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GS 4 (SNC Books Science)

General Science grade 4 book

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97 views132 pages

GS 4 (SNC Books Science)

General Science grade 4 book

Uploaded by

Zarqa Noreen
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Grade General Science 2! Based on Single National Curriculum 2020 i Curriculum ( « Punjab Curriculum and Textbook Board, Lahore —_ Chapter O1 Characteristics and Life Process of Organisms essential? How can we differentiate between plants and leaves get animals? water? Students‘ Learning Outcomes After studying this chapter, the students will be able to: 1. Compare and contrast characteristics that distinguish mejor groups of living things (plants ‘and animals), 2. Classify animals in terms of vertebrates and invertebrates with examples and analyze the differences and similarities in vertebrates and invertebrates. 3. Classify plants in term of flowering and non- 7. flowering with examples and analyze the differences and similarities in flowering and non- 8 flowering plants. 4, Recognize and appreciate diversity in life (both plants and animals) and identity ways to protect diversity ie 6 ‘dentify major parts and orcans in animals (teeth, bones, Jungs, heart, stomach, muscles and brain), Relate the paris and organs of body of animals to their functions e.g. teeth breakdown food, bones support the body, lungs take air in, the heart Selb Fish Frog lizard Pigeon cat Vertebrates Pictures of some invertebrates are given below: a PR a Cockroach. Honey bee Butterfly Starfish Snail Invertebrates eee kor ad — AEE Collect and paste the pictures of various animals in your scrapbook. Divide them into vertebrates and invertebrates. Which of these are found in Pakistan? Classification of Plants The plants are divided into two major groups: 1. Flowering plants 2. Non-flowering plants 1, Flowering Plants Plants having flowers grow are called flowering plants. Mustard, sunflower, rose, guava and lemon are examples of flowering plants:-Flowering plants may be herbs, shrubs, and trees. Flowering plants are of varidus colours'afid sizes. Pictures of some flowering plants aré.given, below: Apple Lemon Guava Flowering plants a Cee cea keer oe 2. _Non-Flowering Plants The plants on which flowers do not grow are called non-fiowering plants. Moss, fern and conifers (for example pine, juniper, thuja, sago palm) are examples of non-flowering plants. Pictures of some non-flowering plants are given below: Thuja Non-flowering Plants eet Rese) Conifers are found in the northem areas of Pakistan in places like, Murree, Swat, Kaghan and Chilas. Conifers are very important for our economy. Their wood is used for making furniture, construction ‘materials and ornamental things. These are also used to make paper. The seeds of some conifers are Used as dry fruit such as pine nut (chilghoze).. Draw this Venn diagram in your scrapbook. Write the similarities and differences between flowering and non-flowering plants in it. Flowering plants Non-Flowering plants a Se eee ert) So Paste pictures of various plants in your scrapbook. Divide them into flowering and non- flowering plants. Which of these are found in Pakistan? Biodiversity Just look around you and observe the living things. Do all the living things look alike? If no then why? All these living things are different in their functions and’ structures. Various types of living things found at a particular place is called Biodiversity. We still do not know the actual number and kinds of living things present ‘onthe Earth. Some of living things have become extinct. The existencé“of many living things is in danger due to many factors such as destruction of habitat;-change of climate, Earth and scarcity of water over years . 1. Government of Pakistan has started plantation of billions of trees to stop the climate change. 2. Located near Lahore, Changa Manga is the largest man-made forest in theworld. ‘Changa Manga forest ea Pd aeeekkor aut Major Body Parts and their Functions Teeth, bones, lungs, heart, brain and muscles are the major human body parts that we will study here. Blood Vessels Small Intestine Large Intestine Major human body parts Te Teeth Can you swallow large pieces of bread or meat without chewing? Digestion essentially starts by chewing. Teeth help breaking down the food into smaller pieces. There are four types of teeth that perform various functions. Name Picture Functions Biting Incisors and cutting food Piercing Canines and tearing food ( eX Chewing Premolars and grinding food ‘) Chewing Molars ( and - Wo riving fed ea Runes) A tiger has large canines whereas rat hes large incisors. A tiger uses its canines for piercing the prey and rat uses its incisors for biting food or killing prey. 1. Which three body parts are in pairs? 