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37 views26 pagesTLR Nov-Dec 2015
Transmission lines question paper on year 2015 .
Uploaded by
DhanyaCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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/ 26
p.E./B.Tech. DEGREE, EXAMINATION, NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2015.
Fifth Semester
Electronics and Communication Engineering
EC 6503 — TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVE GUIDES
(Regulations 2013)
Time : Three hours Maximum : 100 marks
(Normalised Smith chart is to be provided)
Answer ALL questions.
PART A - (10 x 2 = 20 marks)
1. Find the reflection coefficient of a 50Q transmission line when it is
terminated by a load impedance of 60 + j40 Q.
The reflection coefficient is given by
_ (60 + f40)-50 _ 10+ j40 _ 41.23<75.96°
~ 60+ j40 + 50 - 110 + j40 . 117.05 <19.98°
= 0.3522 <55.9°
2. What is meant by distortion less line?
A transmission line which satisfies condition LG = RC is called distortionless
line.
3. A lossless transmission line has a shunt capacitance of 100 pF/m and a
series inductance of 4 # H/m. Determine the characteristic impedance.
The characteristic impedance of a lossless line is given by
-6
R a fe = | Aet = 202
oC Y100 x10 4. For the line of zero dissipation, what will be the values of attenuation
constant and characteristic impedance?
Attenuation constant o = 0 for dissipation less line.
fe (purely resistive)
5. List the applications of a Quarter-wave line.
Characteristic impedance Z, = Rj
i) It may be used as’a transformer for impedance matching.
ii) It acts as an insulator
iii) It also used as an impedance inverter
6. Distinguish between single stub and double stub matching.
Single stub matching is possible only in open wire line but double stub
matching is possible in both open wire line and coaxial cable. Single stub matching
is applicable for single frequency but double stub matching is applicable for more
than one frequency:
7. Determine the value of L required by a constant-K T-section high pass
filter with a cut off frequency of 1 KHz and design impedance of 600 Q.
=Re____600__
4nf, 4x 3.14 x 1000
= 0.047 H
8. What are the advantages of m-derived filters?
i) Attenuation rises sharply at cut off frequency.
ii) The characteristic impedance will be uniform in the pass band.
Arectangular waveguide of cross section Sem x 2em is used to propagate
TM,, mode at 10 GHz. Determine the cut-off wave length.
Zab _ 2x Sx 10? x2x107
= a = 3.714 em
a? +b? (5x10)? + (2x 10-2)? 10. Write the applications of cavity resonators.
i) The cavity resonators are most widely used in the microwave generation
and amplification,
ii) The cavity resonators are extensively used in the light house tube.
iii) The cavity resonators can be used in deplexers in the RADAR system.
Part B - (5 x 16 = 80 marks)”
1. (a) @ Explain in detail about the wave-form distortion and also derive
the condition for distortion less line. (10)
The equation for series impedance and shunt admittance of a line are
Z=R+joL
Y =G+ joc
The complex quantity propagation constant becomes
Y = a+jp- VY
= \(R+ JoLXG+ joe
- 2 ic
= RG - o°LC + jo(LG + CR)
Squaring both sides,
2
fens pay [Ro = o'Lc + jolts +cR)]
we p24 7208 = REL @*LC + jo(LG + CR)
Equating the real and imaginary parts,
a2? —p? = RG-@ LC a)
2aB = o(LG +CR) @) Since 2 4p? = (2-7) + Qapy?
Therefore ? +p? = fac _ och +07(LG + CRF GB)
Adding the equations (1) and (3),
2a? = RG-o7LC + y(RG - otc} +02(LG + CRP
a = [RG —@LC+ RG - w*Lc) + w(LG + CRP
2
In general « is a function of frequency. All frequencies transmitted on a line
will not be attenuated equally. Therefore the received waveform and input waveform
at the sending end are not identical. This variation is known as “frequency distortion”.
The frequency distortion can be reduced by using equalizers at the line terminals.
Subtracting the equation (3) by (1),
_ [w?LC-RG +y(RG- o*Lcy +0°(LG+CRP
B 2
7 . A, oO
In general Bis also a function of frequency. Since Y=. All frequencies
transmitted ona line will not be delayed equally. This variation is known as “delay
or phase distortion”. The phase distortion can be reduced by using coaxial cables.
THE DISTORTIONLESS LINE
A transmission line is said to be distortionless when the attenuation constant
(a) is frequency independent and the phase constant (8) is linearly dependent on
the frequency. This can be achived by the condition.
