fee Structured Query Language In this Chapter... # SQLStatements # SQL Data Types + DDL Statements/Commands # DML Statements/Commands ‘+ Operatorin SQL Structured Query Language (SQL) is the most popular query Tanguage used by major relational database management systems such as MySQL, ORACLE, SQL Server, ee. SQL is easy to learn asthe statements comprise of descriptive english words and are not ease sensitive. SQL. provides statements for defining the structure ofthe data, manipulating data inthe database, declaring constraints and retrieving data from the database in various ways, depending on your requirements, SQL. provides variety of tasks such as * Querying data * Creating, replacing altering and dropping tables. + Inserting, updating and deleting rows ina table * Controlling access to the database * Cuaranteving database consistency and integrity Advantages of SQL () SQLis portable It isnot platform dependent, it ean be used in all types of devices; PCs, laptops and even mobile phones aso, (i) High speed SQL. queries ean be used to retrieve large amount of records from a database quickly and efficiently mn and understand, ‘© Working with NULL Values ‘= Aggregate Functions ‘= GROUP BY Statement * HAVING Clause Join (iv) SQL is used for relational database SQL is widely used for relational database. (9) SQL acts as both programming language and interactive language SQL. can do both the jobs of being, & programming language as well as an interactive language at the san (04) Clientserver language SQI. provides el time nt-server architecture. Its used for linking front end comp and back end databases pports object hased programming With the emergence of object based programming object storage capabilities ae extended to relation Disadvantages of SQL (0) Difficulty in interfacing Interfacing a SQL database is ‘more complex than adding a few lines of eode. (i) More features implemented in proprietary way Although SQL databases confirm to ANSI and ISO standards, some databases go for proprictary extensions to standard SQL to ensure vendor locksin SQL Statements SQL command or statement isa special kindof sentence that contains clauses and all end with a semicolon() just asa sentence ends with a period, ‘There are four types of SQL statements ‘CBSE_TG)‘CBSE Term | Computer Science Xil DDL (Data Definition Language) Itprovides statements for creation and deletion of the database tables, views, ete. The DDL provides a set of definitions to specify the storage struct Some DDL state (i) CREATE used to create new table in the database (i) DROP used to delete tables from the database, (ii) ALTER used to change the structure ofthe database table. This statement can add up additional column, drop existing, and even change the datatype of columns involved in a database table, (iv) RENAME used to rename a table, DML (Data Manipulation Language) It provides statements for manipulating the database objects, It is used to query the databases for information retri n a database system, ts are as follows Some DML. statements are as follows i) INSERT used to insert data into a table (ii) SELECT used to retrieve data from a database. (i) UPDATE used to update existing data within a table, (iv) DELETE used to delete all records from a table. DCL (Data Control Language) Itis used to assign security levels in database, which involves multiple user setups. They are used to grant defined role and access privileges to the users Some DOL state (i) CRANT used to give user’s access privileges to database (i) REVOKE used to withdraw access privileaes given with grant command. TCL (Transaction Control Language) Itis used for controlling the transactions in a database system, These are also used to manage the changes made by DML. Some TCL statements ae as follows (0) COMMIT used to save the work don (i) SAVEPOINT used to identify point in a transaction to which you eat later rollback. (i) ROLLBACK sed to restore database to original since the list COMMIT, (is) SEP