2. Doall the teeth have the same shape? 3. What is the difference between molar and premolar? 4. How many teeth does a human being have” ee eee eens Bones Press your hand. Is there something hard in it? The hard part of the hand is called bone. Most of the bones in the human body are hard. They are of various size and shape. For example, the bones of the arm are longer than the finger bones. Joints are the areas where two or more bones meet. All the bones of the body make a frame called skeleton. Can you tell the functions of bones? What would happen if there are no bones ina human body? Ne Bones ot knee joint Bones of ankle Bones of the human body 10 Chapter 01 Characteristics and Life Process of Organisms Complete the table. Name of the Bones Function Skull Ribs Bones of hand Bones of leg Crim Ce get) There are 206 bones in the human skeleton, The bones of arm and leg are hollow. They have bone marrow which helps to produce blood. Lungs Observe and examine the lungs of a goat 1. What is the colour of the lungs? 2. Why are the lungs spongy? 3. What will happen if airs filled into the lungs through windpipe? When we breathe, which part of our body is filled with air? During breathing air enters our lungs through nose. From nose air goes into a windpipe. The windpipe open in the two lungs. The lungs are surrounded by ribs. The lungs keep on expanding and contracting. The exchange of oxygen between blood and air takes place in the lungs. eee Heart Put your hand on the upper left sice of your chest. Do you feel anything beating there? The beat you felt is that of the heart. It is surrounded by the ribs. The heart works continuously like a pump throughout lifetime. The muscles of the heart contract and relax. This keeps on circulating blood all over the body through blood vessels. Stomach The stomach is a bag like organ. It is located on the left side of our body below the heart. It is the biggest part of digestive tract. It secretes digestive juice. The muscles of stomach move and grind the food. Thé digestive juice breaks down (digests) the food. Muscles The muscles of the human body are-attached to the bones. They are soft afd! pink or red in colour, You must have seensthe meat of cow, goat, or hen. What is their colour? Muscles Petform various functions. Muscles work with the bones and joints to help you meve hands, arm, feet and legs. Due to these movements we can sit, walk, run and jump. Our heart pumps blood with the help of muscles. Muscles move food through the digestive system. It is also due to muscles that our lungs expand and contract, during breathing ‘Stomach Muscles Cee s and Life Process of Organisms ‘When the muscles contract, they pull various parts of our bones. Due to this, the bone ied : % Muscle Mosca Musee moves at the joint. Joint is a place where ree relates relaxes contracts bones are connected. For example, elbow, 4 wrist, knee etc, Muscles work in pairs. When one muscle contracts, the other one relaxes. Working of muscles eek Mk earl When we smile, 14 muscles are needed, There are almost 600 muscles in a human body. Almost half of the body weight is due to muscles. Brain a The brain is the most important part of ouK body. It is located within our skull. It contfels-all the“functions of our body. It collects information from, different parts of our body and decides the type-of response our body should give. Parts of Plants and their Functions Activity 1.8 Take a small flowering plant. Observe its various parts. Draw a sketch of the plant and label the parts of the plant. The five important parts of a flowering plant, are root, stem, leaf, flower and seed. Each of these parts performs its particular function. B Crete eee kor ad 3 Fruit The root is present under the ground. Its branches spread in different directions. The roots anchor plants s in the soil and absorb water and minerals from it. Root Flower Stem Leaf The stem grows above the ground. A stem has many Stem branches. There are many leaves on the stem and its branches. The stem transports water and minerals A from root to the leaves. It also supports the plant. — Root A flowering plant AEE Take two soft plants having white flowers, for example Petunia. Wash their roots thoroughly with water. Take two bottles or glasses, and pour water in them. In one of the glasses, put few drops of red ink. Then put a plant in each glass in such a way that their roots remain under the water. Leave the plants for few hours or overnight. What did you observe? Cut the stem of the ‘Transportation of water two plants and tell the difference between from roots to leaves the two. Leaves ~ Take a leaf. Draw its sketch. What is the shape of the leaf? Midi, Collect a few leaves of various shapes. Keep them between the pages of a newspaper and place a heavy object such as y.i, a book over them. After three days, take the leaves out. Paste these on the scrapbook. Identify and write the names of the parts of the leaf. ine Lamina 4 Cee s and Life Process of Organisms When you look at a plant, what is the first thing you notice? The first thing you usually notice in a plant, is its leaves. Leaves are of different sizes and shapes. Usually the colour of the leaves is green. One of the most important functions of the leaves is to make food for the plant. 