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John Rendel G. Tumaron WIND LOAD
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Reinforced Concrete Design
WIND LOAD ANALYSIS

CALCULATION OF WIND LOAD USING MWFRS (NSCP 2015)

FOR MAIN WIND-FORCE RESISTING SYSTEM (MWFRS), see Section 207C: Envelope
procedure for low-rise buildings. Follow the steps to determine MWFRS wind loads on
MWFRS low-rise buildings in Table 207C.2-1.
207A.1.2 Permitted Procedures
1. Occupancy Category, see Section 103, Table 103-1
2. Basic Wind Speed, V, see Figure 207A.5-1 A, B, or C
3. Wind Directionality Factor, Kd, see Section 207A.6
4. Exposure Category, see Section 207A.7
5. Topographic Factor, Kzt, see Section 207A.8
6. Gust Effect Factor, G, see Section 207A.9
7. Enclosure Classification, see Section 207A.10
8. Internal Pressure Coefficient, GCpi, see Section 207A.11

And others include in computations are:

i. Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficients, Kz, & Kh, see Section B.3.1
ii. Velocity Pressure, qz & qzt, see Section B.3.2
iii. External Pressure Coefficients, Cp, see Section B.4.7
iv. Design Wind Pressure, p, see Section 207B.4
v. Design Wind Loads

1: Determine occupancy category of building or other structure, see Table 103-1 of

NSCP 2015

 Occupancy Category based on table 103-1 is category IV Standard Occupancy

Structures (All structures housing occupancies or having functions not listed in
category I, II, or III and category V)
2: Determine the basic wind speed, V, for the applicable occupancy category; see
Figure 207A.5-1A, B or C.

 Location: Baler, Aurora

 Since occupancy category is IV, refer to Figure 207A.5-1A Basic Wind Speed for
Occupancy III, IV, And V Buildings and Other Structures.
 Therefore, the basic wind speed, V = 280 kph

3 : Wind Parameters

WIND directionality Factor, Kd

 Main Wind-Force Resisting System (MWFRS): Kd = 0.85

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John Rendel G. Tumaron WIND LOAD
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Reinforced Concrete Design
4: Exposure category, see Section 207A.7
 Structure situated in open terrain, therefore exposure B, based on Section 207A.7.
Table 1: Terrain Exposure Constants (Based on Table 207A.9-1 of NSCP 2015)

5: Topographic factor, 𝑲zt, see Section 207A.8 and Table 207A.8-1.

 According to Section 207A.8.2, if site conditions and structure locations do not meet
all the conditions specified in Section 207A.9.1, then Kzt = 1.0. Therefore, Kzt = 1.0
6: Gust Effect factor, G.
 According to Section 207A. 9.1, the gust- effect factor for rigid buildings or other
structures is permitted to be taken as 0.85. Therefore, the gust-effect factor is 0.85.
7: Enclosure classification, see Section 207A.10

Front Elevation
Area of Openings:
D1 = (1.2 x 2.1) = 2.52m2 W1 = (1.6 x 1.2) = 1.92m2
D2 = (0.8 x 2.1) = 1.68m2 W6 = (2.5 x 2.1) = 5.25m2
Ao = D1 + D2 + W1 + 2W6
Ao = (1.2 x 2.1) + (0.8 x 2.1) + (1.6 x 1.2) + 2(2.5 x 2.1)
Ao = 16.62m2

Area of Walls:
Ag = A1st floor + A2nd floor + Agable end
1
Ag = (1.45 x 3) + (4.5 x 3) + 2(4.5 x 3) + (9)(2.5)
2
Ag = 56.1 m2
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John Rendel G. Tumaron WIND LOAD
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Reinforced Concrete Design

Rear Elevation

Area of Openings:
W1 = (1.6 x 1.2) = 1.92m2 W4 = (0.5 x 0.5) = 0.25m2
W2 = (1.7 x 1.2) = 2.04m2
Ao = 2W1+ 1W2 +2 W4
Ao = 2(1.6 x 1.2) + (1.7 x 1.2) + 2(0.5 x 0.5)
Ao = 6.38 m2

