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Good day everyone! It’s me Chrisyl Bea your facilitator for today’s discussion

Another topic to be tackled is Chapter 4 in the book entitled Formation.

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Here is the chapter outline.

Joining groups, Affiliation, Attraction

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Joining Groups

People Differ from each other in many ways like personality, motivations, and past
experiences. These differences predispose some people to join groups and other
remain apart

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Personality is the configuration of distinctive but enduring dispositional characteristics
including traits, temperament, and values, that characterize an individual’s responses
across situations.
For example
Juan is known for his friendly and trustworthy nature in any situation. Maayo sya maki
sama sa uban. These traits kay present ni sya throughout time not only ana na time but
also contribute to guiding responses to challenges, interactions, and decisions in
various situations.

Five-factor Model of personality A conceptual model of the primary dimensions that

structure individual differences in personality. It provides one explanation for the
idiosyncratic consistencies in individuals’ thoughts, feelings, and actions over time. The
five dimensions are extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and
openness to experience. Different theorists sometimes use different labels.

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These are the 5 personality under ffm
First is extraversion.
engagement and interest in social interactions, including friendliness,
gregariousness (quality of enjoying the company of others), assertiveness,
activity, excitement seeking, and cheerfulness.

It is more likely to move toward people rather than away from people. If ang
tawo are sociable, outgoing, and active; they are likely to prefer sa company of
others, specifically in enjoyable situations. If these people have these personality,
ginatawag na sila ug extravert.

Ang naa sa low side ani na trait is called introverts. Introverts are mostly quiet
and reclusive.

Next is Agreeableness
cooperative orientation to others, including acceptance, frankness, compassion,
congeniality, modesty, and sympathy
then, conscientiousness
persistence in the pursuit of tasks, including self-confidence, orderliness, meeting of
obligations, achievement striving, self-regulation, and measured responding.
Then Neuroticism: strong emotional proclivities, including anxiety, hostility, negative
affect, shyness, lack of impulse control, and reactivity to stressors.
And Openness to Experience: active pursuit of intellectually and aesthetically
stimulating experiences, including imagination, fantasy, appreciation of art, openness to
emotions and experiences, curiosity, and cognitive flexibility

theory assumes that people differ from one another in many ways, but much of this
variability is the observable manifestation of these five basic dimensions.
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Personality traits may push people toward groups, other personal qualities may push
them away from groups. Some people are shy, socially anxious, or just less interested
in being connected to other people and to groups

Shyness
The tendency to be reserved or timid during social interactions, usually coupled with
feelings of discomfort and nervousness. It is like you will feel uncomforatable, uneasy,
and awkward in actual or anticipated social interaction. Shy people kay di jd hilig maga
join ug group ug they didn’t find it enjoyable. They are comfortable in focused groups,
such as sports teams and academic groups, and through positive interactions within
such groups, maka gain sila more ug social confidence. Naay gina tawag ug social
surrogate. This people kay maoy naga help nil ana mo transition into the group by doing
much of the work needed to establish connections with others.

Shyness can escalate to social anxiety ( in some cases rapud) . Social Anxiety
A feeling of apprehension and embarrassment experienced when anticipating or
actually interacting with other people. Ma set in sya if people want to make a good
impression, but they do not think ana nga attempt na mo establish ug relationship
towards them. Agi aning negative expectation, if people interact with other people, they
suffer disabling emotional, physiological, and behavioral side effect. They become
physiologically aroused to the point that their pulse races, they blush and perspire, their
hands may tremble, and their voices quiver when they speak. Socially anxious people,
even when they join groups, do not actively participate; they can be identified by their
silence, downcast eyes, and low speaking voices. This anxiety can cause people to
reduce their social contact with others—to disaffiliate

experience sampling
A research method that asks participants to record their thoughts, emotions, or behavior
at the time they are experiencing them rather than at a later time or date; in some
cases, participants make their entries when they are signaled by researchers using
electronic pagers, personal data assistants (PDAs), or similar devices.
If these feelings of anxiety are paired with a pronounced fear of embarrassment or
humiliation, the individual may be experiencing social anxiety disorder (SAD.
social anxiety disorder (or social phobia) A persistent and pervasive pattern of
overwhelming anxiety and self-consciousness experienced when anticipating or actually
interacting with other people. Group situations that are most disturbing to individuals
suffering from SAD are speaking in front of other people, including during a group
meeting or a class; attending social events, including parties; and eating with other
people.