TRANSACTION establishes prope current transactions In this chapter, we will diseuss only DDL and DML. statements nts are as follows Rules for SQL commands Rules for SQL commands are given belov (i) SQL. statements ean be typed in lowercase or uppercase letter. SQL statements are not exse sensitive, (il) The statements can be typed in single line or multiple lines. {ii) A semicolon () is used to terminate the SQL statements. (iv) The statements may be distributed across the line but keywords cannot be (9) A.comma () is used to separate parameters without a clause, (04) Characters and date constants or literals must be enclosed in single quotes (A) (ii) A command ean be typed either fll or First four characters SQL Data Types Data types are declared to identify the type of data that will be stored in a particular field or variable, ‘The following list of general SQL data types are given below Data Type Syntax Explanation (if applicable) INTEGER INTEGER AS2-itsigned integer value and or INT its range from -2LTAS3BE8 to BL TASIOA7 SMALLINT SHALLINT A 16-bit signed integer val it range from “32768 to 32767 NUMERIC —WIMERIC Where, psa precision value and @.5) sie sede vale. ez namerie (6.2) 46 digit number that has 4 digitbefore the decimal and 2 dlisitafter the decimal DECIMAL DECIMAL Where, pisaprocision vale ands @.s) Isasealevalue(oan NUMERI REAL, REAL Single-precision floating point number, DOUBLE DOUBLE Double-precision lating point PRECISION RECISION _nunber. FLOAT FLONT(p) Where, pis a precision value ARACTER CHAR(>Q —— Where,xisthenumberof ‘haraters tobe stor. This data typewillaccupy space for NULL. values. Kean old atmos 255 characters CHARACTER VARCHAROX) Where, xis the number of VARYING characters tobe stored. Tewill fceupy space for NULL values. It ‘can hol tmost 2000 characters CHARACTER vaRcHARe VARYING () hold 4000 bytes of characters and tse only Ore. bare, TIME, OATE TIME Stores year, month and day values Stores hour, minute and second vals, )/CBSE_TG)SQL Command Basics SQL database isa way of organizing a group of tables and table stores the data inthe form of rows and columns. To create a bunch of different tables that share a common theme, you would zroup them into one database to make the ‘management process easier. So, for manipulating data, we need to know about database commands, which are described below Creating and Using a Database Create adatabase Creating database isan easier tsk. You need to just type the name of the database in a CREATE DATABASE command. Syntax CREATE OATABASE CIF NOT EXISTS Jedatabase_ name> Here, CREATE DATABASE command will eeate an empty database with the specified name and would not contain any table IF NOT EXISTS is an optional part ofthis statement which prevents you from an err there exists a database with the siven name in the database catalog. For example, nysql>CRERTE ATABASE 800K Output Query 0k, 1 row affected «0.01 sec» Select a Database Creating database is not enough for use. Before working with tables, ist you have to seeet the database. The only thing, need to he considered before selecting a database is that it iis alread exit To seeet a database USE command is used Syntax USE For example, mysql>USE ENSRCOK \where, USE command makes the specified database asa current working database and EGNBOOK is the database Output database charged ‘Show Databases To check the names ofthe existing databases on the server you need to use the SHOW command. This will provide you the information about databases and the contents availble in it Symtax SHOW DATABASES; For example, ysqI>SH0 DATABASES: Output T batabace aot scvo0. covtes {STUDENT CBSE Term Il | Computer Science Xil Dropping a Database Database ean he removed or deleted using DROP command, But before deleting a database make sure that you do not need the data stored in different tables of a database because ‘when you delete a database, al its tables also gets removed along with it Symtax DROP OATABASE : For example, rnysql@0ROP