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MATLAB Basics DR - Archana Singh

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MATLAB Basics DR - Archana Singh

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Matlab Fundamentals Prepared and conducted by Dr.Archana Singh | Index = About Matlab = The basics = Advanced operations = Examples = Advanced Graphics and Plotting & is Matlab (MATrix LABoratory) MATLABG is a high-performance language for technical computin = It integrates computation, visualization, and programming in an easy-to-use environment where problems and solutions are expressed in familiar mathematical notation. = MatLab is an interactive system whose basic data element is an array that does not require dimensioning. «= MatLab features a family of add-on application-specific solutions called toolboxes which are collections of MatLab functions (M-files) that extend the MatLab environment to solve particular classes of problems. Typical uses for Matlab Construction Math and computation = Core functionality: compiled C-routines Aigorithm development = Most functionality given as m-files grouped into toolboxes Data acquistion a m¢iles contain source code, can be copied and altered Modeling, simulation, and a miles are platform independent (PC, Unix/Linux, MAC) prototyping «= Simulation of dynamical systems is performed in Simulink. Data analysis, exploration, Gente. Syst) and visualization Scientific and engineering graphics Appligation development, including q building How to start and exit Matlab Ona Microsoft Windows platform, to start MATLAB, double-click the MATLAB shortcut \.con on your Windows desktop. After starting MATLAB, the MATLAB desktop opens. Note the >> is the matlab command prompt. To end your MATLAB session, select Exit MATLAB from the File menu in the desktop, or type quit in the Command Window. Note that nothing is saved when you exit, you will not be prompted to save MATLAB Desktop When you start MATLAB, the MATLAB desktop appears, containing tools (GUI) for managing files, variables, and applications associated with MATLAB. [= oo ae oe oe eee oe COO a rel ome [Fete Cornette ene for issuing commands and seeing results Cemetery restos) list of files in the user directory currently eed owe ah preeniyentecomGhetcspaeperrmnrtap Se pe ben wm What Matlab operates on? = MATLAB works with scalars, vectors and matrices. A scalar is just a number, a 1x1 matrix, A vectors a list of numbers, effectively a matrix, given as either a row or a column. In this sense, everything that MATLAB operates on is a matrix. The best way to get started with MATLAB is to learn how to handle matrices. Command Window ‘Command Window is used to enter variables and run functions and files. Navigation within MATLAB is done using regular UNIX commands acd (change directory) a pwd (show the path) tals (list contents of directory) a whos (list of the variable stored in the memory) | The Basics Variables and Arrays = Array: A collection of data values organized into rows and columns, and known by a single name. Row 1—> Row 2—+ | ar(3,2) > = 1 ot ! (\ Col 1 Col 2 Col 3 Col 4 Col Arrays = The fundamental unit of data in MATLAB = Scalars are also treated as arrays by MATLAB (1 row and 1 column). = Rowand column indices of an array start from 1. = Arrays can be classified as vectors and matrices. & = Vector: Array with one dimension = Matrix: Array with more than one dimension = Size of an array is specified by the number of rows and the number of columns, with the number of rows mentioned first (For example: n x m array). Total number of elements in an array is the product of the number of rows and the number (i columns. Initializing Variables in Assignment Statements = Arrays are constructed using brackets and semicolons. All of the elements of an array are listed in row order. The values in each row are listed from left to right and they are separated by blank spaces or commas. The rows are separated by semicolons or new lines. The number of elements in every row of an array must be the same. _———————_—@€£€ Special Values pi: z value up to 15 significant digits i, j: sqrt(-1) Inf: infinity (such as division by 0) NaN: Not-a-Number (division of zero by zero) clock: current date