COMPUTER PROGRAMMING MIDTERM Difference Between C and C++

EXAM REVIEWER
- C++ was developed as an extension
C PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE of C, and both languages have
almost the same syntax.
C Programming Language
- The main difference between C and
- general-purpose computer
C++ is that C++ support classes and
programming language objects, while C does not.
- created in the 1970s by Dennis
Ritchie and Bell Labs, and remains Get Started with C??
very widely used and influential.
Things needed to start with C:
- By design, C's features cleanly reflect
the capabilities of the targeted CPUs. - Text editor, like Notepad, to type/write
- It has found lasting use in operating C code
systems, device drivers, protocol - A compiler, like GCC, to translate the
stacks, though decreasingly for C code into a language that the
application software, and is common computer will understand
in computer architectures that range
from the largest supercomputers to C Install IDE
the smallest microcontrollers and An IDE (Integrated Development
embedded systems. Environment) is used to edit AND compile
- an imperative procedural language the code.
supporting structured programming,
lexical variable scope, and recursion, Popular IDE's include Code: Blocks, Eclipse,
with a static type system. and Visual Studio. These are all free, and
- designed to be compiled to provide they can be used to both edit and debug C
low-level access to memory and code.
language constructs that map
Note: Web-based IDE's can work as well, but
efficiently to machine instructions, all
functionality is limited.
with minimal runtime support.
C Syntax
Why Learn C?
Line 1:
- one of the most popular programming
language in the world. #include <stdio.h> - a header file library that
- You will have no problem to learn lets us work with input and output functions,
other popular programming such as printf() (used in line 4). Header files
languages such as Java, Python, add functionality to C++ programs.
C++, C#, etc., as the syntax is similar.
- Very fast compared to other Line 2:
programming languages, like Java Blank Line. C ignores white space, but we
and Python. use it to make the code more readable.
- Very versatile; can be used in both
applications and technologies. Line 3:
main() – this is called a function. Any code
inside its curly brackets { } will be executed.

PREPARED BY: MATT GERONA

Line 4: used to prevent execution when testing
alternative code.
printf() – a function used to output/print text
to the screen. Single-line Comments – start with two
forward slashes (//).
NOTE THAT:
Any text between // and the end of the line
EVERY C STATEMENT ENDS WITH A
is ignored by the compiler and will not be
SEMICOLON
executed.
THE BODY OF int main() COULD ALSO BE
Multi-line Comments – start with /* and
WRITTEN AS: int main(){printf("Hello
ends with */
World!");return 0;}
Any text between /* and */ will be ignored by
Line 5:
the compiler.
return 0 ends the main() function.
C Variables
Line 6:
int stores integers
Add closing curly bracket } to actually end the (whole numbers)
main function. without decimals
float stores floating point
C Output (Print Text) numbers, with
decimals
printf() – used to output values/print text. char stores single
You can add as many printf() functions as characters; values
you want. However, note that it does not are surrounded by
insert a new line at the end of the output. single quotes
Declaring (Creating) Variables
C New Lines
To create a variable, specify the type and
To insert a new line, use \n character. Two \n assign it a value:
characters will create a blank line.
type variableName = value;
The newline character is called an escape
sequence, and it forces the cursor to change where type is one of the C types (C
its position to the beginning of the next line Variables), and variableName is the name of
on the screen. the variable (such as x, or myName). The
equal sign is used to assign a value to the
Escape Sequences: variable.
Storing a number:
\t Creates a
int myNum = 15;
horizontal tab
\\ Inserts backlash Note: If you assign a new value to an existing
character(\) variable, it will overwrite the previous value:
\“ Inserts a double
quote character int myNum = 15; // myNum is 15
C Comments myNum = 10; // Now myNum is 10