DATABASE. SCHOOL Output Query Ok, 1 row affected (0.04 sec) DDL Statements/Commands Some DDI stat CREATE Statement ‘The CREATE statement is used to ereate a table in a database. In this command, we need to give information ahout table like number of columns, rows and its types and ‘constraints Syntax CREATE TABLE c (()] {constraints} -{()] Constraints] )] constraints] sare as flows ) The data type specifies what type of data, the column can hold and the size or constraint is optional ‘eg If we want to ereate a table PERSONS that contains five ‘columns: P_Id, FirstName, LastName, Address and City. We use the following CREATE statement CREATE TABLE PERSONS Pid INT Primary Key, FirstName VARCHAR(25)NOT NULL LastName VARCHAR(25) [Address VARCHAR(3D) City VARCHAR( 25) d Constraints Constraints are the conditions thatthe table must satis ‘These can be enforced on the attributes ofa relation. These ‘ean be specified atthe time of ereating table, They are used to ‘ensure integrity ofa relation, hence named as integrity constraints )/CBSE_TG)‘CBSE Term | Computer Science Xil Some types of constraints a * NOT NULL Constraint It ensures that a column cannot store NULL value, = UNIQUE Constraint Its used to uniquely identify exch record in a database, PRIMARY KEY Constraint It ensures that a column have an unique identity, which helps to find a particular record ina table and no column that is part ofthe primary kkey constraint ean contain a NULL value, * FOREIGN KEY Constraint It designates a column oF combination of columns as foreign key and establishes its relationship with a primary key in different tables = CHECK KEY Constraint Its used to define condition, which column in each row must satisfy = DEFAULT Constraint It inserts defi valu column, Show Statement The show or list table is very important when we have many databases that contain various tables. Sometimes the table names are the sume in many databases, In that case, this query is very useful, We ean get the numberof table information of a database using the following statement. aysal> eg. Suppose we have database Company in which Department, Accountant, Wages are tables. To show the name ofall the tables present in database Company, so following command isused sysqi-Use Company: Database changed sysq>SHOM TABLES; Output es in_Conpany Department : Accountant H Wages DESCRIBE Statement DESCRIBE or DESC command is used to verify the structure of table that you have ereated. ‘This command display the column names, available data items with their datatypes, Symtax DESCRIBE : DESC For example, DESC PERSONS, dint varchar(25) varcnar(25} varchar (20)! varonar(28)! YES DROP Statement ‘The DROP statement is used to remove the table definition and all data, constraints and permission specified for that table, You have to be careful while using the DROP command, ‘eeause once the table is deleted, then all the information available in the table would be lost forever. But there is a ‘condition for dropping a table; it must be empty. A table with rows init eannot be dropped. Symtax DROP TABLE tabe_nane eg. DROP TABLE EMPLOYEE: ‘The above query will delete the table EMPLOYEE and after this, notable with Employee name would exist. We cannot even rollback after dropping a table. ALTER Statement ‘The ALTER statement is used to add, delete or modify ‘columns and constraints in the existing table. To ADD a Column Syntax ALTER TABLE table_name ADO column name data_type: ‘eg ALTER TABLE STUDENT ADD Section CHAR: ‘The above query will add column Section to STUDENT table, whose data type is character. To DROP Column Syntax ALTER TABLE table_nane ORDP COLUMN colunn_ nan: ‘eg ALTER TABLE STUDENT DROP COLUMN location ‘The above query will delete a column loca STUDENT table To MODIFY Column Data Type Syntax ALTER TABLE table_nane MODIFY colunn_name data_type ‘eg. ALTER TABLE STUDENT MDIFY Feo NMER(I5.2) ‘The above query will modify the data type of Fee eo STUDENT table. 