and time in the form of a 6- element row vector containing the year, month, day, hour, minute, and second date: current date as a string such as 16-Feb-2004 eps: epsilon is the smallest difference between two numbers ans: stores the result of an expression >. Changing the data format >> value = 12.345678901234567; format short format long format short e format long e format short g format long g format rat — 12.3457 ~ 12.34567890123457 — 1.2346e+001 — 1.234567890123457e+001 — 12.346 — 12.3456789012346 — 1000/81 Dealing with Matrices = Once you have a matrix, you can refer to specific elements in it. «Matlab indexes matrices by row and column. c(3,1) is the element in the third row, 1st column, which is 4. C(2:3,1:2) gives you the elements in rows 2-3, and columns 1-2, so you get 27 43 as a result. c(1:3,2) gives you the elements in rows 1-3, and the second column, that is, the entire second column. You can shortcut this to: c(:,2) » You can get a whole row of a matrix with c(1,:) & Help and other tools Typing ‘help atthe matlab prompt gives you a lst of al the possible directories matlab can find commands in (which also tells you its "search path’, or a list of the directories it is looking in for commands.) Typing “help directoryname" gives you a list of the commands in that directory and a short description of them Typing “help commandname” gives you help on a specific command. Typing "lookfor keyword" gives you a list of commands that use that keyword. ie, "lookfor integral” lists commands that deal with integrals. It's pretty slow, choose the word wisely. You can use control-c to stop searching when you think you've found what you need. Typing "doc" starts up a web browser with the Matlab. This includes the entire reference manual for matlab, a whole lot of other information on using matlab, and a pointer to the Matlab Primer, a good introduction to using Matlab. & Some Useful Tools: Warning: Never use any key word as the variable name = If you accidentally reassign a function name to a variable (ie, you try saying sum = 3 and then you get errors when you try to use the sum function because it doesn't know it's a function anymore), you can restore it to its normal state using "clear functionname". You can also use clear to get rid of all variable values with “clear all". & who 2 will tell you all the variables you have currently defined. whos a will tell you the variables, their sizes, and some other info. pi a is a function of that returns the value of pi. eps a is a function that returns Matlab's smallest floating point number. a = format long and format short a switch between the long and short display format of numbers. Either way matlab uses the same number of digits for its calculations, but normally (format short) it will only display the first four digits after the decimal point. = Typing type Function a name for any function in Matlab's search path lets you see how that function is written. Check difference between commands help and type a | Plotting = The basic syntax to get a plot in matlab is plot(x1,y1) 2 (The x values always come before the y values, x1 and y1 represent variables that your data is stored in.) If you type a second plot command later, it will clear your first plot. If you type “hold on" it will hold the current plot so you can add plots on top of one another (until you reset it by typing "hold off".) a You can plot multiple values with plot(x1,y1,x2,y2) and you can specify the color and linetype of a plot as something like plot(x1,y1,'w*’) to get white *'s for each data point = To split your plot into a bunch of smaller plots, you can use the subplot command to split it up into rows and columns. = subplot(r,c,n) a will split the plot window into r rows and c columns of plots and set the current plot to plot number n of those rows and columns. = You can add titles, labels, and legends to plots. title(‘This is a Title’) » xlabel('My X axis’) ylabel(My Y axis’) legend(First Thing Plotted’,'Second Thing Plotted’) old on suplot(212) latin tive(Pot of random 100 values’) label’Samrpling stan’) ylabe’Random Numbers’) subplo(332) plot(x*k’) tive(Pot of random 100 values) ‘label Sampling instars’) Yiabel(Random Numbers’) subploy(332) plotter) tive(Pot of random 100 