CHEDULING AND JURCE LEVELLING PROJECT RES Introduction Object of Resource Planning Methods of Resource Allocation Resource Smoothing Steps in Resource Smoothing Examples - Smoothing Resource Levelling Steps in Resource Levelling Examples - Levelling Scheduling Other schedules derived from project schedule Review Questions Introduction : resource is a physical variable such a uired for completing various activities / jobs of a project. The network analysis a aot the resources available are liberal or unlimited. But all the necessary resources uantities. Availability of some of the resources may be restricted. time etc. that ‘and PERT, assumes tha i limited q\ oe il lable in unlit cer (supervisory staff, technical and specialist personnel, skilled and unskilled labour, lability of man powé ; be restricted. Availability of funds, credits, capital investment and heavy equipment ao els ceases there may be space limitations. ‘ me 1 and skilled manpower, space and equipment are usually the most important resources , technical hehehPAYA Sal 2a Heke}Following steps are involved in resoui ee NCE smoothing eS required for the “rscation of diferent activities is prepared and the important The resource profiles ‘re prepared by reso each unit are resource Plotted in the form e of histogram, : W there is no restraint on the Drennan the availability of resources, the demand of resources should be made Fe eis tis Chih bo" done’ by ‘changitg dis imo GF ict Aa finish of non-critical activities in the first instance. These Activities have some float. Hence the available float can be used for doing adjustment in the start or finish ofthe concerned. activities. Thus the peak demand ma be lowered by sta ee : e Ting the resource requirements with out delaying the project duration, Histograms : Histograms is a plot of resources versus duration, Resources may be in the form of labours, masons, carpenters, ee. Fist ofall original histogram is prepared, Smoothing or levelling. Now, resource smoothing / levelling is carried out. Due to smoothing / levelling Bsources, the demand of resources is considerably reduced, and a modified histogram is ploted. The histogram Bly shows the demand of a particular resource at any duration of the project AMP! MOOTH! Example-1 : The expected time and number of labour to finish each activity of a project are shown in following table 1. Smoothen the requirement of the resource so that the project may be completed in schedule Table-t Expected time t | No. of the labour required 3 Activity G2 A (-3) B aac 3 the activities of the project. 2023.10.26 18:33construction Engineering and Management] Te =6 mL =10 Fig. 4.1 Step 1. Draw the network of the project with the given data. Let it be as shown in Fig. 4.1. Step 2. From the diagram determine the earliest expected start time Te and Latest finish time T,. Step 3. From the value of Ti and Ty, determine the total float for each activity. Step 4. From the float, determine the critical path and project duration for the critical path. Step 5. Show the earliest start time of each activity on a bar chart and determine the value of total Fesource required each day Step 6 The values of 1 and T, determined are shown on the diagram neatly near the each node aas shown on the Fig. 4.1 ‘Table-t Activity | Earliest Start Earliest Latest Start | Latest Finish duration time (EST) | finish time | time LST time LFT (Te) EFT z 2Scheduling And Resource 1 i ihe critical path is along 457 The duration of project Step 7. The chart of as follows velling a shown on the along the critic al path = 12 K Hine, Zz Table-2 Durations | 1 1 > eee] Activity Ble 8 lo loln | 2 12 4 aan ewe | 5) [ sy eral eat GrlGwliee| 6 j|6 je fe Bi ai|a ili 4 [4 [a 46 Bee sa) esal 5 $7 a_|3 6 | wf ais fis fis [is fs [in [ss [s 5 Of 16 labours is for two days only. To smoothen the fluctuation let us adj activities are rewritten having floats in descending order as follows. From the bar chart of Table 2 it will be seen that the demand of labour varies from 5 to 16. The maximum just the activities having floats. vities 6-7 and 4-6 have maximum float of 4 days each, Acti ae is so adjusted that the rei tion is shown in table. 