(RG - @°LC)? + (LG + CRY? = (RG + 0°LC? w= (1)
Expanding the terms,
R2G? -20°LCRG + 0 LC? + @?17G? + 207LCRG +0°C?R?
= R°G?+04L?7C? +2@°LCRG
This reduces to, —_— Fe
o°L?G? ~ 207LORG + o?C?R? = 0
o7(7G? - 2LCRG + CR) = 0
(LG-cr¥ = 0
Therefore LG=CR
LR
c G
This is a condition for distortionless line.
(ii) Derive the expressions for input impedance of open and short
circuited lines. (6)
or
The input impedance of a line of length / is
Zo..:
hyl + <2 sin yl
ae! [zach oa 5 ee
= Z,| &— | =Z)| =" —_
iz Zocoshyl + Zp sinh yl ee yl + sinh yl
ZR
At short circuit Z, =Z,, and Zp =0
3 sinh Pr
Then Zge = Zo fo
0 cosh yl
ZR
Zoe = Zo tanhyl (1)
‘SC
At open circuit Z, = Zo¢ and Zp =
Z= cosh 1) here 4-0
id 9) ‘sinh yl ad
Loe = Z,coth yl «- (2)
Multiplying equation (1) and (2)
Zp = V¥ZseZ0c Dividing equation (1) by (2)
Z, -I
yl = tanh
V2r0 © Los
Or
tanh y/ =
(b) (i) A parallel-wire transmission line is having the following line
parameters at 5 KHz. Series resistance (R = 2.59 x 10° Q/m), Series
inductance (L = 2 .H/m), Shunt conductance (G = 0 ¢ /m) and
capacitance between conductors (C = 5.56 nF/m). Find the
ion constant, phase shift constant,
characteristic impedance, attenus
velocity of propagation and wavelength. (10)
Solution :
The characteristic impedance is given by
z= R + fol
0G jot where = 2nf = 2nf = 2n x 5000
_ |2.59 x10 + j (2m x 5000) (2x 10%)
0 + J (2m x 5000) (5.56 x 10°?)
2.59 x 10> + j 0.0628 _ | 0.0628287.64°
O+fl7x10* — Y1.7x 10-4 290°
© _ 99°
=19.22 Z ae = 19.22 Z-1.18° Q
The propagation constant is given by
y= V(R + jo) (G+ joC)
= (0.0628 287.64°) (1.7 x 10°! 290°)
87.64° + 90°
= 3.267 x 107 Z = 3.267 x 1073 288.82° + JB = 6.728 x 105 + 53.266 x 103
Attenuation constant q = 6,728 x 10% neper/m
Phase shift constant B = 3.266 x 103 rad/m
velocity of propagation is given by
='_28* 5000 _jo93.8 4
3266x107
Wave length is given by
2
= 2-78 _. 1923.8 km
B 3.266 x10
(ii) A 2 meter long transmission line with characteristic impedance
of 60 + j40 q is operating at @ = 10° rad/sec has attenuation constant
of 0 rad/m. If the line is terminated by a load of 20 +j50Q, determine
the input impedance of this line. 6)
Solution :
Given that Z, = 60+ j40 = 72.111233.69
Zy, = Zp = 20+ (50 = 53.8516.268.19"
= Im, o = 10,0 = 0.921and B=0
The input impedance is given by
Zp cosh y/ + Z,sinh yl
2g | a2 —-
Z, = 2o Z, cosh yl + Zp sinh y/
= coshal = cosh(0.921) (2)= 3.2338
cosh y= cosh(a + Jp)!
sinh! = sinh. + 7B) = sinh al = sinh(0.921) (2)=3.07532 Therefore
x
(53.8568,19°) (3.23) + (72.11 2 33.69") ul
= T2112 33.69" | (79 11733,69°) (3.23) + (53.85, 268.19 ) (3.075)
| 16 £33.69")
= 72.11 <33,69"| 74.14 2 68.19) + 221.76 2]
(233.19 Z 33.69°) + (165.61 2 68.19 )
(64.7. + j161.68)+ (184.51 + A23.913))
=72.11233.69° -
| ae + j129.35)+ (61.52 + 153.75)
= 72.111 2.33,66"| 2A2E 5284.69
255.55 + j283.10
= 72,111233.69" :
381.39 Z 47.92
378.36 248.8"
=11.53234.57 2
12. (a) Discuss the various parameters of open-wire and co-axial lines at
radio frequency. (16)
Parameters of an Open Wire Line at High Frequencies
At high frequencies, the skin effect is dominant and hence the current flows
only on surface of the conductor. Thus internal inductance reduce to zero. The
inductance of an open wire line is given by,
= 80 ty 2H m=4x1077 tn HY m=9.21x10~7 log LY m
na a a
The value of capacitance of a line not affected by skin effect. The capacitance
of an open wire line is given by,
107 F/ m=O 10"? Fy
ad
In— In— log—
a a a
Ep py 22-710?
i a The effective cross section of conductor is given by,
1
§= m
Vifuc
For direct current, the resistance of a round conductor with radius a is given by.