values’) label Sampling instars’) ylabeRandom Numbers’) Printing, Saving, and Loading Basic printing = >>print -Pprintername You can also save to a Postscript or Encapsulated Postscript file: = >>print -dps filename.ps = >>prind -deps filename.eps You can also save your plot as an m-file (matlab script) which should contain all the commands you need to recreate your plot later. = =>>print -dmfile filename.m = You can save and load files as either text data or matlab's own data format. If you have a text file consisting of a bunch of columns of data separated by spaces or tabs, you can load it into matlab with = load filename.dat = The above command will give you a matrix called filename. Then you can reassign columns of that matrix, i.e. = coll = filename(:,1); & = When you save data using the command a Save filename.mat = matlab will save all of your variables and their values in its own format, so that when you load it using a load filename.mat = you will have all of your variables already defined and names. & Writing Functions and Scripts = All matlab functions and scripts are plain text files that contain matlab commands. Matlab will treat any file that ends in .m as either a function or a script. = Scripts « Ascriptis just a list of commands to be run in some order. Placing these commands in a file that ends in .m allows you to "run the script by typing its name at the command line. You type the name of the script without the .m at the end. & Accessing matrix elements = Elements of a matrix are accessed by specifying the row and column >> A=[1 2 3,45 6; 789); >> x=A(1,3) a Returns the element in the first row and third column >> y=A(2,:) a Returns the entire second row [4 5 6] a “:" means “take all the entries in the column” >> B=A(1:2,1:3) a Returns a submatrix of A consisting of rows 1 and 2 and all three columns [1 2 3; 4 5 6] & Arithmetic matrix operation = The basic arithmetic operations on matrices are: + addition - subtraction * multiplication / division * power oooad o ’ conjugate transpose a 0 element-by-element operations = MATLAB provides element-by-element operations by prepending a ‘.’ before the operator .* multiplication / division “ power .’ transpose (unconjugated) a Relational operations = MATLAB defines the following relational operations: less than less than or equal to greater than greater than or equal to equal to not equal to | Logical operations = MATLAB defines the following logical operations: a &and a | or a ~ not a | Math functions = The following functions operate element-wise when applied to a matrix: sin cos tan asin acos atan sinh cosh tanh exp log(natural log) log10 abs sqrt sign | M-files MATLAB is an interpretive language M-files are text files containing MATLAB scripts Scripts are sequences of commands typed by an editor The instructions are executed by typing the file name in the command window at the MATLAB prompt All the variables used in the m-file are placed in MATLAB’s workspace that contains all the variables defined in the MATLAB session a | M-files Debug In Matlab you can debug your m-file, like in other programming languages To do it, you need to open your matlab file from the window command. Afterwards, you can operate exactly like for other languages and you can use usual command as: step in step out break point etc. etc & Matlab Statements and Variables = MATLAB is an expression language. It interprets and evaluates expressions typed in the command window at the keyboard. = You are allowed to assign a name to an expression. = Statements are usually in the form of variable = expression, e.g. A= magic(4) Interactive Calculations Matlab is interactive, no need to declare variables >> 24+3*4/2 >> a=5e-3; b=l; atb Most elementary functions and constants are already defined >> cos(pi) >> abs(1ti) >> sin(pi) Last call gives answer 1.2246e-016 !? a | Floating point numbers in Matlab = IEEE Standard for double precision numbers : 2 12 13 64 = Round-off: eps =252 = Underflow: real min = 2-022 = Overflow: real max = (2-eps) -22023 | Variable and Memory Management «Matlab uses double precision (approx. 