4 Activity EST EFT Float Remark 67 6 8 10 12 4 | Non-critical Activity nee 5 6 9 10. 4 it 27 3 9 6 12 3 ba eu 0 3 3 6 3 ” 1S ef a ee : m 6 4 8 2 8 i 5 0 5 0 Critical Activit 4 ; a : - ri " ih " 2 8 12 0 s 1s 2-7 and 1-2 have floats of .quirement of resources may remain practically constant, ThePVA OAT ydFig. 4.4 Solution : Step 1. First of all Ty, and Ty, of the activities are determined. Step 2. From the values of Ty and Ty, the activity times EST, EFT, LST and LFT and floats of all activities are determined as given in table below. Table-1 Activity Duration EST EFT LST LFT Float Remark r=) days =LFT-EFT A(-2) 6 0 6 0 Critical 9 6 1S 6 - iW 5 16 5 = 1 | 6 16 0 Critical 15 1 16 1 2 19 | 15 25 6 - eaee tly 25 3 = 25 | 16 25 0 Critical. table below that, it can be seen that the demand of mason can be seen that the maximum float of 6 days occurs tivity F can be shifted by 6 days so that it can start 2 een oth day. From table 1 it (F). Hence start time of a2023.10.26 18:32Scheduling And Resource Lev, a elling 4.6 shows the original inal histogram while Fig. 4.7 shows the modified hist nodified histogram, Fig. eer Fig. 4.6 Original Histogram Deaton os — Fig. 4.7 Modified histogram hhown in the following table. Obtain a of project scheduling as s! amet + Lael pe requirement and also smooth out period to aS as ‘which will minimize the Pe oy xt requirement.PAS WA a TeyActivity Remark Critical Critical Critical 0 = Tp of tail event = EST +1, = Ty of head event = LFT - «, fhe table it can be seen that activity 1-4 has maximum float of 12 days. Let us shift activity 1- float of 12 days, so that it starts on 13! day instead of 15 day 5-6 has float 8 days, shift activity 5-6 by 8 days, so that it starts on 21% day instead ofPAYA Sa | O22Sumendy 4940 wors19A payeos-owns (p) g'P-614 oc a [o2023.10.26 18:32Scheduling And Resource Levelling Activity Activity Earliest start time (EST) (TE) z v Latest | Latest | Float] Remark Start tim¢ finish | (LFTEFT) LST |time LET] duration z 10 ~ pate , < o—omreat| 5 ce ag 43 p 1 4 “tical a 2 1 nese ag aoe| 4 4 a z i | 6-6) F 3 10 15 10 15 0 Critical critical path is 13-56, The duration of the project along critical path is 15 days. Now prepare the for determi the cumulative requirement of masons on each days. Table 2 Duration > Days Activity! [1 [2 [374 [s[e[7 [s [> Jo [ule ob] eps 2A [4/4 4 [4 3B [3 ]3 RUE tac [4 [alata 3.5 D me Ee e082) 266 aa Hi a[atats [a 4 [4 core Sy [Psi Par tese fies 5-6 F nintula (afr? [7 [a [3 [sf sps fs 15 u 1, 3 7 2 ‘ 3 J 70 18 oo Duratonin ays, —~ x Fig. 4.9 LOATHEEE ee Construction Engineering and Management] g. 4.9. From the bar chart it wit) wom the bar chart, of table 2 the histogram prepared is shown in Fig. ee eae ason is during the first seven days be seem that demand of mason varies from 11 to 3 The demand of 11 ma Now prepare the table of activities in descending order of their floats as follows Table 3 Activity | _EST EFT LST LeT__| Float Remark (1-2 A 0 “1 2 10 8 Non-critical 24) G 2 7 10 15 8 GOE 4 8 10 15 1 a4) c 0 4 6 10 6 S (-3) B oO 6 0 6 0 Critical Goo | 6 70 3 10 0 fi (56) F 10 15 10 1S 0 yy it from 9th Activity 1-2 ie. A has a float of 8 days, delay the start of this activity by 8 days and start day instead of first day. Activity G has a float of 8 days, Shift it 8 days, start it on Ith day instead 3rd day. By this adjustment the demand on masons comes down to 7 as shown in table 4 Table 