INTRODUCTION TO OIL AND GAS ENGINEERING

KG12303
(2022/2023-1)
DR. NORFAZLIANA BINTI ABDULLAH
[email protected]
Contact No. : 018-2944811
Room No. : 17
COURSE CONTENTS
❑ What is Well Completion
❑ Setting Production Casing
❑ Installing the Tubing
❑ Installing the Christmas Tree
❑ Types of Well Completion
❑ Factors Influencing Well Completion Selection
❑ Type of Flow
❑ Completion and Workover Fluids
❑ Perforating
❑ Well Stimulation
1. What is Well Completion?
▪ After careful interpretation and consideration on well test
data (coring, logging etc), a decision is made whether to set
production casing and complete the well or to plug and
abandon it.
▪ Decision to abandon is made when the well is not capable
to produce oil or gas in commercial quantities.
▪ However, sometimes wells that were plugged and
abandoned at one time in the past may be reopened and
produced if the price of oil or gas has become more
favorable.
▪ “Completing a well” means installing equipment in the well
to allow a safe and controlled flow of petroleum from the
well.
▪ A series of activities to prepare an oil well or a gas well, so
that the well can be flowed in a controlled manner. All
wells have to be completed.
▪ In addition to the casing that lines the wellbore (recall
Chapter 4), tubing and a system of flow valves must be
installed.
▪ Cannot operate alone - must joint effort with other sub-
disciplines such as production engineering and reservoir
engineering.
Location of Various Nodes in Production System
2. Setting Production Casing
▪ Production casing is the final casing
in a well.
▪ The hole is drilled beyond the
producing interval.
▪ Production casing is set and
cemented through the pay zone.
▪ The casing and cement actually seal
off the producing zone.

Installing production casing

Setting Production Casing (ctd)
3. Installing the Tubing
▪ Tubing is run into the well (smaller diameter compared to
production casing and removable) to serve as a way for oil
or gas to flow to the surface.
▪ Packer is attached to it just near the bottom.
▪ Packer is placed at a depth just above the producing
interval.
▪ When the packer is expanded, it grips the wall of the
production casing and forms a seal between outside of
tubing and inside of casing.
Summary of Completion Process
4. Installing the Christmas Tree
▪ A collection of valves called a Christmas
tree is installed on the surface at the
top of the casing hanger.
▪ As the well’s production flows up the
tubing, it enters the christmas tree.
▪ So, the production can be controlled by
opening or closing valves on the
christmas tree.
Wellhead Assembly
▪ Comprise Christmas tree,
casing head, and tubing
head. Wellhead is referred
to casing head and tubing
head.
▪ Christmas tree is installed
on top of the wellhead.
▪ Tubing head is located
above the casing head.
5. Type of Well Completions
▪ A. Open Hole Completions
▪ Production casing to
be set above the zone
of interest
Type of Well Completions (ctd)
▪ B. Liner Completions
▪ A liner is install across the pay zone. Tubing

▪ Can be divided into two: Screen Liner Production casing

and Perforated Liner.
▪ Screen Liner: Casing is set above the Packer
producing zone, and an uncemented
screen and liner assembly is installed
across the pay zone. Screen and liner
Production assembly
zone
Type of Well Completions (ctd)

a) Open Hole b) Screen Liner Completion

Type of Well Completions (ctd)

Screen Liner Completion

Type of Well Completions (ctd)
▪ Perforated Liner Completion
Casing is set above the
Tubing
producing zone, and a liner
assembly is installed across
Production casing
the pay zone and cemented in
place. The liner is then
Packer
perforated selectively for
production.
Liner
Production
zone
Perforation
Type of Well Completions (ctd)
Type of Well Completions (ctd)
▪ C. Perforated Casing Completions
▪ Production casing is cemented
through the producing zone Tubing
and the pay section is
selectively perforated. Production casing

Packer

Production Perforation
zone
Perforated Casing Completions
Perforated Casing Completions
Type of Well Completions
▪ D. Tubingless or Reduced
Diameter Completions.
▪ Production casing is
cemented and perforated Production casing
for production.

Production Perforation
zone

20
Type of Well Completions (ctd)

21
6. Factors Influencing Well Completion
Selection
▪ Natural occurrences of the field, i.e. does it have a big
reserve to justify development?
▪ Potential of oil production and the planning of tertiary
recovery.
▪ Limitations within the operation and the field, i.e. is the
oil field located at a remote area?
7. Type of Flow
▪ Three types of flow, namely casing flow, tubing & annulus
flow, and tubing flow.
▪ Casing Flow: Large flowrate. No tubing is required. Used in
Middle East.
▪ Tubing & Annulus Flow: Large flowrate. Flow segregation.
▪ Tubing Flow: Used widely especially in Malaysia. Due to
safety. May use one tubing string or more.

Our future discussion will be based on the tubing flow

only in a perforated cased hole completion.
Single Tubing Completion
▪ Single string sequential completions.
▪ It is the simplest way of completing the well.
▪ In this method well is completed for single zone with
single tubing.
▪ Single string commingle completions.
▪ All the reservoirs available in a well are produced
simultaneously through single string.
▪ Should be avoided if possible to eliminate cross-flow
phenomena.
▪ Monitoring of reservoir performance is extremely
difficult.
Single Tubing Completion (ctd)
▪ Single string selective zone completion.
▪ Permits selective production, injection, testing,
stimulation, and isolation of various zones.
▪ Selectivity after completion is accomplished by opening
and closing sliding sleeves between the packers.
Single String Commingle
Completion
Triple Completion
Horizontal Completion
Horizontal Completion
A Multilateral Well
Multilateral Completion
▪ In these completions, multiple branches are drilled from a
single hole.
▪ It is used to improve productivity from closely spaced
target zones.
8. Completion and Workover Fluid
▪ Workover is the repair or stimulation of an existing production well for
the purpose of restoring, prolonging or enhancing the production of
hydrocarbons.

