Similar Problems

Question 1: Find the probability of retrieving a sum of 8 on throwing two dice?

Answer:
There are 36 total likely results on throwing two dice i.e., 6² = 6 × 6 = 36.
There are 5 total possibility of retrieving a sum of 8 on throwing two dice i.e., (2, 6), (3, 5), (4, 4), (5, 2), (6,
2).
Hence, the probability of retrieve a sum of 8 on throwing two dice is 5/36.
Question 2: Shawn tosses a die 400 times and he documents the score of getting 6 as 30 times.
What could be the probability of
a) retrieving a score of 6?
b) retrieving a score under 6?
Solution:
a) P (getting a score of 6)
= Number of times getting 6/total times
= 30/400
= 3/40
b) P (getting a score under 6)
= number of times getting under 6/total times
= 370/400
= 37/40
a) P (getting 5) = 3/40
b) P (getting under 6) = 37/40
Question 3: What is the probability of retrieving a sum of 6 if two dice are thrown?
Solution:
When two dice are rolled, n(S) = 36. Let, A be the event of getting a sum of 6. Then,
A = {(3, 3), (2, 4), (4, 2), (1, 5), (5, 1)}
n(A) = 5
Hence, the required probability will be,
P(A) = n(A)/n(S) = 5/36.

Question 4: Find the probability of throwing two dice and retrieving a sum of 4.
Solution:
The set of possible outcomes when we roll a die are {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
So, when two dice are rolled, there are 6 × 6 = 36 chances.
When we roll two dice, the probability of retrieving number 4 is (1, 3), (2, 2), and (3, 1).
So, the number of favorable outcomes = 3
Total number of possibilities = 36
Probability = {Number of likely affair } ⁄ {Total number of affair} = 3 / 36 = 1/12.
Thus, 1/12 is the probability of rolling two dice and retrieving a sum of 4.

Question 1: How many possible outcomes if two coins were tossed once?
Solution:
When we toss a fair coin then the outcomes as ‘Head’ or ‘Tail’, so the total possible outcomes are 2.
We will represent head as ‘H’ and tail as ‘T’
Since the same experiment is performed twice so total possible outcomes = 2 × 2
=4
Possible outcomes, S = { HH, HT, TH, TT }
So there is a total of 4 possible outcomes when two dice were tossed once.
Question 2: How many possible outcomes if four coins were tossed once?
Solution:
When we toss a fair coin then the outcomes as ‘Head’ or ‘Tail’, so the total possible outcomes are 2.
We will represent head as ‘H’ and tail as ‘T’
Since the same experiment is performed four times, so total possible outcomes = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2
=16
Possible outcomes, S = { HHHH, HHHT, HHTH, HTHH, THHH, HHTT, TTHH, HTHT, THTH, THHT,
HTTH, HTTT, THTT, TTHT, TTTH, TTTT }
So there is a total of 16 possible outcomes when four dice were tossed once.