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Attachment Style
When individuals join a group, they are agreeing, even if implicitly, to be part of a set of
intertwined relationships with one or more other individuals. If you are a person nga
comfortable lang around people then joining group is sayob ra jud but if you are a
person who avoids forming relationships with others or experiences problems
maintaining relationship, then groups kay , mag lisud jud na sila. Attachment style is
one’s basic cognitive, emotional, and behavioral orientation when in a relationship with
others.
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idea that individuals differ in their orientations to their relationships is the basis of
attachment theory. This theory suggests that, from an early age, children differ in the
way they relate to others, with some children developing very secure and comfortable
relationships with their caregivers but others exhibiting dependence and uncertainty.
Some people enjoy forming close relationships, and they do not worry about being
abandoned by their loved ones. Others, however, are uncomfortable relying on other
people, they worry that their loved ones will reject them, or they are simply uninterested
in relationships altogether.
The four basic styles shown in Figure 4.1—secure, preoccupied, fearful, and dismissing
—reflect two underlying dimensions: anxiety about relationships and avoidance of
closeness and dependency on other
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Social motives prompt people to take action, and those actions include seeking out and
joining groups.
need for affiliation
A motivating state of tension that can be relieved by joining with other people, which
frequently includes concerns about winning the approval of other people. Individuals
who are high in the need for affiliation express a stronger desire to be with other people,
they seem happier when they are with people. Also, they are more disturbed by
unpleasant interactions with others. they tend to join groups more frequently, spend
more of their time in groups, communicate more with other group members, and accept
other group members more readily. Individuals who are high in the need for affiliation
are drawn to groups, but some research suggests that they are also more anxious when
they confront social situations, perhaps because they fear rejection. Those who are high
in need for affiliation are less likely to join a group when they fear the group will reject
them

need for intimacy

A motivating state of tension that can be relieved by seeking out warm, positive
relationships with others. Individuals who have a high need for intimacy, like those who
have a high need for affiliation, prefer to join with others. Such individuals, however,
seek close, warm relations and are more likely to express caring and concern for other
people. They do not fear rejection but, instead, are more focused on friendship,
camaraderie, reciprocity, and mutual help.

need for power

A motivating state of tension that can be relieved by gaining control over other people
and one’s environment. Individuals who are high in the need for power (or power
motive) exhibit an elevated desire to maintain and enhance their capacity to influence
other people. those who are high in power seek to lead the groups they join. They also
reported exercising more control in these groups by organizing and initiating activities,
assuming responsibility, and attempting to persuade others.
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Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation (FIRO)
A theory of group formation and development that emphasizes compatibility among
three basic social motives: inclusion, control, and affection (developed by William
Schutz). He argued they combine to determine how people treat others and how people
want others to treat them.
Inclusion (need for affiliation) refers to peoples’ desire to join with others but also their
need to be accepted by those others. Affection (need for intimacy) is a desire to like
others as well as a desire to be liked by them. Control (need for power) includes the
need to dominate others but also the willingness to let others be dominant. FIRO theory
assumes that people join groups, and remain in them, because they meet one or more
of these basic needs.
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relationality The degree to which one’s values, attitudes, and outlooks emphasize and
facilitate establishing and maintaining connections to others
Studies find that men and women differ in their tendency to join groups, but the
differences are not great in magnitude. Women remember more details about their
relationships than do men, and they more accurately recount events that occurred in
their social networks. Higher sab sila in relationality, that is, their values, attitudes, and
outlooks emphasize and facilitate establishing and maintaining connections to other.
Men are more agentic than women and so are more likely to join with other men in order
to perform a task or reach a goal. These tendencies may reflect women’s and men’s
differing interpersonal orientations, with women more likely to define themselves in
terms of their memberships in groups and their relationships. The sexes may also differ
in their emphasis on achieving power and establishing connections with others. Both of
these goals can best be achieved in groups, but they require membership in different
types of groups. Men, seeking power and influence, join competitive, goal-oriented
groups where they can vie for status. Women, seeking intimate relationships and, in
some cases, safety, would be more likely to join small, supportive groups.