1 from umn, of| )/CBSE_TG)To DELETE a Constraint Syntax ALTER TABLE table_name DROP Constraint_Name: eg, ALTER TABLE STUDENT OROP Primary Key: The above query will delete the primary key constraint from STUDENT table, RENAME Statement ‘The RENAME statement is used to rer Syntax RENAME old_table_name TO new table_nane: ce. RENENE STUDENT TO CANDIOATE ‘The above query will rename STUDENT table to CANDIDATE, DML Statements/Commands Some DML statements areas fllows INSERT Statement ‘The INSERT statement is used to insert a new row/data in a table, Syntax INSERT INTO table pane VALUES (vauel, me a table, value2, valued...) INSERT INTO table_nane(columnl, colun2. colunnd,... VALUES(valuel, value2, value...) eg Ifwe have the following PERSONS table Address City LastName FirstName 1 Hansen Ola Timoteivn 10 Sandnes 2 Svendson Tove Borsyn 23 Sandnes 3 Pettersen Kari Storgt20.—_Stavanger and we want to insert a new row in the PERSONS table, We use the following SQL statement INSERT INTO PERSONS VALUES (4, “Ni Tsen ‘Bakken 2°, "Stavanger" ) ‘The PERSONS table will now look like this Shan Pld LastName FirstName Address City 1 Hansen Ol, ‘Timoteivn 10 Sandnes 2 Svendson Tove Borgyn253—_Sandnes 3 Pettersen Kart Stongt 20 4 Nilsen Johan Bakken 2 Stavanger CBSE Term Il | Computer Science Xil Insert Data Only in Specified Columns Its also possible to add data only in specific cal ‘eg. The following SQL statement will adda new row, but add data only in the P_Ad, LastName and the FirstName We use the following SQL statement INSERT INTO PERSONS(P_Id, Lastiane Firstlane) VALUES(S. “Tjessen, “Jakob') ‘The PERSONS table will now look like this PLId_ LastName FirstName Address City 1 Hansen Ol ‘Timotelm10 _ Sandnes 2 Svemdson Tove Borgo 23 Sandnes 3 Pettersen Kart Storgt20 Stavanger 4 Nien Johan Bakken 2 Stavanger 5 Tessem Jakob NULL NULL SELECT Statement ‘The SELECT statement is used to select data from a database or view table information, The result is stored in a result table, called the result set Syntax ‘To select some specify colums SELECT coluen_nane(s) FROM table rane: ‘To select all columns SELECT * FROM table_nane: SQLis not ease sensitive. SELECT is the same as select. The asterisk (*) is a quick way of selecting all columns. In SQL, SELECT clause is used to list the attributes desired in the result ofa query and FROM clause is used to list the relations from which such eohumns are to be extracted, eg Ifwe want to select the content ofthe columns named LastName and FirstName from the PERSONS table. We have to use the following SEL SELECT LastName, FirstName FROM PERSONS: ‘The result set will look like this T statement LastName FirstName Hansen ol. Svendon Tove Pettersen Kart ‘eg Ifwe want to select all the columns from the PERSONS, table, ELECT statement )/CBSE_TG) We have to use the fllowi SELECT * 10M PERSONS:‘CBSE Term | Computer Science Xil ‘The result set will look like this PAd LastName FirstName Address City 1 Hansen Oly Timotelmn 10 Sundaes 2 Swendson Tove Borgyn 23. Sandnes 3 Pettersen Kari Storgt 20). Stavanger Column Alias Column alias is used to temporarily rename a table's column for the purpose of a particular query. This renaming is a temporary change and the actual column name does not change in the database. Symtax SELECT AS FROM table_pane> Alias_name specifies the reference name ofthe specified column. For example, to elect the DO} of all the employees referenced as Joining_Date from the table COMPANY the query would be like nysql> SELECT DOY AS Joiming_Oate FROM COMPANY (Query produces the following output TO Toining pate. pai2-02 2002-12 004-08 2007-09 2001-07 $eat2-05 1 eao1-o2 T rows in set (0.00 Operators in SQL SQL. supports diferent types of operators, some ofthem are described below Arithmetic Operators ‘These operators are used to perform mathematical calculations, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and remainder, Some most important arithmetic aperators used in SQL are OPERATOR + (Addition) ~ (Subtraction) DESCRIPTION Add the two arguments