Question 1: What is the probability of getting either a heart or a jack when drawing a single card
from a deck of 52 cards?
Solution:
It is known that a well-shuffled deck has 52 cards
Total number of black cards = 26
Total number of red cards = 26
further divided into suits (4 of them: Spades, Hearts, Diamonds, Clubs) of 13 cards each.
And Each suit has 13 cards (A, 2 to10, Jack, Queen, King).
So , total number of outcome = 52
probability of getting either a heart or a jack?
probability of getting a heart = 13
probability of getting a jack = 4
And probability of getting a jack of heart = 1
Therefore probability of getting a heart = {total number of heart cards in the deck}/{total number of cards
in the deck}
= 13/52
Probability of getting a heart = 1/4
And the probability of getting either a jack = {total number of jack cards in the deck}/{total number of cards
in the deck}
= 4/52
Probability of getting a jack = 1/13
probability of getting a jack of heart = {total number of jack of heart in the deck}/{total number of cards in
the deck}
= 1/52
Question 2: What is the probability of getting a queen?
Solution:
Total number of cards are 52
number of queens are 4
So, total outcomes = 52
favorable outcomes = 4
So, the probability of getting a queen = Favorable outcomes / Total outcomes
= 4 / 52
P = 1/13
therefore the probability of getting queen is 1/13
Question 3: What is the probability of drawing a red card from a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards?
Solution:
We know that a well-shuffled deck has 52 cards
Total number of black cards = 26
Total number of red cards = 26
Therefore probability of getting a red card = {total number of red cards in the deck}/{total number of
cards in the deck}
= 26/52
= 1/2
So the probability of having red card is 1/2
Question 4: What is the probability of getting a black queen?
Solution:
Total number of cards = 52
Number of favorable cards that are black queen = 2
so, probability of getting a black queen = 2/52
Therefore, probability of getting a black queen = 2/52
P(E) = probability of getting a black queen
= 2/52
= 1/26
so the probability of getting a black queen is 1/26
Question 5: What is the probability of getting a queen of spades?
Solution:
Total number of cards = 52
Total spades cards are 13 ..
Number of favorable cards that are queen of spades = 1
so, probability of getting a spade queen = 1/52
Therefore, probability of getting a spade queen = 1/52
P(E) = probability of getting a spade queen
= 1/52
so the probability of getting a spade queen is 1/52
Question 6: What is the probability of having a 4 of diamond card?
Solution:
It is known that a well-shuffled deck has 52 cards
Total number of cards = 52
further divided into suits (4 of them: Spades, Hearts, Diamonds, Clubs) of 13 cards each.
And Each suit has 13 cards (A, 2 to10, Jack, Queen, King).
So , total number of outcome = 52
number of favorable outcome of having 4 of diamond card = 1
therefore the probability of having 4 of diamond card = number of favorable outcome / total number of
outcome
= 1/52
= 1/52
Question 7: What is the probability of getting a black face card?
Solution:
It is known that a well-shuffled deck has 52 cards
Total number of cards = 52
further divided into suits (4 of them: Spades, Hearts, Diamonds, Clubs) of 13 cards each.
And Each suit has 13 cards (A, 2 to10, Jack, Queen, King).
So , total number of black cards = 13 of spades and 13 of clubs = 26
out of these 26 black cards total face cards are = 6
number of favorable outcome of having black face card = 6
therefore the probability of having 4 of diamond card = number of favorable outcome / total number of
outcome
= 6/52
= 3/26

Examples
Example 1: Sapan took part in two games. The probability of her passing both games is 0.4 The
probability of her passing the first game is 0.6. What is the probability of her passing the second game
given that she has passed the first game?
Solution:
Let’s say 1st game be first and 2nd game be second.

P(first ∩ second) = 0.4

P(first) = 0.6
Formula:
Here question is which is right way to write it P(first/second) or P(second/first).
we have given the probability of passing the first test as the definition of conditional probability say The
probability of an event occurring given that another event has already occurred is called a conditional
probability. Hence, Putting the probabilities into the formula.
= 0.66
Example 2: In a group of 100 sports car buyers, 40 bought alarm systems, 30 purchased bucket seats,
and 20 purchased an alarm system and bucket seats. If a car buyer chosen at random bought an alarm
system, what is the probability they also bought bucket seats?
Solution:
Let’s say event of buying alarm system as alarm and event of buying bucket seats as bucket.
P(alarm) = 40 / 100 = 0.4
P(alarm ∩ bucket) = 0.2
Applying formula: P(A|B) = P(A∩B) / P(B)
Here we have the probability of alarm systems. and have to find out the probability of bucket seats.
Hence, Putting the probabilities into the formula.
= 0.5
Example 3: There are 2 red shirts, 4 blue shirts, and 9 white shirts in a basket. Two shirts are randomly
selected. Find the probability that the second shirt is red given that the first shirt is blue. (Assume that the
first chip is not replaced).
Solution:
Step 1: Determine the total number of shirts in the basket:
 ● Total shirts = 2 red shirts + 4 blue shirts + 9 white shirts = 15 shirts

Step 2: Determine the probability of selecting a blue shirt as the first shirt:

● Probability of selecting a blue shirt = Number of blue shirts / Total shirts = 4 / 15

Step 3: Determine the number of shirts remaining after the first blue shirt is selected:

● After selecting a blue shirt, there are now 3 blue shirts remaining, 2 red shirts, and 9 white shirts.
Total remaining shirts = 3 + 2 + 9 = 14 shirts.

Step 4: Determine the number of red shirts remaining after the first blue shirt is selected:

● There are 2 red shirts remaining.