4-1 e.
People’s attitudes, experiences, and expectations are all factors that influence their
decision to join a group.
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Beliefs about groups
Even though humans seem to sort themselves into groups in most contexts, some
remain ambivalent about them. Whereas some people look forward with breathless
anticipation to their next subcommittee meeting, group learning experience, or business
meeting, others question—quite openly—the worth of these social contrivances. There
is this called Beliefs about Groups scale to measure people’s preferences for taking part
in groups, expectations about how hard people work in groups, and predictions of the
positive and negative effects groups will have on performance. Individuals who had
more positive beliefs about a group’s capacity to enhance performance and effort
expressed a stronger preference to join in groups, whereas those who had more
negative expectations about groups were disinclined to take part in them.

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Experience in Groups
One’s previous experience in groups, whether good or bad, influences one’s interest in
joining groups in the future. Experience in groups in high school dampened that
enthusiasm somewhat, at least for the specific groups that interested them. For
example, those who were in student government in high school and were interested in
taking part in student politics in college felt that this group would be rewarding, but they
also recognized that it would impose costs as well.
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Taking Collective Action
social movement A deliberate, sustained, and organized group of individuals seeking
change or resisting a change in a social system. Movements are sustained by
individuals who may share a common outlook on issues or by members of identifiable
social groups or categories, but not by businesses, political organizations, or
governments.
Many factors influence people’s decisions to join a social movement, but two factors—a
sense of injustice and strong emotions—are particularly critical.
collaborative circle A relatively small group of peers who work together for an extended
period of time, exchanging ideas for commentary and critique and developing a shared
conception of what their methods and goals should be.
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affiliation The gathering together of individuals (typically members of the same species)
in one location; also, a formalized relationship, as when an individual is said to be
affiliated with a group or organization. is the gathering together of conspecifics in one
location. This process, as we have seen, depends in part on the personalities,
preferences, and other personal qualities of the group members. Affiliation, however,
also becomes more likely in some situations and less likely in others. When we face
uncertain or bewildering conditions, when we experience stressful circumstances, and
when we are fearful (but not embarrassed), we can gain the information and social
support we need by joining a group.

Social Comparison
Physical reality is a reliable guide in many cases, but, to validate social reality, people
must compare their interpretations to those of other people. Social Comparison is the
process of contrasting one’s personal qualities and outcomes, including beliefs,
attitudes, values, abilities, accomplishments, and experiences, to those of other people.
it begins when people find themselves in ambiguous, confusing situations. Such
situations trigger a variety of psychological reactions, most of which are unsettling, and
so people affiliate with others to gain the information they need to reduce their
confusion.
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Safety in numbers
Humans are group-seeking animals, but their gregariousness becomes particularly
robust under conditions of stress (Rofé, 1984). In times of trouble, such as illness,
divorce, catastrophe, natural disaster, or personal loss, people seek out friends and
relatives. Individuals experiencing work-related stress, such as the threat of layoffs, time
pressures, or inadequate supervision, cope by joining with coworkers . When reminded
of their own mortality, they are more likely to sit closer to other people, even if these
other individuals do not share their opinions on important social issue.

Affiliation and Social support

social support A sense of belonging, emotional support, advice, guidance, tangible
assistance, and perspective provided by groups when members experience stress, daily
hassles, and more significant life crises. Social support can take many forms, ranging
from acceptance and inclusion to confirmation of identity and purpose
Belonging: Groups let members know that they are valued members and reassure them
that they are not alone in facing their problems; they meet members’ need to feel
included and accepted.
■ Emotional support: Group members express their caring, concern, and affection for
one another; they minimize self-doubt, tension, and vulnerability while increasing self-
esteem, resilience, and self-satisfaction. Members compliment, encourage, and listen to
one another.
■ Informational support: Groups provide members with useful information for solving
problems, making decisions, and setting their goals; they offer advice, guidance, and
suggestions.
■ Instrumental support: Groups offer tangible assistance to their members, as when
they help each other with assigned tasks, loan money and materials to one another, or
work collaboratively on shared tasks.
■ Meaning: Groups provide members with existential, or spiritual support, by allaying
existential anxiety, reconfirming members’ world views, and sharing faith and
perspectives
Affiliation and Health
Groups, although they can sometimes irritate their members as much as they support
them, are usually a safe haven from the storm of stress. Stressful life circumstances
leave people at risk for psychological and physical illness, but groups can serve as
protective buffers against these negative consequences. This topic talks about the
affiliation and health and all neuroscience studies example in the book and part of this
chapter.

