AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS

An Aggregate Function in SQL performs a calculation on multiple values and

returns a single value. SQL provides many aggregate functions that include avg,
count, sum, min, max, etc. An aggregate function ignores NULL values when it
performs the calculation, except for the count function.

An aggregate function in SQL returns one value after calculating multiple values of
a column. We often use aggregate functions with the GROUP BY and HAVING
clauses of the SELECT statement.

Various types of SQL aggregate functions are:

 Count()

 Sum()

 Avg()

 Min()

 Max()
 COUNT FUNCTION
The COUNT function counts the number of cells that contain numbers, and counts
numbers within the list of arguments. Use the COUNT function to get the number
of entries in a number field that is in a range or array of numbers.

Syntax

COUNT(value1, [value2], ...)

 SUM FUNCTION
The SUM function adds values. You can add individual values, cell references or
ranges or a mix of all three.

Syntax

=SUM(number1,[number2],...)
 AVERAGE FUNCTION
Average, which is the arithmetic mean, and is calculated by adding a
group of numbers and then dividing by the count of those numbers .

Syntax

=AVERAGE(number1, [number2], ...)

 MINIMUM FUNCTION
This article describes the formula syntax and usage of the MIN function in
Microsoft Excel. It returns the smallest number in a set of values.

Syntax

MIN(number1, [number2], ...)

The MIN function syntax has the following arguments:

 Number1, number2, ... Number1 is optional, subsequent numbers are

optional. 1 to 255 numbers for which you want to find the minimum value.
 MAXIMUM FUNCTION
This article describes the formula syntax and usage of the MAX function in
Microsoft Excel .It returns the largest value in a set of values.

Syntax

MAX(number1, [number2], ...)

The MAX function syntax has the following arguments:

 Number1, number2, ... Number1 is required, subsequent numbers are

optional. 1 to 255 numbers for which you want to find the maximum value.
 IF FUNCTION
The IF function is a premade function in Excel, which returns values based on
a true or false condition.

It is typed =IF and has 3 parts:

=IF(logical_test, [value_if_true], [value_if_false])

The condition is referred to as logical_test, which can check things like:

 If a number is greater than another number >

 If a number is smaller than another number <
 If a number or text is equal to something =
 NESTED IF FUNCTION
Nested IF functions, meaning one IF function inside of another, allow you to test
multiple criteria and increases the number of possible outcomes.

Syntax

=IF(logical_test, [value_if_true], [value_if_false])

 PIVOT TABLE

A pivot table is a table of grouped values that aggregates the individual items of a
more extensive table (such as from a database, spreadsheet, or business
intelligence program) within one or more discrete categories. This summary might
include sums, averages, or other statistics, which the pivot table groups together
using a chosen aggregation function applied to the grouped values.
 VLOOKUP FUNCTION

VLOOKUP stands for ‘Vertical Lookup’. It is a function that makes Excel search for
a certain value in a column (the so called ‘table array’), in order to return a value
from a different column in the same row.

Syntax: =VLOOKUP(VLOOKUP=VLOOKUP (lookup_value, table_array,

col_index_number, [range_lookup]),)
 SORTING AND FILTERING
You sort data to quickly organize your data and to find the data that you want and
filter data to display only the rows that meet criteria that you specify and hide
rows that you do not want displayed, for one or more columns of data.

For example

When we apply “ Sort and Filter” function on the data.

We obtained data of females by using “SORT” function on the data
 ABSOLUTE AND REALATIVE REFERENCE
There are two types of cell references: relative and absolute.

1. Relative References
2. Absolute references

They behave differently when copied and filled to other cells.

 Relative references change when a formula is copied to another cell.

 Absolute references, on the other hand, remain constant no matter where
they are copied

Absolute Reference

Relative Reference
 COLUMN CHART
Data that’s arranged in columns or rows on a worksheet can be plotted in a
column chart. A column chart typically displays categories along the horizontal
(category) axis and values along the vertical (value) axis, as shown in this chart:
Result of
Year Result of IXth Xth Result of XIth Result of XIIth
2013-14 78 98 90 98
2014-15 89 78 75 89
2015-16 94 97 86 79
2016-17 60 67 87 92
2017-18 82 98 94 91
2018-19 80 60 62 83
2019-20 70 93 90 79
2020-21 94 57 65 84
2021-22 91 87 98 93
2022-23 92 95 78 99

CLUSTERD COLUMN
Result
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0
2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23