Area of Walls:
Ag = A1st floor + A2nd floor + Agable end
1
Ag = 2(4.5 x 3) + 2(4.5 x 3) + (9)(2.5)
2
Ag = 65.25 m2
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John Rendel G. Tumaron WIND LOAD
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Reinforced Concrete Design

Right Elevation

Area of Openings:
W1 = (1.6 x 1.2) = 1.92m2 W3 = (2.6 x 1.2) = 3.12m2
W2 = (1.7 x 1.2) = 2.04m2 W5 = (2.9 x 2.2) = 6.28m2
Ao = W1 + W2 + W3+ W5
Ao = (1.6 x 1.2) + (1.7 x 1.2) + (2.6 x 1.2) + (2.9 x 2.2)
Ao = 13.46 m2

Area of Walls:
Ag = A1st floor + A2nd floor
Ag = 3(4 x 3) + 3(4 x 3)
Ag = 72 m2
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John Rendel G. Tumaron WIND LOAD
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Reinforced Concrete Design

Left elevation

Area of Openings:
W4 = (2.6 x 1.2) = 3.12m2 W7 = (2.4 x 1.6) = 3.84m2
W1 = (1.6 x 1.2) = 1.92m2
Ao = 3W4 + W1 + W7
Ao = 3(2.6 x 1.2) + (1.6 x 1.2) + (2.4 x 1.6)
Ao = 15.12 m2

Area of Walls:
Ag = A1st floor + A2nd floor
Ag = 3(4 x 3) + 3(4 x 3)
Ag = 72 m2
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John Rendel G. Tumaron WIND LOAD
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Reinforced Concrete Design

Computation for an Open Building

Open Building – a building having each wall at least 80% open. This condition is
expressed for each wall by the equation Ao ≥ 0.80 Ag. Assuming the front elevation
receives positive external wind pressure:
Ao = 16.62m2
Ag = 56.1m2 Ao ≥ 0.80 Ag
0.8 Ag = 40.2m2 16.62 m2 < 40.2 m2
“The building is not "open" since the computation doesn't comply with the
condition.”

Classification for Partially Enclosed Building

The building complies with both of the following conditions:

1. The total area opening Ao in a wall that receives positive external pressure exceeds the
sum of the areas of the openings in the balance of the building envelope (wall & roof)
by more than 10%.

Ao > 1.10Aoi

Where:
Ao = Total area of opening in a wall that receives positive external pressure, m2
Ag = Gross area of that wall in Ao is identified, m2

2. The total area of the opening in a wall that receives positive external pressure exceeds
0.37 square meters.

Ao > 0.37 m2

Assuming the front elevation receives positive external wind pressure:

Using condition 1:
Ao = 16.62 m2
Aoi = 6.38m2 + 13.46m2 + 15.12m2
= 34.96 m2
1.10Aoi = 38.456m2

19.98m2 < 38.456m2 “Equation Not Satisfied.”

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John Rendel G. Tumaron WIND LOAD
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Reinforced Concrete Design
The equation is not satisfied, stated in Sec. 207A.2 that in order to verify that the
building is a partially enclosed building, it must comply with the two conditions. Hence
the structure does not fall to the Open and Partially Open Building. Therefore, the
building will be classified as an ENCLOSED BUILDING.