5 Flowers The flowering plants have beautiful flowers, of different sizes and colours. Fruits and seeds are formed from the flowers. What other function can flowers have? Seeds Take soil in a box or a flower pot. Sow few seeds in it. Then pour some water on it Observe after one week. You will observe tiny plants, sprouting from the soil. What do you think, how was the plant formed by a seed? When seeds are formed within the flowe? thé area’Sufrounding the seed ripens into fruit, Some fruits such as mango, apricot. peach have only one seed. Some fruits have many seeds such as watermelon, papaya, guava etc. When a seed is sown, a new plant grows (germinates) from it. Mango Watermelon Papaya Fruits and their seeds Imagine you woke up in the morning, and looked out of the window. You saw that all the plants have dried up. What will happen next? Write a story with the following hints: Hints: ° Beautification of the environment and plants. * Plants as food for animals. ¢ Importance of plants in providing oxygen. _¢ Forests and rainfall. © Need of water and oxygen for the existence of living things 6 eee foererres 1. Living things have been divided into two main groups; the plants and animals. and Life Process of Organisms 2. Plants prepare their own food themselves whereas animals depend on plants or other animals for food. Both plants and animals need food, sunlight, water and air. 4. The animals have been divided into two groups; the vertebrates and invertebrates. O 5. The plants have been divided into two major groups; eB Howering and non- flowering plants. Various kinds of living things found ata particular place's called biodiversity. Teeth, bones, lungs, heart, stomach, musclesand Brain are the major parts of the human body. } 8. The function of teeth is to breakdoy fa0d, the fuliction of bones is to protect body parts, the function of lungs itd br ingair fate the body, the function of heart is to pump blood in the body, the function ‘of stomach is to grind the food, the function of muscles is to. move body; “the function of brain is to control the function of other body parts. ~~ are the major parts of plant. its is to anchor the plant into the ground and absorb water and 9. Root, stem, leaf flowérand seec 10. The function o : minerals fromthe soil. 11. The functioniot stem is to transport water and food. 12. Thefunétion of leaves is to prepare food and produce oxygen. 13. The TUnction of flowers is to produce seed and the function of seeds is to produce newplants, © Weblinks: Use the following weblinks to enhance your knowledge about the topics in tis chapter Vertebrates and : F 4. | eee https://www.nationalgecgraphic org/photo/vertebrate-invertebrate 2. | biodiversity https://mww.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/biodiversity 3. | Parts of plant https/wwwyoutube.com/watch?v=X6TLFZUCIgI 16 eee kre 1, Tick(V) the correct answer. i, Which characteristicis commonamong butterfly, bird and bat? (a) teeth (b) hair (Q_ bones (Owings i. Manyplants produce fruits: (a) toprotectseeds. (b) _ toproduce food for the seeds. (<) _ tostore water for the seec germination. (d)__ tostopseeds from dispersal. AD ii, _ Which one of the following is anexample of wertebrate? (a) cat Kw butterfly (© lizard fea iv. Which partofaplantisabsengty er ne & eo) seed . oO (4) leaf Which one of the g&liswing jnon- flowering plant? (a) root (fruit (a) apple ~ YY (b) rose (© mango, (d) pine vi Be iatatrnnntlscenentfort toevel tdi? aH jave fur (b) Havemorethan four legs Have backbone (4) Canflyinair 2. WriteShortanswers. Write any four characteristics of iving things? Write any three differences between plants and animals? iii, Differentiate between vertebrates and invertebrates. iv. Write names of different types of teeth and their functions v. _ What functions do bones and muscles perform together? vi. Describe the functions of lungs nd heart? eee enc 3. Constructed Response Questions: The diagrams show a tiger skull and arat skull. canines ‘Skull of tiger ac) xy > am EE} AL Skt erat Atiger has large canines. A rat has large ng et reise eat different types of food. (a) Whatdoesa tigerdo with its cai (b) ee aN tape meee dsefu for humans? Whatis {inportance bf biodiversity? it. Wiggic Pe inorisice t= fone? we eee Simulating the heart’s pumping of blood List of things: i. Balloon i, Redcolor ili, Jar iv. Water v. Scissors vi. Twostraws (one blue and one pink) vil Adhesive tape 8 I ag 3 , whe r r < . ‘ v . 