4 Duration > ae Activity A\ ter net eee Fig. 4.10 Table-1 Activity] Activity | Eariew Earliest Latest | Latest Float | Remark @eation} start time | finish time | star time! finish | (LEREFT (eh fest) (Tey err (Te +t")} ust time Ler 3 oO 3 4 7 4 7 0 7 7 7 0 _| critical eel... ‘ 6 7 10 4 G4) Dd] 3 7 10 7 10 0 critical G5) ep 4 7 u 8 12 1 $ 10 16 10 16 0 | critical 5 a 5 1 16 1 3 15 8 20 5 16 20 16 20 0 critical of t along the critical path is 20 days. Now on the iti 1-3-4-6-7. The duration of projec Bic nae fic determine the cumulative labour for each day either in the same way as in the iest start time, i "yeh for each activity as shown Table “or draw the bar chart ee Table 2 10] 1 9Construction Engineering and Management] (ez 6[6 [6] 6 Fos PSs S F Po 1 pe G 3 3 3 3.| 3a.) 3S) 313 13 H 33 [3 iH : pel 6]6]6]5 fs [5 [5] 12ji2 frofi7far far fiife | 3 }5 | 5 The Resource requirements have been ploted with time in histogram of Fig. 4.11. From the histogram it will be seen that the labor requirement varies between 3 to 17. The fluctuation in resource requirement is quite high. Hence it needs levelling up. | ” 15 nN + | | R al 1" 3 0 6 2 | Fron iad ft 6 iin sp 2 fe If 2 = 7 ~ 00 3 70 5 20 * projec oe oustonhnOee Ex Fig, 4.11 Original Histogram Fig. 4.12 Revised histogram ete Now the stvtes ae tabulated in descending onder of ther floats as shown in Table 3 ‘comp Table-3 Activity. | Activity | Earliest [Earliest | Latest | Laren] How Remark duration | start time [finish time} start time} finish (EST) EFT LST_| time LEFT onu|] pv 3 Is 8 20 S_| Non-criticat aya] 3 0 3 4 7 a "4 24) Cc 3 3 6 * 10 4 cS G-5) E 4 ? I 8 ae I - x 10 15 i 16 F r 7 0 7 7 7 7 3 10 7 10 0 6 10 16 16 . 4 16 20 2 ° 2023.10.26 18:31Scheduling And ee Activity H ating et Cae as 3) lay its sta by 3 days, Now i gga OY 5 ays Let sa on 9th day intend of th ay it by one uid start on 4" day instead of Ist day. Activity (5-6)G, 4.12. The calculations day instead of 11th day and activity A is delayed fox fone day float, det fart it on 12 are shown in table 4 ih Histogram is shown in 1 Rise Table 4 6 17/8 loTiolnlale - {6} 7] 2 [13] [is] fie] | a0 4 [4a : Ol O}olo 3[afs élelete sla ais lal ‘islstl H 3]3 ala [als lalslalslals 1 | sis{s|s 2] 2)2]6 |6 | 6}2] 9 fi2fi2 tia In}ifir ufo ds|s]s]s From the modified histogram, it will be seen that the demand has come down from 17 to 12, which is in specifed limit If further levelling is required then some non-critical activities may be tackled, In that case duration of project may change [ Example-3 : Smooth out the requirement of resources for the given network shown in Fig, 4.13. The figure the arrow indicate the requirement of carpenters per day and the figure below the arrow indicate the duration lletion of the activities. Te 1ae Construction Engineering and Solution : () Find TL and Ty, for the activities ‘Table 1 ‘Activity | Activity | EST Err | Ust | LeT | Float | Remark rey (DA 1 0 i a 5 4 a [a= 6 4 0 4 0 4 0 | Criticat GHC 3 4 7 4 7 0 Critical @)D 2 1 3 5 7 4 = GSE 3 1 4 7 10 6 = GO F 3 4 7 9 2 3 = D6 4 7 i 7 i 0 (5-8) H 5 4 9 10 15 6 — | HT 3 7 0 im (oe 7 = HI 4 i 15 11 15 0 | Critical | The critical path is 1-3-4-7-8 Duration along critical path = 15 days. Now according to earliest start the cumulative resource carpenters may be determined for each day as follows Table 2 Duration» Days Activity 4 a 2 [is [a (A (3) B eae 4) pd QE G6 F ane (S-8) H VE Sa| Oya HeoActivity (2-5) B (3-8) H 36) F (6-8) 1 (2) a (4) Db 70 5 Duration in Days ——— ified Histogram Fig. 4.15 Modified inal Histogram Fig. 4.14 Orig F Sth days and activity H from Sth to 11 day's requirement is shown and acti ind to Sth day: it 2 jfting the activity D from ci varies from 5 to 11 s activity shifted. Requirement 1. [S shows row of table work for a smal s shown in Fig. 4.16 