8: Internal Pressure Coefficient, GCpi

Internal pressure coefficients (GCpi) shall be determined from the following table
based on building enclosure classifications determined from Section 207A.11-1

Figure 3: Internal Pressure Coefficient, GCpi (Table 207A.11-1)

“The GCpi = ±0.18”

i. Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficient

Considering wind blows perpendicular to the ridge. The effective height is the mean
roof height (h).

h = 7.25
z = 8.25
Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficients, Kz, & Kh
Referring to Section 207B.3.1. The velocity pressure coefficient K z is obtained from the
following formula or table:
Kz = 2.01(z/zg)2/ α for 4.5m ≤ z ≤ zg

Kz = for z < 4.5m

2.01(4.57/zg)2/ α

Where:
z = height above ground level, m
zg = constant listed in Table 207A.9-1
α = constant listed in Table 207A.9-1

Hence the value of z is greater than 4.5 m, use the Equation 5

Figure 4: Terrain Exposure Constants (Table 207A.9-1)

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John Rendel G. Tumaron WIND LOAD
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Reinforced Concrete Design

Zg = 365.76

α=7

Kh = 2.01 (7.25/ 365.76) 2/7

= 0.656

Kz = 2.01 (6/ 365.76) 2/7

= 0.621

The value of Kh = 0.656 and Kz = 0.621

i. Velocity Pressure, qz & qzt,

Referring to Section 207B.3.2. Velocity pressure, q z evaluated at height z shall be
calculated by the following equation:
qz = 0.613 Kz Kzt Kd V2
Where:
K = wind directionality factor
d
Kz = velocity pressure exposure coefficient
Kz = topographic factor defined
t
V = basic wind speed (m/s)
qz = velocity pressure calculated at height z (N/m2 or Pa)

qzt = velocity pressure calculated at mean roof height h

4.5
qz = 0.613(0.57) (1) (0.85) (77.78)2 = 1796.76 N/m2
6
qz = 0.613(0.621) (1) (0.85) (77.78)2 = 1957.523 N/m2
7.5
qz = 0.613(0.656) (1) (0.85) (77.78)2 = 2067.85N/m2

z(m) Kz Kd Kzt V qz
0-4.5 0.57 0.85 1 77.78
1796.76 N/m2
1957.52
6 0.621 0.85 1 77.78 3 N/m2
7.25 0.656 0.85 1 77.78 2067.85 N/m2
Table 3: Calculation of Velocity Pressure from 0-7.25m

WIND LOADS – MAIN WIND FORCE RESISTING SYSTEM (MWFRS)

207B.4-1 Design of Wind Pressure for Enclosed and Partially Enclosed Buildings
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John Rendel G. Tumaron WIND LOAD
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Reinforced Concrete Design

Design Wind Pressure for MWFRS of buildings of all heights shall be determined by the
following equations:

p = qGCp – qi (GCpi) in N/m²

(207B.4-1)

Where:

q = qz for windward walls evaluated at height z above the ground

q = qh for leeward walls, side walls, and roofs, evaluated at height h

qi = qh for windward, side walls, leeward walls, and roofs of enclosed buildings and for
negative internal pressure evaluation in partially enclosed buildings

qi = qz for positive internal pressure evaluation in partially enclosed buildings where the
height z is defined as the level of the highest opening in the building that could affect the
positive internal pressure. For buildings sited in windborne debris regions, glazing that is
not impact resistant or protected with an impact resistant covering in accordance with
section 207A.10.3

For positive internal pressure evaluation, qi may conservatively be evaluated at height h

(qi=qh)

G = gust-effect factor, see Section 207A.9

Cp = external pressure coefficient from Figures 207B.4-1, 207B.4-2 and 207B.43

(GCpi) = internal pressure coefficient from Table 207A.11-1

External Pressure Coefficient,Cp

(Figures 207B.4.1, type of roof - Gable Roof)

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John Rendel G. Tumaron WIND LOAD
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Reinforced Concrete Design

Section 207B.7 Minimum Design Wind Loads

For Walls:

Figure 6: Roof Pressure Coefficient (Sec. 207B.4.7)

Where:
B = horizontal dimension of building = 12m
perpendicular to wind direction
L = horizontal dimension of building = 9m
parallel to wind direction
h = mean roof height = 7.25m
θ = angle of plane of roof from = 29.05°
horizontal