Comments can be used to explain code,

and to make it more readable. It can also be

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Output Variables These are the list of all assignment
operators:
You learned from the output chapter that you
can output values/print text with the printf()
function:
printf(“Hello World!”);
In many other programming languages (like
Python, Java, and C++), you would normally
use a print function to display the value of a
variable. However, this is not possible in C.
Format Specifiers
for int variable, use the format specifier %d
or %i
for char variable, use the format specifier %c
for float variable, use the format specifier %f Comparison Operators:
Note that every format specifier should be Used to compare two values. The return
surrounded by double quotes inside the value of a comparison is either true (1) or
printf() function. false (0).
To combine both text and a variable, Here are the list of all comparison operators:
separate them with a comma inside the
printf() function.
C Operators:
Arithmetic Operators:
+ Addition - to add two values together
++ Increment - to increase the value of the
variable by 1
- Subtraction - to subtract one value to Logical Operators:
another
used to determine the logic between
-- Decrement – to decrease the value of a variables or values. Here are the lists:
variable by 1
* Multiplication - to multiply two values
/ Division - to divide one value by another
% Modulus - returns the division remainder
Assignment Operators:
Assignment operators are used to assign
values to variables.

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Sizeof Operator These unique names are called identifiers.
The memory size (in bytes) of a data type or Identifiers can be short names (like x and y)
a variable can be found with the sizeof or more descriptive names (age, sum,
operator. totalVolume).
Conditions and if Statements Note that it is recommended to use
descriptive names in order to create
C supports the usual logical conditions from understandable and maintainable code.
mathematics:
General Rules for naming variables:
• Less than: a < b
• Names can contain letters, digits and
• Less than or equal to: a <= b
underscores
• Greater than: a > b
• Names must begin with a letter or an
• Greater than or equal to: a >= b underscore (_)

• Equal to a == b • Names are case sensitive (myVar

and myvar are different variables)
• Not Equal to: a != b
• Names cannot contain whitespaces
You can use these conditions to perform or special characters like !, #, %, etc.
different actions for different decisions.
• Reserved words (such as int) cannot
C has the following conditional statements: be used as names
• Use if to specify a block of code to C Data Types
be executed, if a specified
condition is true A variable in C must be a specified data type,
and you must use a format specifier inside
• Use else to specify a block of code the printf() function to display it.
to be executed, if the same
condition is false Basic Data Types:

• Use else if to specify a new Data Size Description

condition to test, if the first Type
condition is false int 2 or 4 stores whole numbers
bytes without decimals
• Use switch to specify many float 4 stores fractional
alternative blocks of code to be bytes numbers, containing
executed one or more decimals.
Sufficient for storing 7
To declare more than one variable of the decimal digits.
same type, use a comma-separated list. double 8 stores fractional
bytes numbers, containing
You can also assign the same value to one or more decimals.
multiple variables of the same type. Sufficient for storing 15
C Variable Names decimal digits.
char 1 stores a single
All C variables must be identified with unique byte character/letter/number,
names. or ASCII values.

PREPARED BY: MATT GERONA

C Constants Step 3 − Processes the data and converts it
into useful information.
When you don't want others (or yourself) to
override existing variable values, use the Step 4 − Generates the output.
const keyword (this will declare the variable
Step 5 − Controls all the above four steps.
as "constant", which means unchangeable
and read-only).
You should always declare the variable as
constant when you have values that are
unlikely to change.
COMPUTER COMPONENTS
Notes on Constants:
Take Input - The process of entering data
When you declare a constant variable, it and instructions into the computer system.
must be assigned with a value:
Store Data - Saving data and instructions
const int minutesPerHour = 60;
so that they are available for processing as
While Loop and when required.

Loops - Loops can execute a block of code Processing Data - Performing

as long as a specified condition is reached. arithmetic, and logical operations on data in
Loops are handy because they save time, order to convert them into useful
reduce errors, and they make code more information.
readable.
Output Information - The process of
The while loop loops through a block of producing useful information or results for the
code as long as a specified condition is user, such as a printed report or visual
true display.

COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS Control the workflow- Directs the manner

and sequence in which all of the above
COMPUTER operations are performed.
an electronic device that manipulates
information, or data.
A computer is a machine that can be
instructed to carry out sequences of
arithmetic or logical operations automatically
via computer programming. Modern
computers have the ability to follow
generalized sets of operations, called
programs.
FUNCTIONALITIES OF A COMPUTER
Step 1 − Takes data as input.
Step 2 − Stores the data/instructions in its
memory and uses them as required.

