Introduction

Aerodynamics is the most important factor when it comes to forces acting on a body [1].
Generally, when a body is moving, it is subjected to a variety of forces, including drag and
lift forces. The more dominant force is drag force and it has great effect on the performance
of the rocket for example.
In the automotive world, analyzing air movement around cars and trucks is critical.
Establishing effective aerodynamic design within technological restrictions necessitates a
thorough grasp of flow phenomena around the vehicles, particularly how changes in body
form affect aerodynamics. So, vehicle optimization process is done as design phase, usually
to improve desired aerodynamic characteristics. Reducing aerodynamic drag by improving
body design is one apparent technique to increase vehicle fuel efficiency and increase car top
speed.
As a result, streamlining the body design of vehicles is one of the most effective ways to
improve the body of the vehicle and make it aerodynamically efficient by the means of
decreasing drag force and reduce fuel consumption due to the decrease of air resistive forces.
An aero foil is a streamlined body [2]. An aero foil is the portion of an object that is
positioned in an airflow to provide the most optimal aerodynamic force achievable. When
applied, it is an aerodynamic form that travels through the air. When used as a body in air
medium, the air is divided into two streams. One goes over the wing, while the other travels
below. The top part of the wing is structured in such a way that air passing over it accelerates
up and spreads out. The pressure above the wing is reduced as a result of this behavior.
Under the wing, air moves in a straighter course. As a result, the shape's speed and air
pressure stay constant.
Depending on the streamlined shape of an aero foil and its optimal aerodynamic behavior by
reducing drag forces. The car body can be optimized by making it in shape of aero foils to
reduce the drag forces that occurs on it when moving in high speeds.
Since the Wright brothers’ first successful flight, aircraft designers have been focusing on
improving the aircraft flight efficiency, and especially airline companies are anxious to
improve the commercial aircraft efficiency nowadays.
The aircraft morphing concept significantly improves and manipulates aerodynamic
performance and flight control. In simple words, the morphing wing means changing the
wing's geometry as shown in Figure 1, also known as the wing configuration [3]. many
researchers have investigated different ways to change the flight efficiency in different
environments. Many research works have been published on smart wing and morphing
aircraft technique in recent years.
Morphing wing technology can be used to control flow on aircraft wing [4], change the
deform of shock wave [5], deform the shape of aircraft wing to make the aircraft be the most
efficient at different flight speed [6], control the aircraft roll by twisting a flexible wing on a
full-size aircraft [7] and improve the aerodynamic and aero elastic performance of military
aircraft [8] to [13].
 Figure 1. Diagram of different types and categories of wing morphing.

However, the importance of skin material/structure in morphing wings has been neglected
due to its complexity. Conventional or fixed wing aircrafts use a 1–2 mm thick aluminum
skin that is wrapped and stiff enough to endure aerodynamic effects. The skin structure is
expected to deform in a 1–2 mm out-of-plane direction under maximum aerodynamic
loadings. In the case of morphing wings, not only newly induced structural stress to the wing
but the associated aerodynamic effects caused by shape changes should be also considered.
For example, in chord extension morphing, the skin around the wing is not only required to
be flexible in the chord direction but also to maintain out-of-plane or span directional
loadings, which makes compliant skin design challenging.
Kuder et al. [14] made an extensive survey into skin morphing structures and showed that an
interdisciplinary approach is required through analysis to bring morphing technology into
maturity, although most of the references reviewed in the paper focus on either in-plane
structural stress-relevant skin design only or find an equivalent material satisfying in-plane
structural stress. Similarly, La et al. [15] made another comprehensive survey of flexible
skins that use composite lattice materials. Composite skin is one of techniques which are
expected to overcome this challenge [16–19] through the advancement of material aspects.
Recently, lattice structures for morphing wing skin have gained enormous attention as a
result of their material compliancy in cellular structures.
The main purpose of this study is that, to study the variation of using various turbulence
models for an airfoil. By studying the variation of velocity and pressure contours and
compare it with reference data.
Aerodynamic coefficients (Cl and Cd) have been also compared by using various turbulence
models for an airfoil and compared its results with reference data showing the percentage of
agreement of each mode.
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