and the regarding the manpower II job in Fig, 4.16 and the data rega 3 k for as : The net owing table. Carryout resource levelling for the job. i the following table. sis given inConstruction Engineering and Management] Be Durat Requirements per day of activity Activity uration ite d Bar — Benders(B) Lab ( i days : 12 2 re) 7 a 8 6 4 74 3 ; i = E : : + 7 3 3 56 2 : Solution : Step 1. First of all Ty, and Ty, for all the events are calculated. The critical path for the network is determined and shown in thick lines. The critical path is 1-2-3-5-6, shown by thick lines. test te=17 Tes19 Tut Tew mM=19 Fig. 4.17 Step 2A time — scaled version or time ~ grid diagrams Prepared adopting earliest start times for all activities and the critical path along the horizontal line Fig. 4.18. 2023.10.26227 uorsi9n poles - awn 1euIGHO BT'y “Bis apts om * Lt 4. (13 Wo) z | oa O reais yer 2 ut si sewn2023.10.26 18:30Scheduling And Resource Levelling be seen from the Fi f ry en m the Fig. 4.19 and 4.20 of histograms in firm lines, that the requirements of Massons #S fluctuate substantially over the project duration of 19 days. Bfore there is a need to carry — out levelling of these resources. E resources levelling process is carried out for the requirement of massons and labourers both, because Mifficult to arrange this much persons on a day to day basis 5. Levelling of the requirement of Massons and Labours is achieved by adjusting the start times of non-critical activities as follows Non-Critical activity Adjusted Start time Finish time 4 1th day 15th day 45 l6th day 17th day Adjustment also affects the requirements of Labourers. sealed version of the network and the cumulative requirement of the Massons and Labourers, after "are given in Fig. 4.21 fograms of the cumulative requirement of the Massons and Labourers after levelling are shown in dotted . 4.19 and 4.20 respectively. tbe noted that fluctuations in the requirements of Masons and Labourers are considerably reduced ing process. 2023.10.26 18:302023.10.26 18:30Scheduling ; = Aer the project is property Scheduling is ee mechanical proce: al process for setting in order the vario 2 finishing dates to each part of the none en it set the various planned activities by Fixing the starting a rk in such a manner that the whole work should be done in an orderly As every attempt is made to stick to 4 some factors which cannot be fore the project during the pro, Scheduling thus, de the time at which each Bild take place. For example, a railway map will place to another schedule but some variation is bound to take place on account Seen at the time of making schedule, so this necessitates rescheduling reSS of the work termin operation or event in connection with construction show a passenger, the route by which he will travel from But the time table will give him the time element that is n, the time at which the train will reach at various stations and also the and stations along that route. hour when his journey witl be; fal time that will be required to reach the destination In the same way the planning department will have 10 frame 4 time schedule for a project which will ign definite timin, for individual constructional operations leading to finished product Advantages of Project scheduling : [Importance] The following are the advantages of scheduling (@ __Itwill give clear idea about the type, quantity ofthe materials required at different stages of execution of work and the duration of supply of materials. It will also show the quantities and duration of various operations for which plant or equipment (if needed) can be arranged well in time, so as to avoid unnecessary expenditure for Keeping the plant idle for dates on which it may not be required, i) It will help in arranging labour, both skilled and