PREPARED BY: MATT GERONA

ADVANTAGES OF COMPUTERS Fifth Generation
• High Speed 1980-onwards – ULSI Microprocessor Based
• Accuracy
TYPES OF COMPUTERS
• Storage Capability
• Diligence PC (Personal Computer)
• Versatility
• Reliability It is a single user computer system having
• Automation moderately powerful microprocessor.
• Reduction in Paper Work and Cost can be defined as a small, relatively
DISADVANTAGES OF COMPUTERS inexpensive computer designed for an
individual user.
• No I.Q.
• Dependency Workstation
• Environment It is also a single user computer system,
• No Feeling similar to personal computer however has a
COMPUTER APPLICATIONS more powerful microprocessor.

• Business computer used for engineering applications

• Banking (CAD/CAM), desktop publishing, software
• Insurance development, and other such types of
• Education applications which require a moderate
• Marketing amount of computing power and relatively
• Healthcare high quality graphics capabilities.
• Engineering Design Mini Computer
• Military
• Communication It is a multi-user computer system, capable
• Government of supporting hundreds of users
simultaneously.
GENERATIONS AND TYPES OF
COMPUTERS It is a midsize multi-processing system
capable of supporting up to 250 users
MAIN FIVE GENERATIONS OF simultaneously.
COMPUTERS
Main Frame
First Generation
It is a multi-user computer system, capable
1946-1959 – Vacuum Tube Based of supporting hundreds of users
Second Generation simultaneously. Software technology is
different from minicomputer.
1959-1965 – Transistor Based
Mainframe executes many programs
Third Generation concurrently and supports many
simultaneous execution of programs.
1965-1971 – Integrated Circuit Based
Supercomputer
Fourth Generation
1971-1980 – VLSI Microprocessor Based It is an extremely fast computer, which can
execute hundreds of millions of instructions
per second.

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OTHER TYPES OF COMPUTERS The computer case is the metal and plastic
box that contains the main components of
Smartphones
the computer, including the motherboard,
Many cell phones can do a lot of things central processing unit (CPU), and power
computers can do, including browsing the supply.
Internet and playing games. They are often
FLOPPY DISK DRIVE
called smartphones.
The CPU has places to insert disks. One
Wearables
kind of disk drive is a floppy disk drive. A
Wearable technology is a general term for a floppy disk drive reads information from a
group of devices - including fitness trackers very thin, floppy disk inside a hard plastic
and smartwatches - that are designed to be case. Floppy disks can hold up to 1.44
worn throughout the day. These devices are megabytes of information.
often called wearables for short.
CD-ROM DISK DRIVE
Game consoles
CD-ROM stands for Compact Disk-Read
A game console is a specialized type of Only Memory. They are flat, shiny disks that
computer that is used for playing video store information. Most new computers have
games on your TV. CD-RW drives. CD-RW stands for Compact
Disk-ReWrite. This type of disk allows you to
TVs write information to it, as well as read from it.
Many TVs now include applications - or apps Most can hold up to 700 megabytes of
- that let you access various types of online information.
content. For example, you can stream video DVD Drive/Burner
from the Internet directly onto your TV.
The newest computers come with the option
COMPUTER BASICS: HOW DOES A of a DVD drive. A DVD (Digital Video Disc)
COMPUTER WORK? looks just like a CD, but holds much more
THE MONITOR information! They can store 4.7 gigabytes of
data.
The monitor works with a video card, located
inside the computer case, to display images FLASH DRIVE
and text on the screen. Most monitors have A Flash Drive is a relatively new storage
control buttons that allow you to change your device. It’s like a mini, portable hard drive!
monitor's display settings, and some You plug it into the USB (Universal Serial
monitors also have built-in speakers. Bus) port on the front of newer computers
THE CPU and you can save to it.

