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Effect Variations And Types of Smaw Welding Electrodes on A36 Steel

to Tensile Test
To cite this article: Klemens Alrin Rahangmetan et al 2020 J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 1569 032052

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International Conference on Science and Technology 2019 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1569 (2020) 032052 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1569/3/032052

Effect Variations And Types of Smaw Welding Electrodes on

A36 Steel to Tensile Test
Klemens Alrin Rahangmetan1, Christian Wely Wullur 2, Farid Sariman3
Mechanical Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
Musamus University
Merauke, Papua, Indonesia
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract. Welding is the connection of the two metal materials into one, using a heat process
without any pressure, defined as a metallurgical process. In the world of industry and metal
welding which is used to construct construction is low carbon steel as the base material, and
fracture is the nature of steel. This study aims to determine the effect of the type of electrode
and current strength on the mechanical properties of welding results on ASTM A36 Steel. This
research uses experimental research methods. In the welding process using ASTM A36 steel
material on a specimen with a size of 100 mm x 25 mm x 8 mm in a flat / flat position (G1)
using V. The type of electrode used is RB 2.6, RB 3.2, and LB 52 2.6 with variations in the
flow of 70 A, 80 A and 90 A, which are then carried out by tensile test. The results of the
research that have been done show that the value of tensile strength at the RB electrode 2.6
with a welding current of 70 A is 355.504 Mpa, 80 A is 439,795 and 90 A is 472,011 Mpa. For
RB 3.2 electrodes with a welding current of 70 A of 263,955 Mpa, 80 A of 376,981 Mpa, and
90 A of 342,362 Mpa. At LB 52 2.6 electrodes with a welding current of 70 A at 478,974 MPa,
80 A at 484,172 Mpa, and 90 A at 485,152 Mpa. According to the data, it can be seen the
results of welds using LB 52 2.6 electrodes at 90 A currents, with a tensile strength value of
485.152 MPa, a stretch value of 27.5%, and an elastic modulus value of 1764,190 N / mm 2.

Keywords. electric current variation; electrode type; ASTM A36 steel; tensile test

1. Introduction
Welding is the process of connecting between two or more metal parts using heat energy. Because of
this process, the metal around the weld undergoes a rapid thermal cycle which causes complex
metallurgical changes, thermal deformations and stresses. This is very closely related to toughness,
weld defects, cracks and so on which generally have a fatal effect on the safety of welded
construction. In general the construction of steel frames building construction and machine material
design, in the industrial world welding methods are often and always carried out due to construction
designs and steel building frame designs. Made using the connection method so that it becomes very
light and more efficient in the manufacturing process. Ships, bridges, steel frame buildings, many
pipelines use the connection method using welding. In the welding process often also used to make
tooling layers, the method of connecting to welding techniques is not a goal in construction, but a
better means of making designs that use welds must carefully pay close attention to the properties of
welding that pay attention to the strength of the joint and expected. In addition, other useful methods
were provided [1]–[3].
Electric arc welding is a process in welding that is often found, because its use is very simple and does
not need to incur large costs for the equipment. We often encounter these welding jobs and many in
large welding workshops as well as small welding workshops. From the results of previous research
by Jaenal Arifin and friends about the mechanical properties, the type of electrode in welding results
using SMAW welding on ASTM A36 Steel material using variations of electrodes (welding wire) with
codes E6013, E7016, and E7018 with a ratio of Flow 70 A , 110 A, and 130 A at constant speed
values obtained at E6013 electrodes with current variations of 70 A hardness values highest 105 HRB,
and elktroda E6013 current variations 110 A tensile strength values 34,697 Mpa [4].
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International Conference on Science and Technology 2019 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1569 (2020) 032052 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1569/3/032052