4 s 6 i Cutthe balloon as shown in figure 1 ii. _Fillhalfofth@jarwith water and add few drops of red colouras shownin figure 2. ili, Coverthe mouth of the jar by stretching the balloon as shown in figure 3 iv. Make two holes on the balloon at a distance of about one inch. In one hole put blue straw and in other one the pink straw, so that they fit into the holes as shown in figure 4. v. Cover the holes around the straws with the adhesive tape and also cover the tip of the blue straw with adhesive tape. vi. Press the middle part of the balloon between the two straws with your figures. Repeat this. vi. What is your observation? You will observe that red liquid comes out of the pink straw. In the same way, the blood is pumped by the heart. 9 Chapter 02 Ecosystem Are the living organisms affected by non-living Are the seeds things? ‘iving things? habitats of living organisms different from one another? After studying this chapter, the students will be able to: tudents’ Learning Outcomes 1. Recognize what is an ecosystem (e.g. forests, simple food chain (eg, plants produce their own ponds, rivers, grasslandsand deserts). food; sorne animals eat plants, while other animals 2. Explain biotic (plants, animals and humans) and __ eat theanimals that eat plants).. abiotic factor (ight, temperature, soll and water) 7. Identify and describe common predators and their andtheirlinkages. prey. 3. Analyse the way these biotic and abiotic 8 Recognize and explain that some living things in an constituents create a balance to sustain any ecosystem compete with each other for food and ecosystem, space. A Recognize the interactions between animals and 9, Recognizethe value ofabalanced ecosystem. plants snd the importance of maintaining balance 10. Interpret that human actions such as urbanization, within anecosystem. pollution and deforestation affect food chains in an 5. Describe a few food chains and analyse their ecosystem, structure to understand theirfunction, 11. Identify various actions and roles that humans can, Describe the role of ving things at each linkin a play inpreserving various ecosystems. If we look around, we see a variety of living and non-living things. All the living and non-living things around an organism form its environment. The living and non-living components of an environment interact with one another. Every living thing lives in a particular environment. Fish lives in water, a tiger lives in forest and human beings live in villages and cities. The birds build their nests on the trees and the ants live underground in their nests. Can you name some other animals that live in their particular environments? — ABE Match the animals with their living environment: Ecosystem The living and non-living components of an environment make the ecosystem. The types of ecosystem on Earth differ from wet to dry, cold to hot, They include forest, grassland, ocean, river, pond, desert and snowy areas. eg Tig] ‘The largest desert of the world is “Sahara’. It is located in the continent Africa. 2. The desert located in Mianwali and Bhakkar in Pakistan is called “Thal”. The desert located in southern parts of Punjab is called “Cholistan', 3. The desert located in Sindh is called “Thar”, a Various ecosystems rat : In the desert the days are extremely hot and the nights are extremely cold. Why? Write the name of living things given below under their particular ecosystem: Grass, Plant, Lotus, Thick Shrubs, Snake, Penguin, Polar Bear, Camel, Lion, Tiger, Elephant, Deer, Fish, Frog, Antelope, Sheep, Goat. Forest Grassland Pond Desert Polar region Components of Ecosystem There are two components of an ecosystem. 1. Abiotic Components 2. Biotic Components Abiotic Components The non-living components of an ecosystem are called abiotic components These include temperature, air, water, light and soil. Biotic Components Co The living components of an ecosystem are called biotic c6mponents. The biotic components are divided into three groups, which are given beldw? 1. Producers The plants produce food for themselves arid.for animals with the help of photosynthesis process. That is why, they are calledproducers. All the plants e.g., herbs, climbers, shrubs and trees are producers. Aquatic plants (for example lotus) and algae are also producers. These are a majar sourcé of food for the aquatic animals. Producers 2. Consumers: The living things which obtain their food from other living things*are called consumers. They cannot make their own food. They depend on plants and other animals for their food. All the animals are consumers. | 3. Decomposers The living things which breakdown the dead bodies of | | plants and animals into simple components for their food are called decomposers. Some bacteria and many fungi are the main decomposers. eae AL ett) = Corals ate a part of beautiful ecosystem under sea, Corals Usually live in form of a colony which is called coral reel They are also called rainforest of oceans. They look lice stones but actually these are animals. Observe the picture and answer the questions given below. 