UNIT II

Wireless Networking

M V K Gayatri Shivani
Assistant Professor
 Syllabus
• Introduction
• Differences between wireless and fixed telephone networks
• Development of wireless networks
• Traffic routing in wireless networks
• Wireless data services
• Common channel signaling
• ISDN, SS7
• Applications: Ethernet

Textbook: - Wireless Communication by T. S Rappaport (UNIT 9)

Introduction
Difference between fixed and Wireless
Telephone systems
Difference between fixed and Wireless
Telephone systems
• PSTN
- Public Switched Telephone network
- Information exchange takes place over lines known as trunks, could
be fibre optic cables, copper cables, microwave links or satellite links
- PSTN network is a fixed,static network and a change is needed only
when subscriber changes region
- Each country is responsible for regulations of PSTN in its region
-In PSTN each city or a group of towns are known as LATA- Local
Access and Transport Area
Difference between fixed and Wireless
Telephone systems
• PSTN
- All LATAs are connected by LEC – Local Exchange
-A fee is charged for calls across LATAs, this companies are known as
IXC – Interexchange Carriers
-IXCs own LATAs across countries
Each Local exchange consists of:-
- A central office (CO)
It provides CPE (Customer
Premises
Equipment)
- Tandem Switch
Connects CO to IXC
- PBX
To provide connections
within a
organization
Limitations in Wireless Networking
• Complex systems, as over the air links need to be provided for a
variety of propogation conditions for all user locations
• Multiple BSC are required to ensure complete coverage and they all
must be connected to the MSC ,MSC must connect all the BSC to
PSTN, requiring lots of simultaneous connections
• Extremely hostile radio environment
• Limited radio spectrum
• Due to mobility extra control overhead it generated
Development of Wireless Networks
• First Generation of Wireless Networks ▪ Use FM
▪ Single Base station
communicates with single
equipment
▪ Ex: AMPS
▪ Provide analog speech
and low rate data
transmission
Second Generation Wireless Networks

▪Digital modulation and advanced call processing capability

▪GSM, TDMA(IS136) and CDMA (IS95)
▪Cordless phone: CT2 (US), PACS(UK), DECT (Europe)
▪Base station controller(BSC), standardized of interface, reduce burden of MSC
▪Signaling in air interface, between MSC, and between PSTN
▪Beyond voice, paging, data service such as fax, high data rate
▪Mobile assisted handoff (MAHO)
▪eMore flexibility in channel allocation schem
▪System can be deployed in a less coordinated manner
▪Provide services such as received power reporting, adjacent base station scanning, data encoding,
and encryption.
IS-41
• Network protocol standard to allow automatic (autonomous) registration of roamers – inter
operator roaming
• Allow MSCs of different service providers to pass information about subscribers to other MSCs
on demand
• HLR – Home Location Register – real time user list
• VLR – Visitor Location Register
• AUC – Authentication Center
• Mobile periodically keying up and transmitting its identity information which allows MSC to
constantly update it’s customer list. The registration command is sent in overhead message of
each control channel at 5-10 minute intervals
• MIN – Mobile Identification Number (Telephone No.)
• ESN – Electronic Serial Number
Third Generation Wireless Networks

▪Goal: a single standard to meet a wide range of wireless applications and provide universal access
▪Broadband integrated services digital network: B-ISDN
▪Voice, data, and video;
▪dense or sparsely populated;
▪stationary users and vehicular users
▪IP, packet radio
▪Personal communication system (PCS) and personal communication network (PCN)
▪IMT-2000 vs. UMTS
Fixed network transmission hierarchy
DS-O, which represents one duplex
voice channel which is digitized into
a 64 kbps binary PCM format.

The next DS format is DS-1, which

represents 24 full duplex DS-0 voice
channels that are time division
multiplexed into a 1.544 Mbps data
stream (8 kbps is used for control
purposes)

DS-1 signaling is used for a T1 trunk,

which is a popular point-to-point
network signaling format used to
connect base stations to the MSC
Traffic routing in wireless networks
▪Traffic capacity required in a wireless network is highly dependent upon the type of traffic carried

▪Two general routing services are provided by networks. These are connection-oriented services
(virtual circuit routing), and connectionless services (datagram services)

▪In connection-oriented routing, the communications path between the message source and
destination is fixed for the entire duration of the message, and a call set-up procedure is required to
dedicate network

▪Connectionless routing, on the other hand, does not establish a firm connection for the traffic, and
instead relies on packet-based transmission

▪Successive packets within the same message might travel completely different routes and encounter
widely varying delays throughout the network.