The research conducted by Wawan Isbiantoro about the tensile strength of the material with the
SMAW welding process with the effect of seam angle and welding with E7016 electrodes can be
concluded as follows, namely to obtain a good tensile strength using a V 60 0 and 80 A weld current
angle, because with the size of the electrode diameter 2.6 mm and the thickness of the workpiece
8mm, the angle of contact V 60o and the strength of the welding current 80 A is able to obtain the
highest tensile strength when compared the angle of displacement V 50 0 and 700 and strong currents
70 A and 90 A [5].
The properties of this steel can undergo changes by adding carbon and adding chemical elements such
as manganese (mn), nickel (Ni), silicon (si) and copper (Cu) atomic elements. The carbon content that
has been combined ranges from 0.2 to 0.3% and is measured by weight and not exceeding 0.5%. The
pattern of transferring liquid metal greatly influences the weldability of metals. Metals have a high
weldability when transfer occurs with fine grains. Welding ability is the ability of a metal or metal
combination that is welded into a construction that has certain characteristics and properties and
fulfills the desired requirements [6]. The pattern of fluid transfer is influenced by the size of the
current and composition and the flux material used. The flux material used to wrap the electrode
during welding melts and forms a slag that covers the molten metal collected at the connection and
works as an oxidation barrier can be seen in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Arc welding with wrapped electrodes [7]

The type of electrode used will greatly determine the results of welding, so it is important to know the
type and nature of each electrode as the basis for selecting the right electrode. In addition to the type of
electrode that must be chosen correctly, the diameter of the welding electrode must also be considered.
The size of the electrode is chosen based on the size of the weld to be made and the electric current
produced by the welding tool. Because generally welding machines have regulators to reduce or
enlarge electric current. Welded joints must be designed in such a way that the cross-sectional area of
the joint is as minimal as possible. The cross-sectional area of a welded joint is a measure of the
amount of weld metal needed to make a welded joint [8]. The weld area consists of three metal parts,
namely weld metal, the heat influence area of the Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) and the unaffected parent
metal.
In this study, we will examine the effect of the type of electrode welded connection type Shielded
Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) on the mechanical properties of steel A36. The electrodes used were RB
2.6, RB 3.2 and LB 52 2.6 because these electrodes are widely available in the market and are
electrodes that are often used in SMAW welding for building construction and ships. The material
used in this study is ASTM A36 steel. ASTM A36 is an alloy of carbon steel that is widely used in the
building construction industry.

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International Conference on Science and Technology 2019 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1569 (2020) 032052 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1569/3/032052

2. Methodology
The study was conducted in the mechanical engineering laboratory of Musamus University using the
H BEAM steel profile (ASTM A36 steel) as a research material with a length of 100 mm x 25 mmx 8
mm and welding electrodes used using 3 (three) variations, namely RB 2,6, RB 3 , 2 and LB 52 2.6
using welding currents 70 A, 80 A and 90 A.
After doing the welding, it is continued by making specimens with the standard JIS Z 2201 No 14 B,
which means that they will be tested tensile. Tensile testing aims to determine the value of tensile
strength and specimens tested, testing is done by tensile testing machine. The testing process is that the
test specimen is mounted on a pull machine, after which the test specimen is clamped with the grip of
the pulling machine at its edges and is stretched slowly until it breaks. During withdrawal at any time
recorded with a graph available on the pull machine, the magnitude of the tensile acting as a result of
the tensile force.
In this case vickers hardness testing was used. From Vickers testing this is very often used because of
the precision of the pyramid identor diamonds that can be used to identify narrow areas. This testing of
violence is used to find the level of hardness of the material so that from the prices of these hardness
we can find out whether the material is elastic or brittle. The higher the value of violence possessed by
a material, the more fragile the material is. The hardness test carried out can determine the hardness in
the area where the metal is welded.
In this specimen we used ASTM A 36 steel material which had been measured 100 mm x 25 mm x 8
mm and then cut then made a corner with a slope of 30o with welding joints with blunt joints using
RB Electrodes 2.6, RB 3.2 and LB 52 2.6 and welding current variation 70 A, 80 A, 90 A. Work on
specimens for this tensile test refers to the standard JIS Z 2201 No 14 B.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Tensile Test Results
The welding process parameters carried out in this study are about the ratio of RB electrodes 2.6, RB
3.2 and LB 52 and the magnitude of currents, namely 70, 80 and 90 Ampere, then the values obtained
from the test results on the data will be presented in the table 1 which shows the results of the tensile
test performed.