K
Rae = a where K =
o
Similarly, for alternating current flowing in skin thickness , the radius a of
round conductor is given by,
K
Rac = Fagg Q/m
R
Then a = NS af po
de 2
At high frequency, the characteristic impedance of open wire line is given by
Ry = & = 120n40
e a
L d
= [E = 276 0g40
Ro & ra
700:
6007
500.
wal
200) 45 ah 50g 100200300
20
7 a
RQ
Figure Variation of R, for an open wire line d ee oe
The variation of R, with a ratio for an open wire line in figure. The proximity
d
effect has been neglected here, so that these expressions become less exact for a
less than 10.
Parameters of the Coaxial Line at High Frequencies
The value of inductance of coaxial line is given by,
4,8
v= ind Hi m=2%107 In 2H) m=4.6x10~ log Hm
@ a
2n
The value of capacitance of coaxial line is given by,
2
C= 28 Pima 25% WF/ mm 24 Meee F/m
In= In— log—
B a
The ac resistance of the coaxial line is given by,
. Lid
Rye = 4:16 x10 IF (+4) Q/m
The de resistance of the coaxial line is given by
1 1 1
E fe aol Q/m where C is outer radias of outer conductor
Rue “hola? (e262)
At high frequency, the characteristic impedance of coaxial line is given by
Ry - fe = 2nbdo
Ce 4
Ro = jE _ 138 loe2a
Cc ye 4
90
80
10:
40:
0
°F 28 Fab ‘tS 4 45
Figure Variation of R,for a coaxial line be.
The value of c,-being 1 for air spaced line. The variation of R, with ratio
for a coaxial line is shown in figure
Or
(b) (A lossless line in air having a characteristic impedance of 300
is terminated in unknown impedance. The first voltage minimum is
located at 15 cm from the load. The standing wave ratio is 3.3.
Calculate the wavelength and terminated impedance. (6)
Solution:
k = Sel 33-1 _ 33
S+1 3.341 3
= 0.5348
Zp-R
Kiel? eee ER ANG .
fee Zp +Ry’ Where > = 0° ande® =1. Therefore
_ Zp -300
Zp +300
0.5348 [Zp +300] = Zp -300
0.5348 Zp +160.44 = Zp -300
Zp (0.5348 -1] = -300-160.44
Zp [- 0.4652] = - 460.44
IK] = 0.5348
460.44
R 0.4652
= 9902
(ii) Derive the expression that permit easy measurements of power
flow on a line of negligible losses, (10)
The equation for voltage and current on the dissipationless line are,
e 2
oD 1+|K| 26-285] 1 = In@g+Ry)
2R,
f1-|K|2Z6-26s]
The voltage and current phasors are shown in figure The phasors A and B
being proportional to E and I respectively.
Figure Phasor diagram
At maximum voltage and current, the incident and reflected waves are in
phase. Therefore |
Epox = BERR) 1K (1)
Inox =
In (Zp + Ro)
“Sr, UtKD 2)
At minimum voltage and current, the incident and reflected waves are out of phase.
Therefore
Emin = 18 Zn *Ro) a Ro) (Kil .G)
— Ip (Zp +Ro)
Iyin = ERB 1K A)
Dividing the equation (1) by (2) and (3) by (4),
Emax Emin _
eigen
Dividing the equation (1) by (4), BE = pz, [HK
; T=IK]| = SR = Rum
Dividing the equation (2) by (3)
Emi
7 = R, 1-|K| _Re
max 1-1ki| =s
‘min
Rin
The power can be expressed as both maximum and minimum voltage and current
as
Ena
= Smx _ 2
r Rinay > Lax Rmax 6)
ER,
a Res = Trin Rain 6)
‘min
Multiplying equation (5) and (6),
> = Emm Emin _ EtmEnin
P= RawRinin © a
maxR min or) ($2
Ss
P= {Emax !Emin! watts
Ry
Power interms of current can be expressed as,
P= ([fmal [lmnin]) Ro Watts
13. (a) (i) What is Quarter-wave line? ig
The length of transmission lines have certain properties which are of special
e leng'
interest fe rticular values of the length (s). In case of quarter wave transformer
rest for pal
: i th of the transmitted signal.