together Subtact the second argument from the st argument * [Mulplication) Multiples the two arguments (Division) Divide the fist argument by the second argument. Divide the fist argument from the second argument and proses the remainder ofthat ‘operation *% (Modulo) Syntax SELECT FROM ] WERE 1 For example, query to display EMP_NAME, EMP_DEPT_NO and 20% of EMP_SALARY for each employee for Socal fund. riysql>SELECT EMP_NEME, EP_DEPT_NO, ENP _SALARY#0.20, FROM cowPan Above query produces the following output Vikas witta Puneet dain | sachin vats { uaay singh Ravi Shukla | Vinay Rana’ ros n set (0.00 sec) Arithmetic operators can be implemented through simple SELECT statement without any table, This aets like « Fanetion, For example, SELECT 354205; Above query produces the following ont T row in set 0.03 see Comparison Operators “These operators are used to test or compare the value of to operands, Le, between two variables or between a variable and a constant Ifthe condition i false, then the result is zero (0) and if the condition is true, then the result is non-zero, These ‘operators are also called relational operators. Some of the comparison/relational operators used as follows OPERATOR DESCRIPTION = Equal to . Greater than < Less than Greater than or enl to = Less than oF equal to )/CBSE_TG)OPERATOR DESCRIPTIO’ or I= Notequal to (not ISO standard) a Not less than (not 180 standard) i Not greater than not ISO standard) Syntax SELECT |+*|expression FROM KHERE SELECT EMP_NAME EMP_SALARY FROM COHPARY WHERE EMP_SALARY> = 25000, Rahul Sharma! 25600 | vikes miteel | 26000 Fuaay sing 26000 rows in set (0 When we use relational operators with character data type, < ‘means earlier in the alphabet and > means later inthe alphabet Bangalore “<" “Braj as “a comes before rin alphabet. Logical Operators ‘The logical operators compare two conditions ata time to determine whether a row can be selected for the output. Logical operators are also called boolean operators, because these operators return a boolean data type value as TRUE, or FALSE, When retrieving data using a SELECT statement, you can use these operators in the WHERE clause, which allows you to.combin ore than one condition. Some ofthe Boolean/Logical operators used in SQL are as follows OPERATOR DESCRIPTION AND Logical AND compares two expressions and ‘return true, when both expressions ae tue on Logical OF compares two expressions and retim true, when atleast one ofthe expressions s true Nor NOT takes single expression as an argument ‘and changes is value fom fle to true or foun tet false, You can use an exclamation point ()inplace ofthis operator CBSE Term Il | Computer Science Xil Syntax SELECT |*| FROM WHERE For example, query to display EMP_CODE. and EMP_NAME for those employees whose EMP_DEPT_NO_ is DOB and EMP_SALARY js greater than 22000. rrysql> SELECT EMP_CODE, EMP_NME Row cowPaiy WHERE (ENP_DEPT_NO="DOS" AND ENP_SALARY >22000) y produces the following output ce Rahul Shara 1 rows in set (0.00 sec) For example, query to display EMP_CODE and EMP_NAME for those employees whose EMP_DEPT_NO is D05 or EMP_SALARY is greater than $3000. mysql> SELECT EMP_COOE. EHP_NAME FROM COMPAR WIEREC ENP _OEP_NO ~ “DO5" oR EMP_SALARY>22900) Above query produces the following output 00 "Rahat Sharma | For} vikas mictal loz | Puneet dain 103. | Sachin vats | Foe} uday singh 105 | Ravi Shukla 106 | Vinay Rana 7 rows 1m set (0.00 sec) For example, query to display EMP_CODE andl EMP_NAME for the employee whose EMP_SALARY is not greater than 22000, rrysql> SELECT EMP_CODE, EMP_NAME Row cova WHERE NOT ENP_SALARY>22000) rnysql>SELECT EMP_COOE, E4P NAME row cowpal WHERE 1(EHP_saLARY>22000)‘CBSE Term | Computer Science Xil Above query produces the following output » CODE + EMP_NAME Puneet dain 1 row in set (0.00 see) DISTINCT Keyword Ina table, some of the columns may contain duplicate values. ‘This is nota problem, mes you may want to list only the different (distinet) values in a table ‘The DISTINCT