The Central Processing Unit (CPU), also HOW DO COMPUTERS WORK?

called a processor, is located inside the INPUT DEVICES
computer case on the motherboard. It is
sometimes called the brain of the computer, information is entered into a computer. Some
and its job is to carry out commands. common input devices include the keyboard,
mouse and scanner.
SYSTEM UNIT/COMPUTER CASE

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THE KEYBOARD SOUND AND VIDEO CARDS
The keyboard is probably the most used They contain special circuits that allow your
input device. It operates a lot like a computer to play sounds and display
typewriter, but has many additional keys that graphics on your monitor.
let it do special things a typewriter can’t.
SPEAKERS
THE MOUSE
Speakers can be connected to your
It’s called a mouse because of it’s shape and computer so you can hear very realistic
the way the cable attaching it to the computer sound effects and wonderful music.
looks a bit like a tail. There are two kinds of
COMPUTER PROCESSING
mice. Some use a roller ball that allows the
mouse to roll around a flat surface. When Once information has been sent to a
you do that and look up at the screen, you’ll computer by one of the input devices it’s
see a small moving arrow. This arrow is processed. The computer uses its brain to
called the pointer. process the information. The computer’s
SCANNER brain is called the CPU, or Central
Processing Unit.
A scanner is a very useful input device. You
RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY
can place a page of writing or pictures in the
scanner and it will send the information to When a computer processes information, it
your computer. There they can be changed, uses software programs. Each program
saved into a computer file, or printed. requires a certain amount of electronic
memory, or RAM (Random Access
OUTPUT DEVICES
Memory) to run correctly.
information that comes out of a computer
BYTES, KILOBYTES,
after it has been processed. The information
MEGABYTES AND GIGABYTES
comes out on output devices such as a
printer or computer monitor. • Byte 8 Bits=1 byte
PRINTERS • KB Kilobyte=1,000 bytes
prints exactly what’s on the screen • MB Megabyte=1,000,000
(1 million) bytes
Two Types of Printers:
• GB Gigabyte=1,000,000,000
An inkjet printer usually prints in color. It
(1 billion) bytes
prints by squirting out small dots of ink onto
the paper. READ-ONLY MEMORY
A laser printer uses a laser beam to create Also known as ROM, is a permanent
an image that is transferred to paper. It memory. The information there was put
uses toner and a drum. The ink is powder. there when the computer was made. The
SOUNDBOARDS computer needs the information in its ROM
memory in order to function.
an electronic circuit board, located inside the
HARD DISK DRIVE
computer, that can produce music and high
quality sounds. The hard drive is where your software,
documents, and other files are stored. The

PREPARED BY: MATT GERONA

hard drive is long-term storage, which
means the data is still saved even if you
1822
turn the computer off or unplug it.
THE MOTHERBOARD CHARLES BABBAGE – “Father of
Computing”
computer's main circuit board. The
conceives of a steam-driven calculating
motherboard connects directly or indirectly
to every part of the computer. machine that would be able to compute
tables of numbers.
POWER SUPPLY
Analytical Engine - could store numbers
The power supply converts the alternating
calculating "mill" used punched metal cards
current (AC) line from your home or school
for instructions
to the direct current (DC) needed by the
computer. powered by steam
HISTORY OF COMPUTERS accurate to six decimal places
TH
PRE-20 CENTURY ADA LOVELACE/AUGUSTA ADA BYRON
– “The First Programmer” Programmed
Devices have been used to aid computation
Analytical Engine
for thousands of years, mostly using one-to-
one correspondence with fingers. The 1890
earliest counting device was probably a form
of tally stick. Later record keeping aids HERMAN HOLLITH
throughout the Fertile Crescent included designs a punch card system to calculate the
calculi (clay spheres, cones, etc.) which 1880 census, accomplishing the task in just
represented counts of items, probably three years and saving the government $5
livestock or grains, sealed in hollow unbaked million.
clay containers. The use of counting rods is
one example. Hollerith Punched Cards - cards commonly
had printing such that the row and column
ABACUS - also called a counting frame; a position of a hole could be easily seen.
calculating tool that consists of a number of
rows of movable beads or other objects, printing could include having fields named
which represent digits. and marked by vertical lines, logos, and
more.
1801
1936
JOSEPH MARIE JACQUARD – invented
the Jacquard Loom that uses punched ALAN TURING
wooden cards to automatically weave fabric
Turing Machine (Universal Machine)
designs.
Capable of computing anything that is
Jacquard Loom - used metal cards with
computable.
punched holes to guide weaving process.
The central concept of the modern computer
First stored program - metal cards
was based on his ideas.
First computer manufacturing and still in use
today