For wind direction perpendicular to ridge

Windward Wall: 0.8
Leeward Wall: -0.5
Side Wall: -0.7
Where:L/B = 9/12
L/B = 0.75
From the table,
L/B value is from 0-1
For Roof:
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John Rendel G. Tumaron WIND LOAD
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Reinforced Concrete Design

Wind WINDWARD
Direction
Normal to h/L Angle, Ө (degrees)
Ridge for Ө 25 29.05 30
≥ 10ᵒ >10 Cp1=? -0.3
0.0 Cp2=? 0.2

Use Linear Interpolation to obtain the value of Roof Pressure Coefficient

Windward Roof

Cp30 – Cp29.05 / Cp29.05 – Cp25 = 30 – 29.05 / 29.05 – 25

-0.3 – Cp29.05 / Cp29.05 – - 0.5 = 30 – 29.05 / 29.05 – 25

30 – 29.05 / 29.05 – 25 = -0.3 – Cp29.05 / Cp29.05 – (-0.5)

Cp29.05 = -0.338

Cp30 – Cp29.05 / Cp29.05 – Cp25 = 30 – 29.05 / 29.05 – 25

0 – Cp29.05 / Cp29.05 – 0.2 = 30 – 29.05 / 29.05 – 25

30 – 29.05 / 29.05 – 25 = 0 – Cp29.05 / Cp29.05 – 0.2

Cp29.05 = 0.038

DESIGN WIND PRESSURE FOR WIND ACTING NORMAL TO RIDGE

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John Rendel G. Tumaron WIND LOAD
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Reinforced Concrete Design

Wind Load Cases:

a) Case 1: External Pressure 1 – Positive GCpi

b) Case 2: External Pressure 1 – Negative GCpi
c) Case 3: External Pressure 2 – Positive GCpi

DESIGN WIND PRESSURE ACTING IN EACH SURFACE:

p = qGCp – qi (GCpi) in N/m²

CASE 3: External Pressure 2 – Positive GCpi

Leeward Roof

Cp = -0.6

ii. Design Wind Pressure

p = qGCp – qi(GCpi)

Where:
q = qz for windward walls evaluated at height z above
the ground
= qh for leeward, side walls and roofs evaluated at
height h
qi = qh for windward, leeward, side walls and roofs of
enclosed buildings and for negative internal
pressure evaluation in partially enclosed buildings
G = topographic factor defined
Cp = external pressure coefficient
GCpi = internal pressure coefficient

Table 4: Calculation of Design Wind Pressure 1

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John Rendel G. Tumaron WIND LOAD
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Reinforced Concrete Design

PRESSURE
SURFACE z(m) q = qz g qi = qh Cp GCpi
(+)GCpi (-)Gcpi
Windward 0-4.5 1796.76 0.85 2067.85 0.8 0.18 905.4159 1538.178
Wall 6 1957.523 0.85 2067.85 0.8 0.18 1014.735 1647.497
Leeward
Wall Uniform 2067.85 0.85 2067.85 -0.3 0.18 -843.683 -210.921
Side walls Uniform 2067.85 0.85 2067.85 -0.5 0.18 -1195.22 -562.455
-
0.33
Windward
Lower 2067.85 0.85 2067.85 8 0.18 -910.474 -277.712
Roof
0.03
Upper 2067.85 0.85 2067.85 8 0.18 -249.589 383.1726
Leeward
Roof Uniform 2067.85 0.85 2067.85 -0.6 0.18 -1370.98 -738.222
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John Rendel G. Tumaron WIND LOAD
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Reinforced Concrete Design

Elevation of Load Case 1 at +GCpi

Elevation of Load Case 2 at -GCpi

Plan Load Case 1 at +GCpi

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John Rendel G. Tumaron WIND LOAD
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Reinforced Concrete Design
Plan Load Case 2 at -GCpi
CONSIDER THE WIND BLOW IS PARALLEL TO THE RIDGE AND THE EFFECTIVE HEIGHT
IS THE RIDGE HEIGHT, H=8.5m

Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficient Kz & Kh

Kz = 2.01 (8.5/ 365.76) 2/7

Kz = 0.686

Velocity Pressure

qz = 0.613 Kz Kzt Kd V2

z(m) Kz Kd Kzt V qz
0-4.5 0.57 0.85 1 77.78 1796.76 N/m2
1957.52
6 0.621 0.85 1 77.78 3 N/m2
2162.41
8.5 0.686 0.85 1 77.78 7 N/m2
Table 5: Calculation of Velocity Pressure from 0-8.5m
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John Rendel G. Tumaron WIND LOAD
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Reinforced Concrete Design
External Pressure Coefficient

Where:
B = horizontal dimension of building = 9m
perpendicular to wind direction
L = horizontal dimension of building = 12m
parallel to wind direction
h = ridge height = 8.5m
θ = angle of plane of roof from = 29.05°
horizontal

For wind direction perpendicular to ridge

Windward Wall: Cp= 0.8
Leeward Wall: Cp = -0.5 @ 0-1
-0.3 @ 2

Side Wall: Cp = -0.7

Where:L/B = 12/9
L/B = 1.33
From the table,
L/B value is from 0-1
Cp2 – Cp1.33 / Cp1.33 – Cp1 = 2 – 1.33 / 1.33 – 1

-0.3 – Cp1.33 / Cp1.33 – (-0.5) = 2 – 1.33 / 1.33 – 1

2 – 1.33 / 1.33 – 1 = -0.3 – 1.33 / 1.33 – (-0.5)

Cp = -0.434

INTERPOLATION FOR ROOF PRESSURE

Since h/L = 8.5/12 = 0.71, then interpolate to get the values,

1−0.75 −1.3−C p 0.75

=
0.75−0.5 C p 0.75−(−0.9 )

1 – 0.71 / 0.71 – 0.5 = -1.3 – Cp0.71 / Cp0.71 – (-0.9)

Cp0.71= -1.068

For h/2 to h
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John Rendel G. Tumaron WIND LOAD
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Reinforced Concrete Design

1 - 0.71 / 0.71 – 0.5 = -0.7 – Cp0.71 / Cp0.71 – (-0.9)

Cp0.71= -0.816

For h to 2h

1 – 0.71 / 0.71 – 0.5 = - 0.7 – Cp0.71 / Cp0.71 – (-0.5)

Cp0.71= -0.584
Therefore
Windward wall: Cp = 0.8
Leeward wall: Cp = -0.5

Side walls: Cp = -0.7

Roof pressures: Cp0.75 = -1.068

Cp0.75 = -0.816

Cp0.75 = -0.584

Design Wind Pressure

p = qGCp – qi(GCpi)

Where:
q = qz for windward walls evaluated at height z above the
ground
= qh for leeward, side walls and roofs evaluated at height h
qi = qh for windward, leeward, side walls and roofs of enclosed
buildings and for negative internal
pressure evaluation in partially enclosed buildings
G = topographic factor defined
Cp = external pressure coefficient
GCpi = internal pressure coefficient

Table 1: Calculation of Design Wind Pressure 2

SURFAC GCp PRESSURE

z(m) q = qz g qi = qh Cp
E i (+)GCpi (-)Gcpi
0.8 2067.8 905.415 1538.17
Windward 0-4.5 1796.76 5 5 0.8 0.18 9 8
Wall 1957.52 0.8 2067.8 1014.73 1647.49
6 3 5 5 0.8 0.18 5 7
2067.8 0.8 2067.8 1089.75 1722.51
8.5 5 5 5 0.8 0.18 7 9
Leeward Unifor 2067.8 0.8 2067.8 - 0.18 - -
Wall m 5 5 5 0.43 1079.21 446.449
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John Rendel G. Tumaron WIND LOAD
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Reinforced Concrete Design
4
Unifor 2067.8 0.8 2067.8 -
Side walls m 5 5 5 -0.7 0.18 1546.75 -913.99
-
2067.8 0.8 2067.8 1.06 - -
0-h/2 5 5 5 8 0.18 2193.58 1560.81
-
Roof 2067.8 0.8 2067.8 0.81 - -
h/2 - h 5 5 5 6 0.18 1750.64 1117.88
-
2067.8 0.8 2067.8 0.58 -
h - 2h 5 5 5 4 0.18 1342.86 -710.1