▪In a connectionless service, a call set-up procedure is not, required at the beginning of a call, and
each message burst is treated independently by the network.
Circuit Switching

• MSC dedicates a voice channel connection between base station and PSTN
for duration of cell phone call
• As calls are initiated and completed, different radio circuits and dedicated
PSTN voice circuits are switched in and out to handle traffic
• Wireless data networks are not well supported by circuit switching, due to
their short, bursty transmissions often, time required to establish a circuit
exceeds the duration of data transmission
• Circuit switching is best suited for dedicated voice-only traffic, or for
instances where data is continuously sent over long periods of time
Packet Switching
• Chop large packet to small IP packets.
• Channel efficiency and bursty data transmission
Packet Switching
• Packet Switching (or virtual switching) implements connectionless services
• Packet switching breaks each message into smaller units for transmission and recovery.
When a message is broken into packets, a certain amount of control information is
added to each packet to provide source and destination information and identification
• Header – contains source address, destination address, packet sequence number, and
other routing and billing information
• Trailer - contains cyclic redundancy checksum which is used for error detection at
receiver.
• Packet switching is also called packet radio when used by a wireless link
• Provides excellent channel efficiency for data transmission, since the channel is utilized
only when sending or receiving bursts of information
 X.25 Protocol
• Standard interface in lower 3 layers
• X25 is widely used packet radio protocol – developed by CCITT (ITU-T) International Telecommunication
Union

Layer 3 provides connection between the base station and the MSC, and is called the packet layer
protocol. A packet assembler disassembler (PAD) is used at Layer 3 to connect networks using the
X.25 interface with devices that are not equipped with a standard X25 interface.
 Wireless data services
CDPD-Cellular Digital Packet Data
- CDPD is a data service for first and second generation U.S. cellular systems
-It also capitalizes on the unused air time which occurs between successive radio channel
assignments by the MS
-directly overlays with existing cellular infrastructure and uses existing base station equipment
-occupies voice channels purely on a secondary; non interfering basis, and packet channels are
dynamically assigned
-CDPD supports broadcast, dispatch, electronic mail, and field monitoring applications
-Modulation technique:- GMSK
-Error coding Technique :- Reed Solomon Codes
 Advanced Radio Data Information Systems
• Private Network

• Developed by IBM and Motorola

• Based on MDC 800 and RD LAP protocols

• Provides 800 MHz two-way mobile data communications for short-length radio
messages

• For urban and in-building environments, and for users traveling at low speed
Ram Mobile Data
• Public Network

• Data Service

• Developed Ericson

• RAM provides street level coverage for short and long messages for users moving
in an urban environment

• capability for voice and data transmission, but has been designed primarily for data
and facsimile
 Common channel signaling
▪Common channel signaling (CCS) is a digital communications technique that provides
simultaneous transmission of user data, signaling data, and other related traffic throughout a
network

▪Uses Out of band signaling for transmission of networking information

▪CCS is used to pass user data and control/supervisory signals between the subscriber and the base
station, between the base station and the MSC, and between MS

▪Before the introduction of CCS in the 1980s, signaling traffic between the MSC and a subscriber
was carried in the same band as the end-user's audio. This technique, called inband signaling,
reduced the capacity of the PSTN

▪first generation cellular systems, the SS7 family of protocols, as defined by the Integrated System
Digital Network (ISDN) are used to provide CCS.
The MSC provides subscriber access to the PSTN via the SEP.

The SEP implements a stored-program-control

switching system known as the service control point
(SCP) that uses CCS to set up calls and to access a
network database.

STPs controls the switching of messages between

nodes in the CCS network
The SMS contains all subscriber records, and
also houses toll-free databases which may be
accessed by the subscribers

The DBAS is the administrative database that

maintains service records and investigates fraud
throughout the network.