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1937 Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic
Computer (EDVAC)
JOHN VINCENT ATANASOFF
a binary serial computer with automatic
A professor of physics and mathematics at
addition, subtraction, multiplication,
Iowa State University, attempts to build the
programmed division and automatic
first computer without gears, cams, belts or
checking with an ultrasonic serial memory
shafts.
capacity of 1,000 34-bit words.
1939
BINary Automatic Computer (BINAC)
DAVID PACKARD AND BILL HEWLETT
built by the Eckert–Mauchly Computer
Hewlett-Packard (HP) Corporation, was the first general-purpose
computer for commercial use.
Initially produced a line of electronic test and
measurement equipment. 1947

1941 MAURICE VINCENT WILKES

JOHN VINCENT ANATASOFF AND Electronic Delay Storage Automatic

CLIFFORD BERRY Calculator (EDSAC)

Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) one of the earliest stored program

computers
The first automatic electronic digital
computer was the second electronic digital stored-
program computer to go into regular
It was neither programmable, nor Turing- service.
complete, unlike the widely famous ENIAC
machine of 1947 in part derived from it. WILLIAM B. SHOCKLEY, JOHN
BARDEEN, AND WALTER H. BRATTAIN
1943-1944
Transistor
JOHN WILLIAM MAUCHLY AND JOHN
ADAM PRESPER ECKERT JR. the first working transistor, the Point-
contact Transistor, in 1947, which was
Electronic Numerical Integrator followed by Shockley's Bipolar Junction
and Calculator (ENIAC) Transistor in 1948.
the first electronic, Turing-complete device, FREDERIC C. WILLIAMS, TOM KILBURN,
and performed ballistics trajectory GEOFF C. TOOTILL
calculations for the United States Army.
Manchester Baby
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC)
the first electronic stored-program computer
the first commercial computer for business
and government applications. the first working machine to contain all of
the elements essential to a modern
a line of electronic digital stored-program electronic computer
computers starting with the products of the
Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation.

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1953 UNiplexed Information Computing
System (UNIX)
GRACE HOOPER
an operating system that addressed
develops the first computer language, which
compatibility issues. Written in the C
eventually becomes known as COBOL
programming language.
the first person to develop a compiler for 1970
programming language.
INTEL COMPANY
COmmon Business-Oriented Language
(COBOL) Intel 1103
primarily used in business, finance, and the first Dynamic Random Access Memory
administrative systems for companies and (DRAM) chip
governments.
was the bestselling semiconductor memory
1954 chip in the world by 1972, defeating magnetic
core type memory.
JOHN WARNER BACKUS
1971
FORmula TRANslation
(FORTRAN) ALAN F. SHUGART
the first widely used high-level programming leads a team of IBM engineers who invent
language. the "floppy disk," allowing data to be shared
among computers.
a general-purpose, compiled imperative
programming language that is especially Floppy Disk
suited to numeric computation and scientific
computing. used for primary data storage as well as for
backup and data transfers between
1958 computers.
JACK KILBY AND ROBERT NOYCE a disk storage medium composed of a disk of
thin and flexible magnetic storage medium
Computer Chip
encased in a rectangular plastic carrier
The original integrated circuit of Jack Kilby
1973
1964
ROBERT METCALFE
DOUGLAS ENGELBART
Ethernet
shows a prototype of the modern computer,
a system for connecting computers within a
with a mouse and a graphical user interface
building using hardware running from
(GUI)
machine to machine
Computer
a "multipoint data communication system
first computer, with a mouse and a graphical with collision detection"
user interface (GUI)
1989
BELL LABS

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1974-1977 1983
A number of personal computers hit the Apple's Lisa is the first personal computer
market, including Scelbi & Mark-8 Altair, with a GUI.
IBM 5100, Radio Shack's TRS-80 —
The Gavilan SC is the first portable
affectionately known as the "Trash 80" —
computer with the familiar flip form factor and
and the Commodore PET.
the first to be marketed as a "laptop."
Altair 8080
1985
world's first minicomputer kit to rival
Microsoft announces Windows, according
commercial models
to Encyclopedia Britannica.
1975
Commodore unveils the Amiga 1000, which
PAUL ALLEN AND BILL GATES features advanced audio and video
capabilities.
1976
The Symbolics Computer Company, a
STEVE JOBS AND STEVE WOZNIAC
small Massachusetts computer
Apple Computer 1 / Apple I manufacturer, registers Symbolics.com.