keyword ean be used to return only distinet (different) values in a particular column or a whole table, Syntax SELECT DISTINCT colusn_name(s) FROM table_nare: eg, If we want to select only’ the distinet values from the colin named “City” from the PERSONS table. We have to use the following SELECT states SELECT DISTINCT City FROM PERSONS ‘The result set will look ike this Sandnes Stavanger ALL Keyword ALL clause result just the same as that when you do not specify DISTINCT. twill ive values of selected atibute from every ww of table without considering the duplicate records Syntax SELECT ALL colun_rane FROM table_nane: WHERE Clause ‘The WHERE clause is used to extract only those records that fill a specified criteria Syntax SELECT colum_nane(s) FROM table_nane HERE condition: eg. If we want to select only the persons liv “Sandnes” from the table PERSONS, We use the following SELECT stat SELECT * FROM PERSONS WHERE City>" Sandnes: ‘The result set will look like this rad FirstName 1 Haven Ola LastNam 2 Svemdkon Tove Boren 23 Sandnes Operators Allowed in the WHERE Clause (i) BETWEEN Operator selects a range of data between two values. The values can be numbers, text or dates. Syntax SELECT coluan_nane(s) FROW table nae WHERE column_nane SETAEEN valuel AND value2 e.g. Ifwe want to select the persons with a last name alphabetically between “Hansen” and Pettersen’ from the table PERSONS. We use the following SELECT statement SELECT * FROM PERSONS WHERE Lastname SETAEEN “Hansen” AND “Pettersen ‘The result set will look like this Pd LastName FirstName Address 1 Hansen Ola Tin 3 Pettersen Kari Strat 20 ity eivn 10 Sanden Stavanger (ii) NOT BETWEEN Operator selects the data outside the range of data between two values, The values ean be text, numbers or dates. Syntax SELECT colunn_nane(s) FROM table nane WHERE coluiin rane NOT BETAEEN Valuel AND value2 4 To display the persons outside the range in the previous example, use NOT BETWEEN operator ‘We use the following SELECT statement SELECT * FROM PERSONS WHERE LastName NOT BETWEEN ‘Hansen’ AND ‘Pettersen’ TThe result set will look like this pad 2° Svendon Address Gi Bonn 23 Sandnes ‘LastName Name Tove (ii) LIKE Operator is used to match a value similar to specific pattern in a column using % and _. "The % sign represents zero, one or multiple characters, while _ represents a single character Iti useful when you want to search rows to match a specife pattern, or when you do not know the entire value Syntax SELECT coluen_nane FROM table_rane WHERE colum_rane LIKE “condition” 4 To display the FirstName that start with letter" We use the fallowing SELECT statement SELECT FirstName FROM PERSONS WHERE Firstlame LIKE “T" )/CBSE_TG)‘The result set will look ike this FirstName Tove 64. If we want to display the all records, where the LastName’s second letter is We use the following SELECT statement SELECT * FROM PERSONS WHERE LastNane LIKE"_at ‘The result set will look like this PLId LastName FirstName Address City 1 Hansen Ob, Timoteivn 10 Sandnes (iv) IN Operator checks a value within a set of values separated by commas and retrieve the rows from the table which are matching. ‘The IN operator allows you to specify multiple values ina WHERE clause. Syntax SELECT colum_nane(s) FROM table_nare WHERE colum_pare IN (value. value2,... 6 If we want to select the persons with a last name: equal to “Hansen” or “Pettersen” from the table PERSONS. We use the following SELECT statement SELECT * FROM PERSONS WHERE LastNane IN Hansen’ Pettersen’) ‘The result set will ook like this PLId LastName FirstName Address City 1 Hansen Olt ‘Timoteisn 10. Samdnes 3 Pettersen Kari Storgt 20 Stavanger ORDER BY Clause ‘The ORDER BY keyword is used to sort the result set along, specified column with the SELECT command, The ORDER BY keyword sorts the records in ascending order by default, you want to sort the records in a descending order, yout ean use the DESC keyword. Symtax SELECT colum_nane(s) FROM table_nane (ORDER BY