The SMS and DBAS work in tandem to provide

a wide range of customer and network provider
services, based on SS7.
 SS7
The SS7 signaling protocol is widely used for common channel signaling between interconnected
networks

Peer layers in the ISO model communicate with each other through a virtual (packet data) interface
The lowest three layers of the OSI model are handled in SS7 by the network service part (NSP)
of the protocol, which in turn is made up of three message transfer paart (MTPs) and the
signaling connection control part (SCCP) of the SS7 protocol

MTP:- function of the MTP is to ensure that signaling traffic can be transferred and delivered
reliably between the end-users and the network.

SCCP:- The signaling connection control part (SCCP) provides enhancement to the addressing
capabilities provided by the MTP. While the addressing capabilities of MTP are limited in
nature, SCCP uses local addressing based on subsystem numbers (SSNs) to identify users at a
signaling node
 Signaling Traffic in SS7
Call set-ups, inter-MSC handoffs, and
location updates are the main activities
that generate the maximum signaling
traffic in a network

Location update records are

updated in the network whenever a
subscriber moves to a new location
 SS7 Services
These services are briefly explained below.

Touchstar — This kind of service is also known as CLASS and is a group of switch-controlled
services that provide its users with certain call management capabilities. Services such as call
return, call forwarding, repeat dialing, call block, call tracing, and caller ID are provided.

800 services — These services were introduced by Bell System to provide toll-free access to the
calling party to the services and database which is offered by the private parties. The costs
associated with the processing of calls is paid by the service subscriber. The service is offered
under two plans known as the 800-NXX plan, and the 800 Database plan. In the 800-NXX plan
the first six digits of an 800 call are used to select the interexchange carrier (DCC). In the 800
Database plan, the call is looked up in a database to determine the appropriate carrier and routing
information.

Alternate Billing Service and Line Information Database (ADBILIDB) —These services use
the CCS network to enable the calling party to bill a call to a personal number
Advantages of Common Channel Signaling over Conventional Signaling

CCS has several advantages over conventional signaling which have been outlined below:

Faster Call Set-up — In CCS, high speed signaling networks are used for transferring the call
set-up messages resulting in smaller delay times when compared to conventional signaling
methods, such as Multi-frequency.

• Greater trunking (or Queuing) Efficiency — CCS has shorter call set-up and tear down
times that result in less call-holding time, subsequently reducing the traffic on the network. In
heavy traffic conditions, high trunking efficiency is obtained.

• Information Transfer CCS allows the transfer of additional information along with the
signaling traffic providing facilities such as caller identification and voice or data identification
 ISDN
ISDN stands for Integrated Services Digital Network. It’s a set of communication standards that
uses digital transmission to make phone calls, video calls, transmit data and other network services
over the circuits of the traditional PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network).

ISDN splits the traditional copper telephone line into multiple digital channels. These channels
operate concurrently on a single copper line, allowing multiple phones to make and receive calls
simultaneously using one physical line.
It has two interfaces:-
BRI
BRI stands for Basic Rate Interface and is an ISDN configuration primarily used for voice-grade
telephone services. It is made up of 2 B-channels (bearer channels), at 64 kbit/s and 1 D-channel
(delta channel), at 16 kbit/s.
PRI
PRI stands for Primary Rate Interface and is used for carrying multiple Digital Signal Zero (DS0)
services and data between the ISDN network and a user. PRI is commonly used by large
companies, offices and enterprises.
ISDN provides two distinct kinds of signaling components to end-users in a telecommunications
network
The first component supports traffic between the end-user and the network, and is called access
signaling
The second signaling component of ISDN is network signaling, and is governed by the SS7
suite of protocols For wireless communications systems, the SS7 protocols within ISDN are
critical to providing backbone network connectivity between MSCs through out the world,
as they provide network interfaces for common channel signaling traffic
Broadband ISDN (B-ISDN)
• End user applications require greater band for computer systems and
video imaging
• Based on asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) technology which allows
packet switching – 100Gbps
ETHERNET
Ethernet is a family of wired computer
networking technologies commonly
used in local area
networks (LAN), metropolitan area
networks (MAN) and wide area
networks (WAN).

It was commercially introduced in

1980 and first standardized in 1983
as IEEE 802.3