16 significant digits) m>> format long =>> format compact #All variables are shown with =>> who m=>> whos =Variables can be stored on file m>> save filename =>> clear m>> load filename & | The Help System = Search for appropriate function = >> lookfor keyword = Rapid help with syntax and function definition a >> help function = An advanced hyperlinked help system is launched by a >> helpdesk co manuals as PDF files Vectors and Matrices = Vectors (arrays) are defined as a>>ve=[1, 2, 4, 5] a>>we=[l; 2; 4; 5] = Matrices (2D arrays) defined similarly m>> A =[1,2,3;4,-5,6;5,-6,7] & Matrix Operators & All common operators are overloaded >> v +2 Common operators are available >> B =A’ >> A*B >> A+B Note: Matlab is case-sensitive A and a are two different variables Transponate conjugates complex entries; avoided by >> B=A.' | Indexing Matrices «Indexing using parentheses =>> A(2, 3) =lndex submatrices using vectors of row and column indices =>> A([2 3],[1 2]) »Ordering of indices is important! =>> B=A([3 2],[2 1]) >> B=[A(3,2),A(3,1);A( 2,2); A(2,1)] a Indexing Matrices =lndex complete row or column using the colon operator =>> A(1,:) =General notation for colon operator =a>> vel:5 & wel: 2:5 =Can also add limit index range a>> A(1:2,:) =e>> A([1 2],:) Matrix Functions Many elementary matrices predefined >> help el mat; >> | =eye( 3) Elementary functions are often overloaded >> help el mat >> sin(A) Specialized matrix functions and operators >> As=sqrtm( A) >> As*2 >> ALFA Note: in general,”Dot Operator” ”.” is elementwise operation & | Numerical Linear Algebra = Basic numerical linear algebra mw >> z=[1;2;3]; x=inv(A)*z m>> xsA\z = Many standard functions predefined = >> det(A) = >> rank(A) = >> eig(A) = The number of input/output arguments can often be varied m>> [V, D] =ei g( A) a | Syntax - symbols and punctuation = Try these examples Input Output Comments 243 75 34°212 1234/5786 295 Arithmetic works as expected. Note that the result is given the name “ans” each time. a= sqri(2) a= 1.4142 You can choose your own names for things. a b=a, pi, 2+3i ans = 2.0000 + 3.00001 You can use commas to put more than one command on a line. Pi, i, and j are contants. c=sin(pi) eps c= 1.2246e-016 ans = 2.2204e-016 “eps” is the current limit of precision. Anything smaller than eps is probably zero. Note that Matlab understands (and expects you to understand!) scientific notation. d= [123456789 23456789 23456789 f=123456789 "d","e", and "f' are all vectors. They are equal. Note the use of the ":" operator - it counts (by ones) from one number to the next. g=0246810 ans = 3 ans = 234567 123456789 More uses of the colon. Note that you can use it to get slices of a vector (or matrix, or cube, etc), or get the whole thing. (nothing) ans =1 2 Asemi-colon ";" will prevent the output from being displayed. A single quote "' “ computes the transpose of a matrix, or in this case, switches between row and column vectors. Operations on vectors. * is matrix multiplication, and so the dimensions line up correctly. is entry-by-entry multiplication. Entering a matrix. Accessing matrix elements. Note use of ":" to access an entire row. Output Comments ans = 30 36 42 66 81 96 102 126 150 ans= 149 16 25 36 49 64 81 The first multiplies the matrix by itself. The second squares each entry in the matrix. Matrix Operations Synopsis +,-,*, and / are defined in an intuitive manner for matrices “** (transposition) turns a row vector into a column vector “*" (dot-star) will multiply entry-by-entry “” will do matrix multiplication. More precisely, & CH. )=YALK)* BK, j) 4 | Transposing Matrices = The special character “ ‘ “ (prime or apostrophe) denotes the transposition of the matrix. The statements =» A=[123;45 6; 780]; B=A; Result in a A= B= | Mattrix-Vector Product = Matrix-Vector Product is a special case of general matrix-matrix product. = Letus A=[123;456; 780]; x=[-102]; =» b=A\%*x results in the output b= 5 8 7 a | Using Powers with Matrices = A‘p raises A to p-th power and is defined if Ais a square matrix and p is a scalar. = If pis an integer greater than 1, the power is computed by repeated multiplication. = For other values of p, the calculation involves eigenvalues (D) and eigenvectors (V): if [V.D] = eig(A), then then Ap = V*D.%p/V = X*P, where both X and P a matrices, is an error. & | Matrix built-in operations = For more, type help matfun Input Output Comments k= [16 2 3; k=16 2 3 5 11 10; 5 11 10 Define a matrix. 