, where 2 is the waveleng'
The expression for 1m
ZqtjRo al
Z, = Ro) Ro +7 Zp tanBs
Ss
put impedance of a dissipationless line is, Dividing both numerator and denominator by tan Bs
Z
H+ jRo
Z, = Ry tanBs
+jZ
tanBs Je
2n
But = =
ui B a
Zp
=z)
tan| ==
Then Z, = Ro
— Ro. +jZ
ww(28) JER
a
a
For quarter wave transformer 5 = 7
Zara
+ JR,
tan% ae
Therefore Z, = Ro a
— 8 + i ZR
tanZ
ah
For quarter wave transformer 5 = 4
Za + jR,
tan}
Therefore Z, = Ro =z
—< tiZe
tan}
where tan 5 = oand— = 0
es 2
Zyo= 20.
Ze
Ss Thus the input impedance of the line is equal to the square of R of the line
divided by the load impedance, The impedance matching can be obtained by
Ry = JZ, Zp
(i)_A75 & lossless transmission line is to be matched with a 100-j80 Q
load using single stub. Calculate the stub length and its distance
from the load corresponding to the frequency of 30 MHz using Smith
chart. (12)
Solution :
Given that Zz = 100- 780Q,R, = 75Q and f = 30x10° Hz
i) The normalized load impedance Z, = 2 = mee = 133-7107.
°
Locate point A as an intersection of r, = 1.33circleand x, = —1.07 circle. As
the reactive part of impedance is negative, it is located below the horizontal axis.
ii) Draw a circle, O at origin and radius equal to OA. This is called constant S
circle. Its normalized load admittance is obtained at point B placed
diametrically opposite to A. Join points O and B, extend line upto B!on
periphery.
iii) The intersection of constant S circle and unit circle is shown as point C is
nearest to load point B as we travel towards generator in clockwise direction.
iv) Join point O and C and extend line upto point C!on the periphery. Now from
is B! to Cl given as location of stub from load in wavelength. That is
= 0.161% -0.072 = 0.0912
c _ 3x10
f 30x10°
= 10m
Wavelength = * =
Therefore $= (0.0914 = 0.09110 = 0.91m veces
v)
vi)
The susceptance at point C is nothing but the susceptance of line at the stub
connection and it is equal to +j 1. It is a capacitive susceptance. To neutralize
it, we must use inductive susceptance of - j 1. It is indicated by point D.
Extend the line from D upto point D! on the periphery.
The point E is the short circuit point on the admittance ch:
from point E towards generator upto point D! in the clockwise direction, the
number of wavelengths measured gives the required length of the stub.
L= 0.3752 — 0,252 = 0.1252 = 0.125 (10) = 1.25m
art. Now moving
0
sm ‘oa —
ont ge Oe _
tes
SMITH CHART
Example
Or $$
(b) (i) Discuss the principle of double stub matching with neat diagram.
(8)
ee two disadvantages of the single stub matching are overcome by using
double stub matching as shown in figure. In which position of the two stubs AB and
CD are arbitrary but the two stub lengths are adjustable. The spacing between two
' a 4
stub is 0.375), or 7. Half wavelength: spacing is avoided as it places the two
stubs in parallel, as result only one effective adjustment is available. The same
difficulties are encountered if the two stubs are close together. The separation of
3
0.375 or 8 4 is an optimum.
Figure Double stub matching
If the first stub whose length is L, is located at AB at distance of S, from the
load, the normalized input admittance is given by,
By taking complex conjugate multiplication
Y, sec? BS (= Y?) tanBs,
; =O, jt tan
Yap) = Caan) *FBsam = Tey? tn?ps, +! 14 ¥? tan BS,
For second located at CD, normalized input admittance is,
Y,cp) = Ssco) *J Bsco) Here only the susceptance value is changed by the addition of the stub, while
the conductance part remains unchanged. That is
Gscasy = Ssccp)
It may be noted that two stubs are usually at fixed points normally separated
by a distance of 0.375. The stub AB nearest to the load is adjusted to make the
real part of the admittance at the point CD equal to the characteristic conductance
of the line, in absence of the second stub(AB). This stub(AB) is then adjusted to
produce zero susceptance at the point CD.