▪ Workover fluid - is used when a workover job is done on a well. Used

while conducting operations such as well killing, cleaning out, hardware
replacement, gravel packing, etc.

▪ Since the wellbore is in contact with the reservoir during most

workover operations, workover fluids should be clean and chemically
compatible with the reservoir fluids and formation matrix.

▪ During workover operations, brine is used to kill the well and remains in
the wellbore until the new completion has been installed. Brine is also
used as a packer fluid; the fluid left in the annulus at the end of the
completion or workover. Finally, brine is used for perforating, gravel
packing, and fracturing operations.
Packer Fluid
▪ Placed above the topmost packer.

▪ Avoid using WBM as packer fluid.

▪ Must be chemically stable. Acceptable upper limit of

corrosivity is 5 mils per year. If possible, about 1 mil per year.

▪ Three main functions are:

(1) to provide hydrostatic pressure in order to lower
differential pressure across the sealing element.
(2) to lower differential pressure on the wellbore and
casing to prevent collapse.
(3) to protect metals and elastomers from corrosion.
9. Perforation
▪ Since the pay zone is sealed off by the production casing
and cement, perforations must be made in order for oil or
gas to flow into the wellbore.
▪ Hole made in the casing, cement, and formation, through
which formation fluids enter a wellbore. Usually several
perforation are made at a time.
▪ Perforating incorporates shaped-charge explosives which
creating a jet of high-pressure, high-velocity liquid – jet
perforation.
▪ It can be overbalance or underbalance perforation, and
wireline conveyed perforation (WCP) or tubing conveyed
perforation (TCP).
Perforation (ctd)

High shot density

perforating gun (TCP type)
Perforation (ctd)

▪ Perforating gun (WCP type) is lowered into the hole at the

depth where the oil or gas formation is found (A).
▪ After the gun is lined up properly, powerful explosive
charges are fired (B) from the control panel at the
surface. These explosives blast a hole in the steel casing
and cement, up to several feet out into the rock.
▪ Finally, the oil and gas fluids flow into the holes and up the
well to the surface (C).
Perforation (ctd)

The Shape Charge

Perforating Fluid
▪ A fluid that placed against the producing formation during
perforation.
▪ Ideally, fluid with no solids.
▪ Fluids to be considered:
▪ Salt water: Clean water poses no problem. When
overbalanced, may push charge debris into formation.
▪ Acetic acid: Excellent perforating fluid under most
conditions. The presence of H2S may magnify corrosion
problems.
▪ Nitrogen: Useful in low pressure formations, or when
associated with high rig time or swabbing costs, or when
a special test requires formation to be free from
contamination.
10. Well Stimulation
▪ Sometime, petroleum exists in a formation is unable to
flow readily into the well because the formation has very
low permeability.
▪ Natural low permeability formation.
▪ Formation damage around the wellbore caused by
invasion of perforation fluid and charge debris.
▪ Acidizing or fracturing is a methods used to increase the
permeability near the wellbore.
Acidizing
▪ If the formation is composed of rocks
that dissolve upon being contacted by
acid, such as limestone or dolomite,
then a technique known as acidizing
may be required.
▪ Acidizing operation basically consists
of pumping from fifty to thousands of
gallons of acid down the well.
▪ The acid travels down the tubing,
enters the perforations, and contacts
the formation.
Acidizing process
Acidizing (ctd)
▪ Continued pumping forces the acid into the formation
where it produces channels.
▪ Channels will provide a way for the formation’s oil or gas to
enter the well through the perforations.
▪ The most common acid systems in use are:
▪ Hydrochloric Acid: This is the most widely used acid in
treatments, with concentrations ranging between 7.5%
and 28%, the most common is 15%. It will dissolves
Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3), Dolomite (CaMgCO3),
Siderite (FeCO3), and Iron Oxide (Fe2O3).
Acidizing (ctd)
▪ Mud Acid: This is a mixture of HCl and HF (hydrofluoric
acid) and is generally 12% HCl and 3% HF. It will dissolve
clay materials in the formation, along with feldspars and
quartz. The HF will react with Na, K, Ca and Si in the clays
to form insoluble precipitates, so it is advisable to always
preflush with HCl.
▪ Organic Acids: These are Acetic and Formic Acids. They are
slower acting than HCl, and are generally used in high
temperature wells and wells with high alloy tubing to
reduce corrosion rates.
▪ EDTA: This is Ethylene Diamine Tetra-Acetic Acid. It dissolves
carbonates and sulphates by chelating them. It is more
expensive than the other acids and the reaction is slower.
Fracturing
▪ Fracturing is a process to increase the
permeability of reservoir rocks (eg
sandstone) by pumping a special
blended fluid down the well and into
the formation under great pressure.
▪ Pumping continues until the
downhole pressure exceeding
fracture pressure of the rocks,
formation literally cracks open (with
opening between 0.25 – 0.5 inch).
▪ Meanwhile, sand or aluminum pellets
are mixed into the fracturing fluid.
These materials are called proppants.
Fracturing (ctd)
▪ The proppant enters the
fractures in the formation,
and, when pumping is stopped
and the pressure decreased,
the proppant remains in the
fractures.
▪ Since the fractures try to close
back together after the
pressure on the well is
released, the proppant is
needed to hold fractures open.
▪ These propped-open fractures is permeable enough to
provide passages for oil or gas to flow into the well.
Fracturing (ctd)
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