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Social Comparison and the Self
Affiliation, and the social comparison processes it instigates, provide individuals with
information about confusing circumstances as well as comfort and companionship in
difficult times. But the impact of affiliation does not stop there. Individuals, by joining
with others, gain information about their relative standing on skills, competencies, and
outcomes; this information has a substantial impact on their self-satisfactions and
motivations.
Upward and Downward Social Comparison
People compare themselves to others when they lack information about the situation
they face, but they are not indiscriminate when selecting targets for comparison. When
they want information, they select people who are similar to them or are likely to be
particularly well-informed. But when self-esteem is on the line, people engage in
downward social comparison by selecting targets who are worse off than they are.
downward social comparison Selecting people who are less well off as targets for social
comparison (rather than individuals who are similar or superior to oneself or one’s
outcomes).
upward social comparison Selecting people who are superior to oneself or whose
outcomes surpass one’s own as targets for social comparison.
upward social comparison can also provoke darker, more negative, emotions, such as
resentment, envy, and shame rather than pride and admiration (Smith, 2000). When
students were asked to keep track of the people they compared themselves to over a
two-week period, they reported feeling depressed and discouraged when they
associated with more competent people
When our own accomplishments pale in comparison to those of a friend or fellow group
member, social comparison often leaves us feeling more dejected than elated. But not
always. As Abraham Tesser’s self-evaluation maintenance (SEM) model suggests, we
will graciously celebrate others’ accomplishments, provided they perform very well on
tasks that are not central to our sense of self-worth.

self-evaluation maintenance (SEM) model A theoretical analysis of social comparison

processes that assumes that individuals maintain and enhance their self-esteem by
associating with high-achieving individuals who excel in areas that are not relevant to
the individual’s own sense of self-esteem and avoiding association with high-achieving
individuals who excel in areas that are important to the individual’s sense of self-esteem

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Affiliation may set the stage for a group to form, but attraction transforms acquaintances
into friends.

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People often assume that their groups result from rational planning or common
interests, but the proximity principle suggests that people join groups that happen to be
close by. proximity principle The tendency for individuals to form interpersonal relations
with those who are close by; also known as the “principle of propinquity.”
People do not form groups with whomever is near them because they are shallow or
indiscriminating. First, when people continually encounter other people because their
offices, homes, desks, or rooms are located adjacent to theirs, familiarity increases.
And, the familiarity principle (or “mere exposure effect”) suggests that people show a
preference for the familiar rather than the unknown Second, proximity increases
interaction between people, and interaction cultivates attraction. Repeated interactions
may foster a sense of groupness as the people come to think of themselves as a group
and those outside the group begin to treat them as a group
As with any scientific law of human behavior, exceptions can be noted, particularly
when the interactions that proximity promotes yield negative rather than positive
outcomes. When people were asked to name their friends, most identified people who
lived close by and whom they interacted with very frequently. But when they named
someone they disliked, they also tended to pick a near neighbor (Ebbesen, Kjos, &
Konecni, 1976). If repeated exposure reveals that those nearby have contemptible
qualities, then familiarity will breed contempt rather than contentment

Groups, as self- organizing, dynamic systems, tend to increase in complexity over time.
A group that begins with only two members tends to grow in size as these individuals
become linked to other nearby individuals. In systems theory, this process is termed
elaboration (Parks, 2007) or percolation (Nagler, Levina, & Timme, 2011): “the basic
dynamic of elaboration is the proliferation of elements and ties,” which “are linked
together to form a functional unit called a group” elaboration principle the tendency for
groups to expand in size as nonmembers become linked to a group member and thus
become part of the group itself; this process is termed percolation in network theory.