7 i, . 4, 34
Figure Double stub impedance matching with “g Separation stubs Here two stubs are used for the location and adjustment. The distance is more
than or equal to 2’ in which case the input admittance looking towards the load
noms itself. The distance j is always less than %. The distance chosen is a
4 7 025%) or 2 = (0.3752). The double stab impedance matching with 4
separation oo stubs is shown in figure.
. a rt
When the spacing between the two stubs equal to q is not suitable for
. on 32.
particular application, stub spacing equal to e is preferred. The procedure used
he, 3A.
for { spacing between the stubs can be used for =} spacing but a different is locus
A é, 32 é
circle B. As the distance between the stub has increased to 3 the locus circle B
can be obtained by rotating the locus circle A in anticlockwise direction through
32 ” 5 i
: wavelength. That is sem) = 270° as shown in figure.
Advantages of double stub matching
(i) It is applicable for more than one frequency .
(ii) It is possible in both open wire line and coaxial line.
(ii) A300 g transmission line is connected to a lond impedance of (450-
600) ¢ at 10 MHz. Find the position and length of a short cireuited
stub required to match the line using Smith chart. (8)
Solution :
Given that Zp = 450-6002, Ro = 3000 and f = 10x 10°H2
qi 450 - j 600
; z, = 2a - 450-600 |,
i) The normalized load impedance Z, R, 300 15 -j 2.
+ i tion of 7, = 1.5 circle and x, =—2 circle. ‘he
Locate point A as an intersec i ‘a circle. As the
tive part of impedance is negative, it is located below the horizontal axis.
reacti ii)
iii)
iv)
vy)
vi)
Draw a circle, O at origin and radius equal to OA. This is called constant §
circle. Its normalized load admittance is obtained at point B placed
diametrically opposite to A .Join points O and B, extend line upto Bion
periphery.
The intersection of constant S circle and unit circle is shown as point C is
nearest to load point B as we travel towards generator in clockwise direction.
Join points O and C and extend line upto point C! on the periphery. Now
from B! to C! is given as location of stub from load in wavelength. That is
S, = 0.1822 0.0520 = 0.13%
GC sei
Rete = 30m
Wavelength f 10 x 10°
Therefore S, = 0.13x30 = 3.9m
The susceptance at point C is nothing but the susceptance of line at the stub
connection and it is equal to + j 1.7. It is capacitive susceptance. To neutrolize
it, we must use inductive susceptance of - j 1.7. It is indicated by point D.
Extend the line from D upto point D! on the periphery.
The point E is the short circuit point on the admittance chart. Now moving
from point E towards generator upto point D! in the clockwise direction, the
number of wavelength measured gives the required length of the stub.
L = 0.3342—-0.252=0.084 2 (30)=2.52m ¥
IB Hise -
fier tk,
hie?
‘SMITH CHART
Example
14. (a) (@ Explain the operation and design of constant-K T-seetion band
elimination filter with necessary equations and diagrams. (8)
Band elimination filter stop a range of frequencies between two cut off.
frequencies , and f, while pass al the frequency below, and above Its obtained
f
by connecting LPP in parallel with HPF and itis shown in figure, 15. (a) A rectangular air-filled copper waveguide with dimension 0.9 inch
x 0.4 inch cross section and 12 inch length is operated at 9.2 GHz
with a dominant mode. Find eut-off frequency, guide wave-length,
phase velocity, characteristics impedance and the loss. (16)
Solution :
a= 0.9 inch = 0.02286m, | = 12 inch = 0.3048m
b =0.4 inch = 0.01016m, f= 9.2 x 10° Hz
The dominant mode in rectangular waveguide is TE,,. Thus m= 1, n= 0 the
free space wavelength is given by
‘3
3x10 _ 0.0326 m
92x10
W
c
he =F The cut off frequency is given by
- c
Se =5— for TE,, mode, 2, = 2a = 2 (0.02286) = 0.04572
‘
3x 108
———_ = 6.5616 x 10° Hz = 6.5616 GHz
2(0.02286)
The phase velocity is given by
8
ee REE = 42788 x 0s
1-( 0.0326 y
0.04572
The characteristics impedance is given by
Zocre) =
bay He ‘5616 x10?)
7 e
(b) (i) Using Bessel function deeive the TE wave components in circular
wave guides. (10)
= 537.847Q
For TE waves E, = 0
= Un (ph)C, cosnd]