Result of IXth Result of Xth Result of XIth Result of XIIth

STACKED COLUMN

100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40% Result of XIIth
30% Result of XIth
Result of Xth
20% Result of IXth
10%
0%
2013 2014
-14 -15 2015 2016 2017
-16 -17 2018
-18 -19 2019 2020 2021
-20 -21 2022
-22 -23
 LINE CHART
Data that's arranged in columns or rows on a worksheet can be plotted in a line
chart. In a line chart, category data is distributed evenly along the horizontal axis,
and all value data is distributed evenly along the vertical axis. Line charts can
show continuous data over time on an evenly scaled axis, so they're ideal for
showing trends in data at equal intervals, like months, quarters, or fiscal years.
Year Result of IXth Result of Xth Result of XIth Result of XIIth
2013-14 78 98 90 98
2014-15 89 78 75 89
2015-16 94 97 86 79
2016-17 60 67 87 92
2017-18 82 98 94 91
2018-19 80 60 62 83
2019-20 70 93 90 79
2020-21 94 57 65 84
2021-22 91 87 98 93
2022-23 92 95 78 99

400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23

Result of IXth Result of Xth Result of XIth Result of XIIth

 PIE CHART
Data that's arranged in one column or row on a worksheet can be plotted in a pie
chart. Pie charts show the size of items in one data series, proportional to the sum
of the items. The data points in a pie chart are shown as a percentage of the
whole pie.
Year Result of IXth Result of Xth Result of XIth Result of XIIth
2013-14 78 98 90 98
2014-15 89 78 75 89
2015-16 94 97 86 79
2016-17 60 67 87 92
2017-18 82 98 94 91
2018-19 80 60 62 83
2019-20 70 93 90 79
2020-21 94 57 65 84
2021-22 91 87 98 93
2022-23 92 95 78 99

PIE CHART

2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18

2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23
 DOUGHNUT CHART
Data that's arranged in columns or rows only on a worksheet can be plotted in a
doughnut chart. Like a pie chart, a doughnut chart shows the relationship of parts
to a whole, but it can contain more than one data series.
Year Result of IXth Result of Xth Result of XIth Result of XIIth
2013-14 78 98 90 98
2014-15 89 78 75 89
2015-16 94 97 86 79
2016-17 60 67 87 92
2017-18 82 98 94 91
2018-19 80 60 62 83
2019-20 70 93 90 79
2020-21 94 57 65 84
2021-22 91 87 98 93
2022-23 92 95 78 99

Doughnut Chart
2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18
2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22 2022-23
 BAR CHART
Data that's arranged in columns or rows on a worksheet can be plotted in a bar
chart. Bar charts illustrate comparisons among individual items. In a bar chart, the
categories are typically organized along the vertical axis, and the values along the
horizontal axis.
Year Result of IXth Result of Xth Result of XIth Result of XIIth
2013-14 78 98 90 98
2014-15 89 78 75 89
2015-16 94 97 86 79
2016-17 60 67 87 92
2017-18 82 98 94 91
2018-19 80 60 62 83
2019-20 70 93 90 79
2020-21 94 57 65 84
2021-22 91 87 98 93
2022-23 92 95 78 99

Bar Chart
2022-23
2021-22
2020-21
2019-20
2018-19
2017-18
2016-17
2015-16
2014-15
2013-14
0
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Result of IXth Result of Xth Result of XIth Result of XIIth

 AREA CHART
Data that's arranged in columns or rows on a worksheet can be plotted in an area
chart. Area charts can be used to plot change over time and draw attention to the
total value across a trend. By showing the sum of the plotted values, an area chart
also shows the relationship of parts to a whole.
Year Result of IXth Result of Xth Result of XIth Result of XIIth
2013-14 78 98 90 98
2014-15 89 78 75 89
2015-16 94 97 86 79
2016-17 60 67 87 92
2017-18 82 98 94 91
2018-19 80 60 62 83
2019-20 70 93 90 79
2020-21 94 57 65 84
2021-22 91 87 98 93
2022-23 92 95 78 99

Area Chart

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2013-14 2014-15
2015-16 2016-17
2017-18 2018-19
2019-20 2020-21
2021-22 2022-23

Result of IXth Result of Xth Result of XIth Result of XIIth

 BUBBLE CHART

Much like a scatter chart, a bubble chart adds a third column to specify the size of
the bubbles it shows to represent the data points in the data series.

Year Result of IXth Result of Xth Result of XIth Result of XIIth

2013-14 78 98 90 98
2014-15 89 78 75 89
2015-16 94 97 86 79
2016-17 60 67 87 92
2017-18 82 98 94 91
2018-19 80 60 62 83
2019-20 70 93 90 79
2020-21 94 57 65 84
2021-22 91 87 98 93
2022-23 92 95 78 99

Bubble Chart

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100

80

60

40

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0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Result of IXth Result of XIth