a desktop computer released by the Apple 1986

Computer Company (now Apple Inc.) in 1976
Compaq brings the Deskpro 386 to market.
the first computer with a single-circuit board, 1990
according to Stanford University.
Tim Berners-Lee, a researcher at CERN,
1977
the high-energy physics laboratory in
Radio Shack's initial production run of the Geneva, develops HyperText Markup
TRS-80 was just 3,000 Language (HTML)

Jobs and Wozniak incorporate Apple and HyperText Markup Language (HTML)
show the Apple II at the first West Coast
the standard markup language for creating
Computer Faire.
web pages and web applications.
1978
1993
Accountants rejoice at the introduction of
The Pentium microprocessor advances
VisiCalc, the first computerized spreadsheet the use of graphics and music on PCs.
program.
1994
1979
PCs become gaming machines as
Word processing becomes a reality as
"Command & Conquer," "Alone in the
MicroPro International releases WordStar.
Dark 2," "Theme Park," "Magic Carpet,"
1981 "Descent" and "Little Big Adventure" are
among the games to hit the market.
The first IBM personal computer, code-
named "Acorn," is introduced.

PREPARED BY: MATT GERONA

1996 2005
SERGEY BRIN AND LARRY PAGE YouTube, a video sharing service, is
founded.
Google
CHAD HURLEY, STEVE CHEN, AND
an American multinational technology JAWED KARIM
company that specializes in Internet-related
services and products, which include online Google acquires Android, a Linux-based
advertising technologies, a search engine, mobile phone operating system.
cloud computing, software, and hardware.
2006
1997
Apple introduces the MacBook Pro, its first
Microsoft invests $150 million in Apple, Intel-based, dual-core mobile computer, as
which was struggling at the time, ending well as an Intel-based iMac. Nintendo's Wii
Apple's court case against Microsoft in which game console hits the market.
it alleged that Microsoft copied the "look and
2007
feel" of its operating system.
The iPhone brings many computer functions
1999
to the smartphone.
The term Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) becomes
2009
part of the computing language and users
begin connecting to the Internet without Microsoft launches Windows 7, which
wires. offers the ability to pin applications to the
taskbar and advances in touch and
2001
handwriting recognition, among other
Apple unveils the Mac OS X operating features.
system, which provides protected memory
2010
architecture and pre-emptive multi-tasking,
among other benefits. Apple unveils the iPad, changing the way
2003 consumers view media and jumpstarting the
dormant tablet computer segment.
The first 64-bit processor, AMD's Athlon 64,
2011
becomes available to the consumer market.
2004 Google releases the Chromebook, a laptop
that runs the Google Chrome OS.
Mozilla's Firefox 1.0 challenges
2012
Microsoft's Internet Explorer, the dominant
Web browser. Facebook gains 1 billion users on October 4.
MARK ELLIOT ZUCKERBERG 2015
launched Facebook from his Harvard Apple releases the Apple Watch.
dormitory room.
Microsoft releases Windows 10.
Facebook, a social networking site,
launches. The first reprogrammable quantum
computer was created.

PREPARED BY: MATT GERONA

2017 COMPUTERS IN THE FIFTH
GENERATION:
The Defense Advanced Research Projects
Agency (DARPA) is developing a new Desktop
"Molecular Informatics" program that uses
Laptop
molecules as computers.
NoteBook
UltraBook
ChromeBook

COMPUTERS IN THE FIRST

GENERATION:
ENIAC IBM -701
EDVAC IBM-650
UNIVAC
COMPUTERS IN THE SECOND
GENERATION:
IBM 1620 CDC 3600
IBM 7094 UNIVAC 1108
CDC 1604
COMPUTERS IN THE THIRD
GENERATION:
IBM-360 series
Honeywell-6000 series
PDP (Personal Data Processor)
IBM-370/168
TDC-316
COMPUTERS IN THE FOURTH
GENERATION:
DEC 10
STAR 1000
PDP 11
CRAY-1 (Super Computer)
CRAY-X-MP (Super Computer)

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