1. Name the abiotic and biotic components in this environment. 2. How do the abiotic and biotic components interact with one another? Balanced Ecosystem The Sun is the main source of energysin 4n ecosystem. The plants make food with the help of sunlight, carbon dioxide and water They also produce oxygen in this process. This oxygen is used by animals“for respitatidn. During respiration, animals produce carbon dioxide which is used, by/plants-to.make food, Such self-sustaining and durable ecosystem is called balanced-écosystént All living things are essential for one’another, They affect the lives of one another. Some animals benefit or-harm one another. IF the number of aquatic producers increases ina pend beyond the limit then fish and other living things die due tolack of oxygen, Why? Food Chain Living things depend on one another for obtaining food. Plants make food with the help of sunlight and water. The animals whch eat plants are called herbivores. Rabbits, goats, deers and cows are plant eaters, so they are called herbivores. The animals which eat other animals are celled carnivores. Lions, tigers, crocodiles and sharks are meat eaters, so they are called carnivores. 24 The animals which eat both plants and animals are called omnivores. Men, bears, crows, etc. are the example of the omnivores. Omnivores Producers make food, which is used «by Herbivore The herbivores are eaten by carnivores. These camivores may be eaten by othét garnivores. The series of eating and being eaten in an ecosystem is called.food chain, Grasshopper eats a plant and is eaten by rat. The rat becomes a prey of owl. This isa example of food chain. Ret Owl Food chain 1. Observe an ecosystem near your school and identify the followine: i. Producers ii, Herbivores iii. Carnivores iv. Omnivores 2. Make a food chain using the identified components 25 Links of Food Chain A food chain consists of three links. 1, Inany food chain the first living thing is a producer (for example plant and algae). 2. The second main link is the herbivore animals for example rat, zebra and goat. 3, The third main link is carnivores for example lion, fox and snake. Label the following food chains using the terms producers, herbivores, carnivores and omnivores: & — om —- — i oo 7 — or. — Fy —- SER — a so ee a VAN, pan ee caL CI Predator- Prey Relationship An aniimal/which eats another living thing by huntingwand killing is called a predator. For example, lions, tigers, sharks and lizards. The living thing which is hunted, killed and eaten by a predator is called a prey. For example zebras, deers, rats and fish. The interaction between predator and prey is called predation. For example, deer is killed and eaten by lion. Here, lion is the predator and deer is its prey. Similarly, goat is predator and grass is its prey. 26 Competition among Organisms All the organisms living in an ecosystem depend on the resources which are available in that area, Every area can provide food and place to a limited number of living things. The limited resources in an ecosystem compel the living things |§ to compete for food and place. For example, in the grassland all the herbivores compete for grass. sue ae at Ce} Impacts of Human Actions on Food Chain irt ‘an‘Ecosystem In the ancient times, human actions had litte impaction their environment. Now a days, there are numerous visible impacts of hunaheelhgs on the environment. With the increase in the population, humans establisned)cities. For-this purpose, they cut forests, build roads and factories. These actions polluted thie ‘aVironment and water resources. Human beings did serious damage”to> the ecosystem of the land and oceans. The cutting of forests destroyed the, habitats of wildlife. Human beings also started unnecessary hunting of animals)Becausé.oF all such activities of human beings, several wild organisms have becorte’extinct’and many others have become endangered. Role of Human to Save the Ecosystem Human beings have done serious damage to the ay heal mt environment, but’now they are trying tc save the ecosystem @s-Wwall. Some steps that are beirg taken to save the ecosystem are as follows: g, t Wildlife parks have been made to save the habitats of living things, e.q., Mergalla National Park in Islamabad. 