Table 1. Tensile test data for ASTM A36 steel

Current Tensile strength
Type
Las (MPa)
Electrode
(A) ( )
70 355.504
RB 2,6 80 439.795
90 472.011
70 263.955
80 376.981
RB 3,2
90 342.362
70 478.974
LB 52 2,6 80 484.172
90 485.152

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International Conference on Science and Technology 2019 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1569 (2020) 032052 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1569/3/032052

Tensile Strength (MPa) Electrodes RB 2.6

500
450 472.011
400 439.795
Tensile strength (MPa) 350
355.504
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
70 A 80 A 90 A
Las current (A)
Figure 2. Graph of tensile strength with electrodes RB 2,6

Based on Figure 2 on the graph of tensile strength with 2.6 RB 2.6 electrode RB electrodes using a
variation of the welding current of 70 A, 80 A, and 90 A, it is known that at a current of 70 A the
tensile strength value is 355.504 MPa, the welding current is 80 A 439,795 MPa, and at 90 A the
tensile strength value was obtained at 472,011 MPa. So that from the data it can be seen that at the RB
electrode 2.6 for the tensile strength is the magnitude of the welding current the greater the value of
the tensile strength. So that for a good tensile strength using RB 2.6 electrode which is 472,011 MPa
with a welding current of 90 A.

Tensile Strength (MPa) Electrodes RB 3,2

400
350 376.981
Tensile strength (MPa)

300 342.362

250
263.955
200
150
100
50
0
70 A 80 A 90 A
Las current (A)

Figure 3. Graph of tensile strength with electrodes RB 3,2

Based on Figure 3 on the graph of tensile strength with RB 3.2 electrodes with variations in welding
currents equal to 70 A current, the tensile strength value of 263,955 MPa is obtained, at 80 A welding
current of 376,981 MPa, and in the welding current 90 A is obtained 342,362 tensile strength MPa. So
that from the data it can be seen that at the RB 3.2 electrode on the tensile strength possessed the
higher the value of the welding current the higher the value of the tensile strength, but at the welding
current 90 A tensile strength decreases.

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International Conference on Science and Technology 2019 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1569 (2020) 032052 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1569/3/032052

This is due to the heat generated in the reaction of melting metal welded joints with the parent metal
which affects the metal structure. In the fast and high heating phase the weld metal structure in the
heat effect area forms a ferrite-bainite structure resulting in the welded metal hardening and brittle. In
addition to the influence of metal microstructure, a decrease in the value of tensile stress in 90 A
caused by the composition of C (carbon) and SI (silicon) contained in ASTM A36 steel material.
Basically the nature of carbon and silicon in the material serves to increase the hardness and tenacity
of the material, the more elements of carbon and silicon in the material, the properties of the material
itself will be harder and more resilient, only the influence of heat on the carbon and silicon content is
excessive causes the nature of hardness to increase and decrease the resilience of the material, thus
increasing the brittle nature of the material so that it is easily broken [9].

Tensile Strength (MPa) Electrodes LB 52 2.6

486
485
485.152
Tensile strength (MPa)

484
484.172
483
482
481
480
479
478 478.974
477
476
475
70 A 80 A 90 A
Las current (A)

Figure 4. Graph of tensile strength with electrodes LB 52 2,6

Based on Figure 4 on the graph of tensile strength with RB 3.2 electrodes with variations in the
welding current of 70 A, 80 A, and 90 A, it is known that at a current of 70 A the tensile strength value
is 478,974 MPa, the welding current of 80 A is 484,172 MPa, and at 90 A has a tensile strength value
of 485,152 MPa. So that the data can It is seen that on the LB 52 2.6 electrode for the tensile strength
the higher the value of the welding current used, the higher the value of the tensile strength.

4. Conclusion
From the results of research that has been carried out on welding ASTM A36 steel using RB
electrodes 2.6, RB 3.2, LB 52 2.6 and current variations of 70 A, 80 A, and 90 A, it can be concluded
that:
1. It is known that to obtain good welding results is certainly supported by good amperage, so that
good tensile strength can be obtained by using LB 52 2.6 electrode with a welding current of 90 A
with a tensile strength of 485,152 MPa.
2. The tensile strength of the ASTM A36 steel weld connection with the largest variation of electrode
type and welding current is at LB 52 2.6 electrode with a welding current of 90 A with a tensile
strength of 485,152 MPa.
3. The type of electrode and good current strength from the welding results on ASTM A36 steel type
LB 52 2.6 electrode with a welding current of 90 A.

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International Conference on Science and Technology 2019 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1569 (2020) 032052 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1569/3/032052

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