Statics

Eng. Waleed Alsufayan

Chapter 4 Force System Resultants
Chapter Objectives
•Concept of moment of a force in two and three dimensions
•Method for finding the moment of a force about a specified axis.
•Define the moment of a couple.
•Determine the resultants of non-concurrent force systems
•Reduce a simple distributed loading to a resultant force having a specified location

Chapter Outline
• Moment of a Force – Scalar Formation
• Moment of Force – Vector Formulation
• Moment of a Force about a Specified Axis
• Moment of a Couple
• Simplification of a Force and Couple System
• Reduction of a Simple Distributed Loading
4.1 Moment of a Force – Scalar Formation
• Moment of a force about a point or axis – a measure of the tendency of the force
to cause a body to rotate about the point or axis
• Torque – tendency of rotation caused by Fx or simple moment (Mo)z

Magnitude
• For magnitude of MO, MO = Fd (Nm) where d =
perpendicular distance from O to its line of action of
force

Direction
• Direction using “right hand rule”
Resultant Moment
↺ + #! " = Σ&'; #! " = &# '# − &$ '$ + &% '%
Example1:

!! = 40 23 4 45 + 2 cos 30 45
!! = −100 & 2 ( = 200 & ) ( ↻
= 229 23 ) 45 ↻

!! = (−50 &)(0.75 () = 37.5 & ) ( ↻

!! = (60 23)(1 sin 45 45) = 42.4 23 ) 45 ↺

!! = 7 ?& 4 ( − 1 ( = 21.0 ?& ) ( ↺

4.2 Cross Product
• Cross product of two vectors A and B yields C, which is
written as C = A x B = (AB sinθ)uC

Laws of Operations
1. Commutative law is not valid
AxB≠BxA
AxB=-BxA

2. Multiplication by a Scalar
a( A x B ) = (aA) x B = A x (aB) = ( A x B )a

3. Distributive Law
Ax(B+D)=(AxB)+(AxD)
Proper order of the cross product must be
maintained since they are not commutative.
4.2 Cross Product
Cartesian Vector Formulation
• Use C = AB sinθ on a pair of Cartesian unit vectors
• A more compact determinant in the form as

i j k
A´ B = Ax Ay Az
Bx By Bz

• Moment of force F about point O can be expressed using cross product

*! = + × -

• For magnitude of cross product,

MO = rF sinθ
• Treat r as a sliding vector. Since d = r sinθ,
MO = rF sinθ = F (rsinθ) = Fd
4.3 Moment of Force - Vector Formulation

For force expressed in Cartesian form,

& ' (
!@ = #×% = #A #B #C
%A %B %C

with the determinant expended

!" = D# E$ − D$ E# F − D% E$ − D$ E% G + D% E# − D# E% ?

0 −D% D# E%
= D$ 0 −D% E#
−D# D% 0 E&
Example2:
Determine the moment produced by the force F about point O. Express the
result as a Cartesian vector.

Solution

D' = 12? ( And D( = 4F + 12G (

4F + 12G − 12? (
E = EH'( = 2 ?&
4( ) + 12( ) + −12( )

= 0.4588F + 1.376G − 1.376? ?&

Thus
F G ?
!" = D' ×E = 0 0 12
0.4588 1.376 −1.376
= 0 −1.376 − 12 1.376 K
− 0 −1.376 − 12 0.4588 G + [0 1.376
− 0(0.4588)]?

= −16.5F + 5.51G ?& ) (

Example 4
Two forces act on the rod. Determine the resultant moment
they create about the flange at O. Express the result as a
Cartesian vector.
rA = {5 j} m
rB = {4i + 5 j - 2k} m

The resultant moment about O is

MO = å(r ´ F ) = rA ´ F + rB ´ F

" # $ " # $
= 0 5 0 + 4 5 −2
−60 40 20 80 40 −30

= 5 20 − 0 40 " − 0 . + 0 40 − 5 −60 /
+ 5 −30 − −2 40 0 − 4 −30 − −2 80 .
+ 4 40 − 5 80 /

= 300 − 40. + 60/ 12 3 45

4.4 Principles of Moments
• Since ! = !. + !/

$0 = %×!

5. Moment of a Force about a Specified Axis

Vector Analysis
• For magnitude of Ma
• $1 = $0 cos * = $0 + ,1
• Where ,1 = ,-./ 012/3%
• In determinant from

,12 ,13 ,14

$1 = 412 + %×! = %2 %3 %4
!2 !3 !4
Example1:
Determine the moment MAB produced by the force F which tends to
rotate the rod about the AB axis.