unskilled, as regards quantity and period for which it may be needed. (iv) The imoney required at different stages will also be known from the different datas (¥) The total time to complete the project is known, (vi) From the actual progress charts it can be known whether the work is lagging behind or not if the progress is slow, speeding up of the activites can be arranged (oii) Project schedule is the basis of extracting a number of other schedules and information, (viii) ‘The project schedule act as reference for comparison with actual progress, cost of construction, and profit margin at any given time during the course of monitoring a yroject schedule : Sapahe pies bee pe eee (i) Idemity and study the scope of work from the contract documents like tender drawings bill of Terms and conditions of contract, ete. Contractors normally do not have access to all Ra i fo propace an exhaustive scheele atte begimng. Contactors shuld try to Te ana as possible, even by unofficially meeting the owner's representative extract as mu ae andere for completing the project within the given time schedule, OE et finally brought down into work packages and activities. This breakdown Bede Corba the planner in estimating resources required and duration for completing into smaller the activities. : 2023.10.26 18:302023.10.26 18:30Gi) Number of labourers ao Bi) Coretation of various oe ) Use of Construction Scheaun Bey are the same as per advange Mable 5.1 will show a constructio Material Schedule ; , ehedule for materials involves the Bed as a guide for preparing @ The material should be Mii) Material should not be ‘t (Both skitled ang rent unskilled.) Of scheduling tal Schedule hart 10 be prepared before the project is taken in hand Moving and storing of q ca n in any form, Construction schedule ‘ material schedule keeping in view that Gee delivered at site bape He well in advance before undertaking a particular operation, arranged far in advan divance as it may not be deteriorated, damaged or lost S.No. | MATERIALS ROAD METAL BAUR BITUMEN LLL roM oN TIME IN MONTHS). = Fig. 4.22 Material schedule of road project Schedule showing. the delivery dates of each type of material is prepared in advance so that the supplier the material when required or week in advance. 42 will show a specimen chart concerning material schedule. ‘Table 4.2 Material Schedule Job No, *Year Months Total quantity required Description of, Materials 20000 bagsa8 Tonstruction Engineering and M; (©) Labour Schedule + Schedule for labour will indicate the nature and quantity of labour req alesis ivan dv ic to reduce the labour cost. This schedule is deriveg red for the execution of different ons on different dates. The advantages of preparing it is t ope from the construction schedule, 1 J EXCAVATION | 15 FOUNDATION ROOF SLABS % 2 |puasternc | 5 FLOORING 15 | 10] 10 2 | TIMBERWORK| | 8 | WHITE wash TOTAL Is 2015 77s paw] oP. 25 Fd 15 Lasour 10 7 Fig. 4.23 Labour schedule and labour graph of building project Table 4.3 abour Schedule Chart *Project No. *lob No___ *Year “Location. Classification Name of Month Name fo Month of January February Labour Weeks 814 | 15-21 Supervisors 2 3 3 2 2 2. Mason Be eaie ide fee wo | 10 " Capen | 3] 3 [4 | eta lz 4 Labour Skilled | 10 | 25 | 30 | 25 25 [25 Labour unskilled oe boresE Scheduling And Resource Leveling ‘Table 4.4 Equipment Schedule Chart *Job No, Year. *Location. Classification Total Name of Month | Name of Month and so on of quantity January Februar Labour y required Weeks Weeks 3 6 |7 1 Ae Bull Dozer Road Roller Conerete e 7 mixer filled in as per the project 43 will show a speci ment Schedule : ren chart concerning labour schedule. Schedule is prepared before the project is started to establish the types, quantities and dates on which Meeded. So