Step 5: Determine the probability of selecting a red shirt as the second shirt, given that the first shirt is
blue:

● Probability of selecting a red shirt as the second shirt = Number of red shirts remaining / Total
remaining shirts
● Probability of selecting a red shirt as the second shirt = 2 / 14

Therefore, the correct probability that the second shirt is red, given that the first shirt is blue, is 2/14,
which simplifies to 1/7.
Example 4: A coin is flipped twice. Let A be the event that both flip land on heads and let B be the event
that at least one flip lands on heads.
Solution:
Sample space of an experiment or random trial is the set of all possible outcomes or results of that
experiment. Here ‘S’ denotes the sample space.
S = {(H, H), (H, T), (T, H), (T, T)}
P(A∩B) = 1 / 4 = 0.25
P(B) = 3 / 4 = 0.75
Applying formula:

= 0.33
Conditional Probability using Two-way Tables
A survey is conducted in a college on which people were asked what they would like to watch. This
two-way table displays data for the sample of students who responded to the survey:
Question: Find the probability that the student was a girl, given that the student voted for Harry Potter.
Solution:
This question can be divided into two parts:
1. Find the probability that the student chooses Harry Potter as the series they would like to watch?
= 0.7
2. Find the probability of students that the student was a girl and voted for harry potter
= 0.25
Applying Conditional Probability formula:
P(girl | harry potter) =
 = 0.25
Tree Diagram and Conditional Probability
A company needs to check whether a bulb is fused or not and an alarm is triggered when a fused bulb is
detected. Suppose that 5% of sets contain a fused bulb. If a set of bulbs contains a fused bulb there is a
98% chance that it triggers the alarm. if a set doesn’t contain a fused bulb, there is an 8% chance that it
triggers the alarm. A randomly chosen set of bulbs is taken, what is the probability that it contains a
forbidden item? Probability of randomly choosing a set that contains a fused bulb:
What is the probability that a randomly chosen bag does NOT contain a forbidden item?
P(not fused) = 1 − P(fused) = 1 − 0.05 = 0.95
If a set contains a fused bulb,there is 98% of chance being detected. If a bag doesn’t contain a fused
item, there is 8% chance that it triggers the alarm.
Given that a set contains a fused item, what is the probability that it does NOT trigger the alarm?
P(contains the fused bulb not trigger the alarm) = 1 − 0.98 = 0.02
Given that a set does NOT contain a fused item, what is the probability that it does NOT trigger the
alarm?
P(does not contain fused and don’t trigger) = 1 − 0.08 = 0.92
Complete tree diagram:
Conditional Question: Given a randomly chosen set triggers the alarm, what is the probability that it
contains a fused bulb?
P(fused ∣ triggers the alarm) = P(F∩A) / P(A)
We found this probability in the tree diagram. Since 5%, percent of bags contain a fused item, and 98%,
of those bags, trigger the alarm, we can multiply those probabilities:
P(F∩A) = (0.05) ∗ (0.98) = 0.049
Find the probability that a randomly selected set triggers the alarm. There are two situations where sets
can trigger the alarm, so we add those two probabilities together:
P(A) = P(F∩A) + P(N∩A) = 0.049 + 0.076 = 0.125
Final result:
P(F∣A) = P(F∩A) / P(A) = 0.049 / (0.049 + 0.076) = 0.049 / 0.125 = 0.392
Analyzing Event Probability for Independence
Tom’s has 1 blue shirt, 1 green shirt, 1 blue hat, 1 green scarf. 1 blue pair of pants. and 1 green pair of
pants Tom selects one of these garments at random. Let A be the event of selecting a blue garment and
B be the event that chooses a shirt.
P(A) = 3 / 6 = 1 / 2
P(B) = 2 / 6 = 1 / 3
P(A/B) = 1 / 2
P(B/A) = 1 / 3
P(A∩B) = 1 / 6
Verification:

● P(B/A) = P(B) * P(A)

1/6 = 1/6

● P(B/A) = P(B)

1/3 = 1/3
P(A/B) = P(A) It is the probability of choosing a blue garment given that he chooses a shirt is
equal to the probability that tom selects a blue garment.
P(B/A) = P(B), the probability that tom selects a shirt given that he has chosen a blue garment is
equal to the probability that tom selects a shirt.
Remember the formula of the independent above i.e.
P(A∩B) = P(A) ∗ P(B)
P(A/B) = P(A)