HYDRAULICS 3-88.

The diameter of a 6’ length of pipe decreases uniformly from

 Fundamentals of Fluid Flow 18” to 6”. With a flow of 5 cfs of oil compute the mean velocity
at cross sections 1 ft apart along the pipe. Plot velocity as
ordinate against length as abscissa.

 Laminar Flow and Turbulent Flow

Laminar Flow - path of the individual particles do not cross or
intersect

Turbulent Flow - path lines are irregular curves which continually

18−6
cross each other and form a complicated network which in the D= 6
= 2 diameter: @0=18”, @1’=16”, @2’=14”, @3’=12”, @4’=10”, @5’=8”, @6’=6”
aggregate represents the forward motion of the entire stream Q 5 ft3/s
Q = vA v= =π 1 ft 2
A
4
D in×
12 in

n DIAMETER (in) Q (cfs) V (ft/s)

0 18 5 2.829
1 16 5 3.581
 Discharge 2 14 5 4.677
3 12 5 6.366
V 4 10 5 9.167
Formula: Q = vA =
t 5 8 5 14.324
6 6 5 25.465
�
Unit: �
�2 = �3 /�
2.829 + 3.581 + 4.677 + 6.366 + 9.167 + 14.324 + 25.465
v= = �. ��� ��/�
1-87. Compute the discharge of water through a 3” pipe, if the mean 7
velocity is 8.5 ft/s.
ft π 1 ft 2 4-88. A pipeline consists of successive lengths cf 15”, 12”, and
Q = vA = 8.5 12 in × 10” pipe. With a continuous flow through the line of 9 cfs of water ,
s 4 12 in compute the mean velocity in each size of pipe.
Q 9 ft3/s
�= �. ��� ���/� Q = vA v= A
=π 1 ft 2
D in×
4 12 in

2-88. The discharge of air through a 24-in pipe is 8600 cfm.

Compute the mean velocity in feet per second. PIPE DIAMETER (in) Q (cfs) V (ft/s)
1 15 9 7.334
Q = vA 2 12 9 11.459
ft3 1 min π 1 ft 2 3 10 9 16.501
8600 =v 24 in ×
min 60 sec 4 12 in
7.334 + 11.459 + 16.501
� = ��. ��� ��/� v= = ��. ��� ��/�
3
5-88. The diameter of a 6’ length of pipe increases from 6” to 24”. 6-88. A city requires a flow of 25 mgd for its water supply. Compute
The diameter is to vary so that the mean velocity of liquid flowing the diameter of pipe required if the velocity of flow is to be:
through the pipe will decrease uniformly with distance from the 6” (a) 2 ft per sec
end. Compute the diameter at each foot along the pipe. Draw to scale Q = vA
the longitudinal profile of the pipe.
gal 1 day 1 hr 3.785 L 1 m3 3.281 ft 3
Q = 25 × 106 = 38.68 ft3 /s
day 24 hr 3600 sec 1 gal 1000 L 1m

π
38.68 ft3 /s = 2 ft/s D2
4
12 in
D = 4.962 ft = ��. ��� ��
1 ft

(b) 6 ft per sec

Q = vA
π 4Q k k k
Q = vA Q=v D2 k= = vD2 v= �1 = �2 = D2 gal 1 day 1 hr 3.785 L 1 m3 3.281 ft 3
4 π D2 D21 n Q = 25 × 106 = 38.68 ft3 /s
day 24 hr 3600 sec 1 gal 1000 L 1m
from the diagram: π
v0 −v6 v0 −vn 38.68 ft3 /s = 6 ft/s D2
1. tanθ = 2. tanθ = 4
6 n
k k 12 in
vo = (D0 = 6") vo = (D0 = 6") D = 2.865 ft = ��. �� ��
62 62 1 ft
k k
v6 = (D0 = 24") vn = (Dn = 24")
242 D2n
7-88. What diameter of pipe is required to carry 10 gpm of gasoline
v0 − v6 v0 − vn
= at a velocity of 7 ft/sec?
6 n Q = vA
k k k k
− 2− 2 gal 1 ft3 1 min π 2
62 242 = 6 Dn
10 = 7 ft/s D
6 n min 7.481 gal 60 sec 4
1 1 � = �. ���� �� = �. ��� ��
� −
36 576 = 1 − 1
6 36 D2n
5� 1 1
= −
1152 36 D2n
1
D2n =
1 5�
−
36 1152
1
�� =
1 5�
36 − 1152

n 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Dn (in) 6 6.532 7.236 8.232 9.798 12.828 24
8-88. A vertical circular stack 100’ high converges uniformly from
a diameter of 20’ at the bottom to 16’ at the top. Coal gas with
a unit weight of 0.030 pcf enters the bottom of the sack with a
velocity of 10 ft/s. The unit weight of the gas increases uniformly
to 0.042 pcf at the top. Compute the mean velocity every 25 ft up
the stack.

Q = vA
π
Q0 = 10 ft/s (20 ft)2 = 1000π
4

0.042−0.030
γ= = 0.00012
100

γ0 = 0.030
γ25 = 0.030 + 0.00012(25 ft) = 0.033
γ50 = 0.033 + 0.00012(25 ft) = 0.036
γ75 = 0.036 + 0.00012(25 ft) = 0.039
γ100 = 0.039 + 0.00012(25 ft) = 0.042

γ0 Q0 = γ25 Q25
γ Q 0.3(1000π)
Q25 = 0 0 = = 2855.993
γ25 0.033
γ25Q25 0.33(2855.993)
Q50 = = = 2617.994
γ50 0.036
γ50Q50 0.36(2617.994)
Q75 = = = 2416.61
γ25 0.039
γ75Q75 0.39(2416.61)
Q100 = = = 2243.995
γ100 0.042

Qn Q
v= = π n2
A D
4

20−16
D= 4
= 1 diameter: @0=20’, @25’=19’, @50’=18’, @75’=17’, @100’=16’

n UNIT WEIGHT (pcf) Q (cfs) DIAMETER (ft) VELOCITY (ft/s)

0 0.030 1000π 20 10
25 0.033 2855.993 19 10.073
50 0.036 2617.994 18 10.288
75 0.039 2416.61 17 10.647
100 0.042 2243.995 16 11.161

10 + 10.073 + 10.288 + 10.647 + 11.161

v= = ��. ��� ��/�
5