that the same may be arranged as and when required. This is also prepared with the struction schedule. The construction engineer should take the maximum use of the construction When reached and take out of the project at the earliest to avoid financial loss, 44 will show a chart concerning equipment schedule. hedule : | tion schedule may be used to estimate the amount of funds that a contractor must provide in during consturction onstruction contracts specify that the owner will pay to the contractor a stated percentage of he ‘ompleted during each month or each week usually 90% money is paid and 10% is retained ‘and 4.6 below will show a chart of expenditures and receipts for a project during construction. ‘Tabe 4.5 For Expenditure During the Construction Location, (Estimated) ‘Activity under Expenditure Cumulative construction per_week expenditure 2023.10.26 18:29PLES 2a ADDepending on the invoi is schedule The number of staff re . laff schedule 27 1B 10 be the date by which Of staff that is. surpty done for month, iad a month wise schedul for project staff is prepared. ar Staff is require wired is also mentioned. The release date of a particular ‘Quired doy '8 10 be mentioned as welt Nature activity a Working hour The pro adopted by the organizat portion of wor bc r work which the main contract pl itor is planning to subcontract, ete Table 4.7 Project Staff Schedule St. No. Staff category Nos. required [From] To | Remarks T MI | Mio : T MT_| Mio Civil engineer gi M2 | MIO i Project manager Resident engineer Jr. engineer electrical M6 | Mio Foreman M2 | M7_| for formwork activities 4. 5. Jr. engineer Civil M2_|_M7_| for concreting activities 6 7. ‘Accountant Mi_| Mio 8 Time keeper Mi | MIO stone events schedule : fone events are very important in the proposed schedule of a project. Top management is more d with scheduled completion of a milestone event ‘examples of milestone event are Completion of foundation ‘Completion of super structure Completion of sanitary and plum milestone events are separated and reported in the milestone events the project schedule, the details of mil c sti if any and its financial implications are closely monitored. The corrective actions to ‘The slippage, bring i vent bi to the slipped milestone even ‘Table 4.8 Milestone Events Schedule Description [Action to] Person | Latest ‘of impact | be taken | responsible estimated lor problem nice -ompletion| | | ing. works, ete wack on track are also. proposed. Cat 2023.10.26 dex)2023.10.26 18:28REVIEW ou) ESTIONS @—— ' Baplain in detail Resource Smooth AE method of resour allocation. problems, | Ate the objectives of (Nov. 2011, May 2015, Nov. 2017) ‘ation ? Explain, what do you mean by re levelling Source alloc; Step by step process of Tesource source levelling ? State the objectives of re Ln (May 2012, May 2018) ‘ouree planning, What do you understand by Scheduling of @ project 2 ‘antages of schedulin What are the adv. 2? Pescribe the method of preparation of Construction schedule Bee * Pecimen material schedule for a project and explain it Write short note on @ Labour schedule (ii) Equipment Schedule ii) Financial schedule j Example-1 : Determine the minimum cost and optimum duration for the project of the netwok given below, # cost may be taken as Rs 2500 per week. ‘Activity Normal Crash Normal time | cost (Rs.) | Crah time Cost (Rs.) | (weeks) (weeks) 1 3 5000 2 5,500 3 14 10000 ul 13,000 ? 7 6000 4 9,000 9 11000 6 18,000 i 9000) 3 12,000 3 6000 2 7,800 5 [Ans, : Normal duration = 26 days Optimum duration = 20 days Minimum duration = 17 days ‘Minimum cost = 107633 Rs.) min ject i Fig, Ex. 2. Cost and time information are gi 4 yroject is shown in nd time ; De eae determine optimum cost and optimum time for the project ime total cost Vs. t : OrtaPAS 2a 3722)