Elevation of Load Case 1 at Design Wind Pressure 2 (+GCpi)

Elevation of Load Case 2 at Design Wind Pressure 2 (-GCpi)

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John Rendel G. Tumaron WIND LOAD
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Reinforced Concrete Design

Plan Load Case 1 at Design Wind Pressure 2 (+GCpi)

Plan Load Case 2 at Design Wind Pressure 2 (+GCpi)

CALCULATION OF WIND LOAD USING COMPONENTS AND CLADDING

(NSCP 2015)
WIND PRESSURE
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John Rendel G. Tumaron WIND LOAD
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Reinforced Concrete Design

Figure 1: Zone Pressures for Gable Roof (Fig. 207E. 7-2)

Pnet = λ ktz Pnet9 (Equation 1)

Where;

Kzt = topographic factor

λ = adjustment factor for building height and exposure

Pnet = Net design Wind Pressure (kPa) (Fig.207E.5-1)

Other Requirement for Components and Cladding

 Effective wind area for Purlins

Topographic Factor

Based on Sec. 207A.8.2, If site condition and locations of the structure do not meet all
the site conditions: since the condition H greater than or equal to 18m for Exposure B
the Kzt=1.0

EFFECTIVE WIND AREA

1. a = 10% of least horizontal 2. a = 0.40h
dimension a = 0.40 (8.25m)
a = 0.10 (9m) a = 3.3m
a = 0.9 m

We need to use the smaller value = 0.9m

Effective wind area = a (span length)

Effective wind area = 0.9 (12m)

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John Rendel G. Tumaron WIND LOAD
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Reinforced Concrete Design

Effective wind area = 10.8 m2

Since the computed value is not on the table, use load associated with lower effective
area. Then use 9.5 m2

Figure 2: Net Design Wind Pressure (Figure 207E.5-1)

INTERPOLATION FOR VALUES AT 280 kph

Zone 1

300−280 2.48−P net 280

=
280−250 P net 280−1.72
Pnet270 = 2.176

300−280 −2.48−P net 280

=
280−250 P net 280−(−1.72)
Pnet270 = - 2.176

Zone 2

300−280 2.48−P net 280

=
280−250 P net 280−1.72
Pnet270 = 2.176

300−280 −3−P net 280

=
280−250 P net 280−(−2.08)
Pnet270 = - 2.632

Zone 3
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John Rendel G. Tumaron WIND LOAD
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Reinforced Concrete Design
300−280 2.48−P net 280
=
280−250 P net 280−1.72
Pnet270 = 2.176

300−280 −3−P net 280

=
280−250 P net 280−(−2.08)
Pnet270 = - 2.632

Table 2: Load comparison between MWFRS and COMPONENTS AND CLADDING

MWFRS 1 MWFRS 2
-910.474 -277.712 N/m2
-2193.58 -1560.81 N/m2
-249.589 383.1726 N/m2 -1750.64 -1117.88 N/m2
-1370.98 -738.222 N/m2 -1342.86 -710.1 N/m2

COMPONENTS AND CLADDING

2.176 -2.176 KN/m2
2.176 -2.623 KN/m2
2.176 -2.623 KN/m2

Components and Cladding gives the highest value of pressure; therefore, the governing
pressure will be Components and Cladding.
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John Rendel G. Tumaron WIND LOAD
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Reinforced Concrete Design