People are attracted to those who are similar to them in some way. Similarity principle
tendency for individuals to seek out, affiliate with, or be attracted to an individual who is
similar to them in some way; this tendency causes groups and other interpersonal
aggregates to be homogenous rather than divers. Similarity is a social magnet that
creates all kinds of relationships. People tend to marry people who are similar to them;
they join groups composed of others who are like them; and they live in communities
where people are more alike than different. Although these similarities often reflect
agreements in attitudes, values, and beliefs, they are also based on demographic
characteristics, such as race, ethnicity, sex, and age. As a result, homophily is common
in group. Homophily is also called “Love of the same”; the tendency for the members of
groups and other collectives to be similar to one another in some way, such as
demographic background, attitudes, and values; generally expressed informally as
“birds of a feather flock together.” Similarity may also increase a sense of
connectedness to the other person. if a person is similar to us, it follows logically that he
or she must be attractive.
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The similarity principle exerts a powerful influence on groups, but in some cases
opposites attract. If people’s qualities complement each other—they are dissimilar, but
they fit well together—then this unique form of dissimilarity may encourage people to
associate with one another. People are attracted to those who possess characteristics
that complement their own personal characteristics and that is called the
complementarity principle. complementarity principle a tendency for opposites to attract
when the ways in which people are dissimilar are congruent (complementary) in some
way.
compatibility can be based on both similarity and complementarity.
Interchange compatibility exists when members have similar expectations about the
group’s intimacy, control, and inclusiveness. Interchange compatibility will be high, for
example, if all the members expect that their group will be formally organized with
minimal expressions of intimacy, but it will be low if some think that they can share their
innermost feelings, whereas others want a more reserved exchange.
. Originator compatibility exists when people have dissimilar, but complementary, needs
with regard to expressing and receiving control, inclusion, and affection. For example,
originator compatibility would be high if a person with a high need to control the group
joined a group whose members wanted a strong leader.

reciprocity principle The tendency for liking to be met with liking in return; when A likes
B, then B will tend to like A. that liking tends to be mutual. Negative reciprocity also
occurs in groups, for disliking someone is a sure way to earn that person’s contempt.

Social exchange theory offers one final, and particularly important, principle for
predicting group formation. This theory assumes that people are rational creatures who
strive to minimize their troubles, worries, and losses and instead maximize their positive
outcomes, happiness, and rewards. minimax principle A general preference for
relationships and memberships that provide the maximum number of valued rewards
and incur the fewest number of possible costs.
People are usually attracted to groups whose members possess positively valued
qualities and avoid groups of people with objectionable characteristics. People prefer to
associate with people who are generous, enthusiastic, punctual, dependable, helpful,
strong, truthful, and intelligent (Clark & Lemay, 2010). People tend to dislike and reject
as potential group members those individuals who possess socially unattractive
personal qualities—people who seem pushy, rude, self-centered, boring, or negative

Last slide
The minimax principle argues that those who joined the group must have felt that the
benefits outweighed the costs. According to Thibaut and Kelley (1959) the decision to
join is based on two factors: the comparison level and the comparison level for
alternatives.
comparison level (CL) In social exchange theory, the standard by which the individual
evaluates the quality of any social relationship. In most cases, individuals whose prior
relationships yielded positive rewards with few costs will have higher CLs than those
who experienced fewer rewards and more costs in prior relationships
Comparison level, however, only predicts when people will be satisfied with
membership in a group. If we want to predict whether people will join groups or leave
them, we must also take into account the value of other, alternative groups. According
to Thibaut and Kelley (1959), the group with the best reward/cost balance will determine
Degas’ comparison level for alternatives (CLalt).
comparison level for alternatives (CLalt) In social exchange theory, the standard by
which individuals evaluate the quality of other groups that they may join (described by
John Thibaut and Harold Kelly).
Entering and exiting groups is largely determined by CLalt, whereas satisfaction with
membership is determined by CL.