Solution:
!'( = N( ) (D×E)

D( 0.4F + 0.2G (
N( = = = 0.894F + 0.4472G
D( 0.4( ) + 0.2 )

D* = 0.6F

E = −300?

0.8944 0.4472 0
!'( = 0.6 0 0 = 80.5 & ) (
0 0 −300
 Example2:
Determine the magnitude of the moment of force F about
segment OA of the pipe assembly.

Solution:

!OP = )OP * (#×%)

Solution:
4.6 Moment of a Couple
• Couple – two parallel forces the same magnitude but opposite
separated by perpendicular distance d
Scalar formulation:
• Magnitude of couple moment ! = EQ
• M acts perpendicular to plane containing the force.
Vector Formulation
• For couple moment ! = D×E

Equivalent Couples

• 2 couples are equivalent if they produce the same moment

• Forces of equal couples lie on the same plane or plane
parallel to one another.
 Example1:
Determine the couple moment acting on the pipe. Segment AB is directed 3 0 °
below the x–y plane. Take moment about point O,

Solution (Vector analysis):

# = 5& × −258 + 5' (258)

= 8< × −258 + (6 cos 30°D + 8< − 6 sin 30°8) (258)
= −130< HI J DK

Take moment about point A

* = ++, L (250M)
= (6cos30°i – 6sin30°k) x(25k)
= −130N HI J DK
Take moment about point A or B,
# = &' = 25 HI 5.196 DK = 129.9HI J DK
M acts in the –j direction # = −130< HI J DK
4.7 Simplification of a Force and Couple System
• Equivalent resultant force acting at point O and a resultant
couple moment is expressed as

!6 = Σ!
$6 7 = Σ$7 + Σ$

• If force system lies in the x–y plane ,then the

couple moments are
perpendicular to this plane,

%R A = Σ%A
%R B = Σ%B
!R O = Σ!O + Σ!
Example1:
Replace the force and couple system acting on the member
by an equivalent resultant force and couple moment acting at
point O

Solution:
Force Summation
⟶
3
! !! " = Σ!" ; !!" = 500( = 300 ( = 300 ( →
5
4
+↑ (!! )# = Σ!# ; !! # = 500 ( − 700 ( = −350 ( = 350 ( ↓
5
Solution
To find magnitude

E- = 300 ) + 350 ) = 461 &

Its direction S is

E- # 350 &
S= tan./ = tan./ = 49.4°
E- % 300 &

Moment Summation:
↺ + !- 0 = Σ!0 + Σ!

!- 0
4 3
= 500& 2.5 − 500 & 1( − 750 & 1.25 (
5 5
+ 200 & ) (

= −37.5 & ) ( = 37.5 ?& ) ( ↻

Example2:
Replace the force and couple system by an equivalent resultant
force and couple moment acting at point O.

Solution:
Force Summation
⟶
3
$ !! " = Σ!" ; !! "= 3 2( cos 30° + 52( = 5.598 2( = 5.598 2( →
5
4
+↑ (!! )# = Σ!# ; !! # = 3 2( sin 30° − 52( − 4 2( = −6.5 2( = 6.5 2( ↓
5
Solution
To find magnitude

E- = 5.598 ) + 6.5 ) = 8.58 ?&

Its direction S is

E- # 6.5 ?&
S= tan./ = tan./ = 49.3°
E- % 5.598 ?&

Moment Summation:
↺ + !- 0 = Σ!0
!- 0
= 3 ?& sin 30°(0.2 () − 3 ?& cos 30° 0.1(
3 4
+ 5 ?& 0.1( − 5 ?& 0.5 − 4 ?& 0.2(
5 5

= −2.46 ?& ) ( = 2.46 ?& ) ( ↻

4.8 Simplification of a Force and Couple System
Concurrent Force System
• A concurrent force system is where lines of action of all the forces
intersect at a common point O

FR = å F

Coplanar Force System

• Lines of action of all the forces lie in the same plane
• Resultant force of this system also lies in this plane

21
Example2:
The slab is subjected to four parallel forces. Determine
the magnitude and direction of a resultant force equivalent to the
given force system, and locate its point of application on the slab.

Solution:

Force Summation.
+↑= E- = ΣE; E- = −600 & + 100 & − 400 & − 500 &
= −1400 & = 1400 & ↓
Solution:

Moment Summation

!- % = Σ!% ;

− 1400 & [ = 600 & 0 + 100& 5 − 400& 10 + 500& 0

−1400[ = −3500

[ = 2.5 (

!- # = Σ!# ;

1400 &)\ = 600& 8 − 100& 6 + 400& 0 + 500& 0

1400\ = 4200

\ = 3(