2. Tree plantation is being done and artificial forests are being created to provide the natural Ecosystem habitat to living things. 3. Environmental awareness campaign has been organized to save the environment and habitats of living things. ora World Earth Day: This day is celebrated all over the world on the 22nd April to promote environmental protection. On this day, in Pakisten lights are switched off from 8 pm to 9 pm every year. Plantation Day: Plantation day can be observed everyday but in the schools across Pakistan, itis celebrated in Augustas' tree plantation week, The abiotic and biotic components ofanyenvironment form the ecosystem. The living things which prepare their dwn food are tailled producers. The living things which cannot prepdte theirown food are called consumers. ak a aa Any activity that may affectarly component of an ecosystem may make it unbalanced. The animals which eat plants are called herbivores. The animals which eat otheranimals zre called carnivores. The animals whieh eat plants and other animals are called omnivores. Px ay Every food-chain begins at a producer and ends at an animal. 9. The anifnal Which eats by killing otherliving thingsis called predator. 10. Anarganism thatiskilled and eaten by a predators called prey. 11. The relationship between prey and predator is called predation. 12. Anareacan provide food and place tc a limited number of organisms 13. Atpresent, human beings have great impact on environment. 14. Human beings have caused serious damage to the environment but they are also trying to save it. 15. Ecosystems are. saved by creating the wildlife parks and tree plantation for the protection of habitat of living things. © Weblinks: Use the following weblinks to enhance your knowledge about the topic in tis chapter. 1. | Habitats of animals | _https://kids.nationalgeoyraphic.com/explore/nature/habitats/ https://mwuznationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/iood-chairy 3, | living things in the | _ httpsy/wwwnationalgecgraphic.org/sctivity/ecclagical-rolationships/ ecosystem 1. Tick (¥) the correct answer. i. What is an ecosystem? (a) System of non-living things is an enyironment. (b) Area having a group of lising and dead things. (Q) System of living things in an enVitonment. (@) The collection of abiotic and biotic components in an area ii, All the biotic components args. © LG (@) animals 4 Q~ oy producers (© ___ living things ~ “( non-living things a . O 4 iii, Food chain: Sarto) (a) _ begins withprodirce (b) begins with consumer (begins withidecom (d) ends with producer iv. For the conservation SReCbsystem: (@ _forasts/are being cut (b) roads are being built (©) sctree plantation is being cone (4) _ factories are being installed ulation of birds will: “(@)__ increase (b) decrease (©) decrease first then will increase later (@) increase first, then will decrease later x AG are used for controlling the population of insects, the y 2. Writeshortanswers. i, Define environment. ii, Write the names of three biotic components of an ecosystem. iii, Write the names of three abioticcomponents of an ecosystem. 29 iv. Drawasimple food chain. \. IF the food resources increase, what will be the effect on the population of predators? vi Write two human activities which are affecting the ecosystem, 3. Constructed Response Questions: What is the relationship between biodiversity and competition among living things in a balanced ecosystem? The ostriches are the tallest and heaviest birds, but they cannot flycifrorder to escape from their predator, they fight with their strong claws or runaway. with3 speed of 70 kilometer per hour. The light brown coloured females lay eggs and sitigh them at the day time. The black coloured male warms the eggs at night. a) Whydoes female ostrich warm eggs at day,tiqie? b) Whydoes maleostrich warm eggsat night? Make an ecosystem model using abiotic and biotic components of ecosystem, For this project, you will need at least two bottles. I Cut the bottles as shown in the picture. Pour some water in the first bottle to show aquatic ecosystem. Put soil and a small plant in the second bettle to show land ecosystem,. ii, Now connect ecosystems of both the bottles (connect soil.\with water with a thick thread) so that the plant may receive water and minerals. iii. Observeit daily and write a report of the results. fp Plant ‘Soil Thick ‘thread Water 4 Chapter 03 Human Health ~ Why we do exercise? p= What is the importance of ks What kind of pure water? food should we RM cctio stay a healthy? Students’ Learning Outcomes After studying this chapter, the students will be able to: 1. Observe and recognize some common symptoms 15s (e.g, fever, coughing and flu), 2. Differentiate between contagious diseases (hepatitis, TB, flue end non-contagious cancer, diabetes) 3, Relate the transfer of common communicable diseases (e.g, touching, sneezing, and coughing) to human contact, 4. Explain some methods of preventing common diseases and their transmission (eg, vaccination, washing hands, wearing mask} 5. Describe the importance of maintaining good health 6. Recognize everyday behavioursthat promotegood health (€9, a balanced diet, drinking clean water exercising regularly, brushing teeth, getting enough sleep) 7. Define belanced diet and explain itscomponents. 