1 = 6.67 𝑐𝑚

1 𝜔1 2
=− =−
𝑓2 𝜔2 𝑓1 3 × 6.67
𝑓2 = −10
A lens system free from chromatic and spherical aberration
Two thin convex lenses of focal length f1 and f2 separated by a distance d
have an equivalent focal length of 50 cm. the combination satisfies the
conditions for minimum spherical aberration and is also achromatic. Find the
values of f1, f2 and d. Assume both the lenses are of same material.
𝑓1 𝑓2
Equivalent focal length of the combination, 𝑓 = … . (1)
𝑓1 +𝑓2 −𝑑
𝑓2 +𝑓1
𝑓 = 50 𝑐𝑚
For achromatism, 𝑑 = … … (2) 𝑓1 =?
2
For minimum spherical aberration, 𝑑 = 𝑓1 − 𝑓2 … … . (3) 𝑓2 =?
Solve (2) and (3) for 𝑓1 and 𝑓2 . 𝑑 =?
Substitute 𝑓1 and 𝑓2 in equation in equation (1)
• 𝑓1 = 100 𝑐𝑚
• 𝑓2 = 33.33 𝑐𝑚
• 𝑑 = 66.67 𝑐𝑚
 Achromatism of Telescope objective
Achromatic condition
𝜔1 𝜔2 𝜔1 𝑓1
+ =0 =−
𝑓1 𝑓2 𝜔2 𝑓2
𝑓1 and 𝑓2 are focal lengths of the lenses and 𝜔1 and 𝜔2 are dispersive power, the focal
length of the combianation is
1 1 1
= +
𝑓 𝑓1 𝑓2
(1) 𝜔1 and 𝜔2 are always positive, so one the lens must convex and the other concave
(2) As telescope objective is a converging lens system, 𝑓1 < 𝑓2 and 𝜔1 < 𝜔2 , Thus the
convex lens should be made of glass of smaller dispersive power.
(3) The dispersive power of the crown glass is smaller than the flint glass
/ /
The radii of curvature 𝑅1 and 𝑅2 of the convex lens and 𝑅1 and 𝑅2 of the convex lenses can
be calculated using the following relation The dispersive powers of
1 1 1 crown and flint glasses
= 𝜇1 − 1 − are 0.03 and 0.05
𝑓1 𝑅1 𝑅2 respectively.
1 1 1
= 𝜇2 − 1 /
− /
𝑓2 𝑅 𝑅
1 2
/
𝑅2=∞
/
𝑅2 = 𝑅1
 Combination of lenses-Applications
𝐻2 𝐵
Telephoto lens
𝐶
Requirements
(i) large focal length for
𝑃2 𝐿1 𝐹1 𝐹2
distance object 𝐿2
(ii) Small distance between
the photographic film and 𝑓𝑏
lens to manage size of the
camera f

❑ f1 and f2 are the focal lengths of the two lenses. For example 𝑓1 = 10 𝑐𝑚 and 𝑓2 = −3 and 𝑑 = 8 𝑐𝑚
❑ Separation distance =slightly larger than f1+f2 The focal length of the combination
❑ f be the equivalent focal length 𝑓1 𝑓2
𝑓= = 30 𝑐𝑚 = P2F2
𝑓1 𝑓2 𝑓1 +𝑓2 −𝑑
𝑓= 𝑓𝑑
𝑓1 +𝑓2 −𝑑 L2P2 = 𝛽 = − = 24 𝑐𝑚
❑ f is measured from second principal plane P2H2 𝑓1
❑ L2F2 =fb= the lens L2 to photographic film=lens to Lens to focal plane distance 𝐿2 𝐹2 = 𝑃2 𝐹2 − 𝑃2 𝐿2 = 30 − 24 = 6 𝑐𝑚
focal plane distance 𝑓𝑑
𝐿1 𝑃2 = 𝛼 = = −80 𝑐𝑚
❑ L1F2 =Camera length/size 𝑓2
❑ Requirements: shorter L1F2 and longer P2F2 Overall length of the camera 𝐿1 𝐹2 = 8 + 6 = 14 𝑐𝑚

A textbook of optics- N. Subrahmanyam Brijlal

 Achromatism of a camera lens
An achromatic doublet of focal length 20 cm is to be made of different
kinds glass shown below. Find the focal length of each lens, stating
whether it is convergent or divergent.

Type of glass 𝜇𝑏𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝜇𝑟𝑒𝑑

Type I 1.527 1.515

Type II 1.634 1.617
Type III 1.718 1.725
Achromatism of a camera lens
Achromatism of a camera lens