9 7 6) 976 rank(k) 3 The rank. det(k) The determinant. a | Matrix built-in operations, Cont. Input Output Comments inv(k) ans = Inverse of the matrix [vec, val] = eig(k) Eigenvectors and eigenvalues of the matrix. The columns of "vec" are the eigenvectors, and the diagonal entries of "val" are the eigenvaules & | Matrix built-in constructions = For more, type help func_name Input Output Comments rand(2) rand(2,3) ans = ans -9501, +2311 -8913 -7621. 6068 4860 -4565 0185 Generates a matrix with entries randomly distributed between 0 and 1 zeros(2) ones(2) e Generates a 2x2 matrix with all zero (or all ones) entries. eye(2) Identity matrix I. hilb(3) 3x3 Hilbert matrix. | Deleting rows and columns = You can delete rows and columns from a matrix using just a pair of square brackets. = Startwih X=[123;456;780] Then, to delete the second column of X, use X(,2) =[]; Thus, X= [1 3 4 6 7 0] = If you delete a single element from a matrix, the result isn’t a matrix anymore. = So, expressions like ) X(1,2) =[], result in an error. Concatenating Matrices, Cont. a=[1 2;3 4] output ans =1 ans = [a, zeros(2); zeros(2), a'] & M - files = You can create your own matrices using M-files, which are text files containing MATLAB code. Use the MATLAB Editor or another text editor to create a file containing the same statements you would type at the MATLAB command line. Save the file under a name that ends in .m. For example, create a file containing these two lines. A=[16.03.0 2.0 13.0; 5.0 10.0 11.0 8.0; ... 9.0 6.0 7.0 12.0; 4.0 15.0 14.0 1.0]; Store the file under the name magik.m. Then the statement magik reads the file and creates variable, A, containing our example matrix. a | Solving System of Linear Equations = One of the main uses of matrices is in representing systems of linear equations. = Ifais a matrix containing the coefficients of a system of linear equations, x is a column vector containing the “unknowns,” and b is the column vector of “right-hand sides," the constant terms, then the matrix equation ax=b represents the system of equations a Solving equations, Cont. = MATLAB uses the division terminology familiar in the scalar case to describe the solution of a general system of simultaneous equations. = The two division symbols, slash, /, and backslash, \, are used for the two situations where the unknown matrix appears on the left or right of the coefficient matrix. & | Solving equations, Cont. = X= A\B denotes the solution to the matrix equation AX =B. X = B/A denotes the solution to the matrix equation XA=B. The dimension compatibility conditions for X = A\B require the two matrices A and B to have the same number of rows. The solution X then has the same number of columns as B and its row dimension is equal to the column dimension of A. For X = B/A, the roles of rows and columns are interchanged. Solving equations, Cont. In practice, linear equations of the form AX = B occur more frequently than those of the form XA = B. Consequently, backslash is used far more frequently than slash. The coefficient matrix A need not be square. If A is m-by-n, there are three cases. m=n, Square system. Seek an exact solution. m > n, Overdetermined system. Find a least squares solution. m > plot(x,y) a produces a graph of y versus x, where x and y are two vectors x=linspace(0,2*pi,100); plot(x,sin(x)); & Line styles and colors = Itis possible to specify color, line styles, and markers when you plot your data using the plot command plot(x,y,'color_style_marker') color_style_marker is a string containing from one to four characters constructed from a color, a line style, and a marker type: a Color strings: ‘c’, 'm’, 'y’, 'r’, ‘g’, ‘b’, ‘w’', and ‘k’. These correspond to cyan, magenta, yellow, red, green, blue, white, and black a Linestyle strings are ‘-' for solid, '--' for dashed, ':' for dotted, '-.' for dash-dot, and ‘none’ for no line \ The marker types are '+', ‘o’, *' and ‘x’ Axis lables and titles = xlabel(‘string') a labels the x-axis of the current axes = ylabel(‘string') a labels the y-axis of the current axes = Title(‘string’) a add a title to a graph at the MATLAB command ( prompt or from an M-file

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