8 Identify common food sources included in abalanced diet (eg, fruits, vegetables, grains, milk and meat group). 9. Understand the value of clean drinking water and inquire about the factors that generally make it unclean, 10. Explore a few ways that can help make water clean and suitable for drinking water (water filtration and boiling). Symptoms, Transmission and Prevention of Communicable Diseases Health is a great gift of Almighty Allah. We realize the importance of health when we are sick. There may be many causes of a disease, for example germs, scarcity of food and air pollution etc. It is important to observe the symptoms of a disease to diagnose. Have you ever observed fever, cough and flue? The human body temperature is 98.6°F or 37°C. If our body temperatiiterrises from this limit it is called fever. Cough is an instant response of our body, Ityisdue to the soreness and scratchiness of the throat. 1. Fevers nota disease but a symptom of disease, 2. The human body temperature is measured ay a thermometer. 3. The body temperature of humans is usually measured in Fahrenheit degrees, which is written as °F. It can also be measured in Celsius which is written as °C 4. The coughing removes obstruction of windpipe, such as mucus of windpipe. 5, The viruses and bacteria present in the nos¢ are expelled out due to sneezing, 6. Fiuisa disease as well as symptom of many diseases Fever Coughing Contagious Disease If any of your classfellows has flu then usually the teacher advises him to take rest at home. Why does the teacher say this? The teacher advises because the other children may not get flu. Flu is a disease which is transmitted from one person to another. 33 aed A disease which can be transmitted from ore person to another is called contagious disease. Flu, polio, TB, hepatitis and COVID-19 etc, are the examples of contagious diseases. The flu patient complains about congested or runny nose and headache. Polio is caused by a particular type of germ called virus. This virus settles in the throat and intestine of human being. It paralyzes the legs permanently. There is no treatment of this disease. Polio virus is transmitted through food, water and air. Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by a particular type of germ called bacteria. It usually affects the lungs. TB, flu and COVID-19 are transmitted from one person to another through coughing, sneezing, use of articles of the affected person and conversation. The inflammatory condition of the liver is called hepatitis, The germs of this disease are transmitted through polluted>water, food or blood. Coretta Rue) - The cause of COVID-19 is a virus, which is called corona virus. It affects the entire body including lungs. in 2019-2020 this virus has affected the entire world and due to which millions of people died. It is transmitted from one person to another through social contacts and respiration, Non-Contagious Disease Non-Contagious disease is*not transmitted from one person to another. For example, diabetes and cancer, In diabetes the sugdr"fevel inthe’ blood increases. The common symptoms of diabetes are excessive thirst and hunger, urination, fatigue and weight loss. It affects the several organs such as\heart, kidneys and eyes etc. Cancer canyattack any part of the body eg, liver, stomach, intestine and blood. In cancer, there is7untontrolled increase in tre number of cells in the affected organ. It may remaifteonfined to any particular organ or may spread in the whole body. okra etc) For the treatment of cancer there are hospitals in many cities of Pakistan. Kiran (Karachi), Nori (islamabad), Shaukat Khanum Memorial Hospital (Lahore, Peshawar, Karachi), Inmol (Lahore), Baitulskoon (Karachi) are major hospitals of Pakistan, oa Inmet Shaukat Khanum Memorial Hospital Baitulskoon 34 Prevention of Contagious Diseases Washing hands, wearing mask and vaccination, are some of the ways to remain safe from contagious diseases . Washing Hands We should wash our hands throughly for ai meals. We should also wash hands after usi Seven Steps for Hand Wash it least 20 seconds with soap before and after ing the toilet. or a =~ Rub hands palmto palm. Oye 2b Ape back of both hands. @ dry thoroughly. 3, Palm to palm with the fniger ndiock, y~] 4. Back of fingers to opposing palm, with A” interlocked fingers WO 5, Rub thumb ina rotating manner followed by | 6. Rub the finger tips into palm of your the area between index finger and thumb. | opposite hand, Repeat for both hands Repeat for both the thumbs. eatila Global hand washing day is celebrated on 15th October every year. 7. Rubboth wrists ina rotating manner, rinse and 35 Wearing Mask Do you know about a mask as a protection 1 oO 8 against COVID-19? What are the benefits of ~ - wearing a mask? Mask is a protective barrier @_ SS between your nose, mouth and environment. 4 : 4H aN «4p It does not allow germs to enter the body @p the proper way to wear the mask? Do not Proper way to put on mask through the nose and mouth. Do you knew wear a used mask. Dispose off the use mask in a proper way. Vaccination Do you know about vaccination? In vaccination the wedk ordead germs of a disease are injected into the body, The antibodies are produced against the weak or killed germs in the blood. These antibodies remain in the body:tofight the germs. Polio is a dangerous disease, which may cause lifelong disability. Government of Pakistan has launched a campaigfy’yto administer polio drops for prevention of this disease. Polio drops ‘shold be administered to the children up to the age of five years. Have you been given polio drops? Vaccination National Cleanliness Day: Cleanliness day is oaserved on 30” January. This day creates awareness among people to keep their home, workplace, road and public places clean, 36 Ways of Maintaining Good Health What should we do for maintaining a good health? We can maintain good health by following few basic ways, for example: 1. Balanced diet: This means that we should take all types of food (milk, cereals, meat, vegetables and fruits) in a proper quantity. 2. Drinking clean water: It is necessary to drink clean water for good health. Most of the diseases are caused by drinking polluted water. 3. Exercise: One must exercise regularly to remain fit, e.g, walki 7 running and playing. 4, Brushing teeth: Brush your teeth twice a day, once in the morning after getting up and at night before going to sleep. 5. Getting enough sleep: It is necessary to have sound’ “and complete sleep, as it improves quality of life and health. Children mtist stéep for at least 8 to 10 hours daily. Make a list of ways to live a healthy life, Make a weekly chart and mark it, with what you have practiced? Balance Diet and) Liquid particles are close to one another The force’ of attraction among them is weaker thén)that in Solids. The particles keep on colliding withCone another They can also move near or far fro! ‘ode Bnother and thus liquids can flow. cD The volume of liquids is: definite, But their shape is not definite. The liquid aes the shape of the vessel in which itis poured. Werhave done this in activity 42. ‘Arrangement of particles in liquid ‘sj 1. Pour water in a transparent plastic bag. Tie a knot at the top of the bag. Now make a hole at bottom of the plastic ' bag. Observe what happens? e The water flows out of the hole. Because of weak forces of attraction among the particles of liquids, they can flow fast. That's why the shape of liquid is not definite. 2. Press a soft plastic bottle filled with water. Write your observation. Arrangement of Particles in Gas The particles in gas are at more distance from one another. They move fast because of weak forces of attraction. The gas particles can move freely in all directions, to occupy all the available space. That's why, gases have no definite shape and volume Take a piece of ice in a beaker or in any pot. Heat it. You will see that the solid ice changes into water. Heat it more. Keep a steel plate in an inclined way over the beaker, The water will change into vapours ie, gas. Vapours will gather at the steel plate. After becoming cool it can be collected drop by drop in cup. Now, if you put this water in a freezer, after a few houts it can be changed into solid ice. Dae) ‘Arrangement of particles in gas eee . Steel plate Boiling water Ability to conduct heat aud ele¢tritity What conclusion have you made from this activity? Write your observations. Put a few objects such as steel spoon, plastic scale, pencil etc. in a glass or beaker as shown in the picture. Pour some warm water into the beaker. Wait for 1-2 minutes. Touch the outer end of these objects. Write your observation, in the following table. Objects Form of Matter | End is hot or not Steel spoon Metal Plastic scale Plastic Pencil Wood The objects that allow heat or electricity to pass through are called conductors of heat. For example, iron, copper, etc. The objects that do not allow heat or electricity to pass through are called non-conductors of heat. For example, wood, rubber etc. 49

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