cOTunn_namo(s)ASC/DES: ce, If we want to select all the persons from the table PERSONS, however, we want to sort the persons by their last name in ascending order. We use the following SELECT statement SELECT * FROM PERSONS ORDER BY LastName ASC CBSE Term Il | Computer Science Xil ‘The result set will ook like this PAd LastName FirstName Address City 1” Hansen Ola 3 Pettersen Kari 2 Swendson ‘Timoteivn 10. Sancies Storgt 20 Stavanger ‘Tove __Borgyn 23 Sandnes UPDATE Statement ‘The UPDATE statement is used to update existing records in atable, The WHERE clause in the UPDATE statement specifies, ‘which record or records that should be updated. Ifyou omit the WHERE classe all records will be updated, [Note fxpressons ae ako used inthe SET claus ofthe UPDATE ‘command manipulate the values. Syntax (POSTE table_nane SET columl=valuel, colume=value2, WHERE FROM WHERE 1S NULL duse the 4. Let us consider the following table Teacher TNo TName TSalary poy Tw Aradhna 17000 2015-01-08 oe Rita NULL 2015-13-14 03 Ravindrs NULL 2015-11-23 To Dushyat 16000 201401-10 05 Swati 19000 2014-02-10 + to display column whose value is NULL. We use the following SQL statement SELECT * FROM Teacher WHERE T Salary 1S MULL Above query produces the following output To TName ‘TSilary DOJ Ton Rika NULL 2013-12-14 TUS Ravindra NULL 2013-113, deleting the IS NOT NULL Clause If we want to search the column whose value Aa table then we use IS NOT NULL clause, Symtax SELECTecoTunn mane> FROM WHERE 15 NOT NULL not NULL in ‘ef. Consider the above table Teacher. Query to display ‘column whose valle is not NULL. We use the following SQL. statement SELECT * FROM Teacher WHERE T Salary 1S NOT NULL Above query produces the following output To TName TSalary DOJ ToL Aradhna 17000 2013-01-08, TOs Dusbyant__16000 2014.01.10 105 Swat 1000 2014-02-10 Aggregate Functions Agreaate functions are also known as group functions. Aggregate functions return a result onlin single row based ‘on group of raws, rather than on single row. Btabways appears in SELECT command and in ORDER BY and HAVING. ‘clauses. They are commonly used with the GROUP BY clause in a SELECT statement, Some of the aggregate fanetions are MIN, MAX, SUM, AVG, COUNT. The aggregate functions return a single value, ealeulated from values in a column, ‘There are different types of aggregate functions AVG) ‘This function returns the average value ofa specified. column, Syntax SELECT AVG(colunn_nane) FROM table_nane; ‘e¢, Consider the following table PAYMENTS: Empid Emp_Name Salary Department 1 Ridht 20000 DI 2 Roh 25000 pb 3 Rakesh 20000 p2 4 Boshan 44000 DI 5 Rohini 15000 bs 6 Radha 110 DI ‘To display the average of employees salary from PAYMENTS table. SELECT AVG(Salary) FROM PAYMENTS: output. passiueee AVG(Salan) 25000 )/CBSE_TG)COUNT() “This fantion returns the total numberof values oF rows of the specified field or column, COUNT (*) fa special function, as it returns the count of all rows in a specified table, Tincludes all he nll and duplicate values, Syntax SELECT COWNTC#) FREM table_nane: To count the total numberof employees from PAYMENTS table. SELECT COUNT) “Employees” FROM PRVENTS, Output Employees 6 DISTINCT Clause with COUNT() Function ‘The DISTINCT keyword helps us in removing the duplicate value from the result, When its used with agaresate finetion COUNT, it returns the number of distinct rows in a specified table. Symtax SELECT COUNTCOISTINCT colunm_pare) FROM table_nane: 4 To count total number of rows in Department column from PAYMENTS table. SELECT COUNT( Department) “Dept a FROM PAYMENTS output Deptid 6 64 To count distinet values of column Department from PAYMENTS table SELECT CONT(DISTINC Deprtnent) “Deptic FROM PAYMENTS: utp —— Deptid| 3 MAX() ‘This function returns the largest value from the selected column, Symtax SELECT MAX(coTun_nane) FROM table_nane: 6 To find the maximum salary of employee from PAYMENTS table, SELECT MAK(S@lary) “Waxinun” FROM PAYMENTS: Output oe ‘Maximum “44000 CBSE Term Il | Computer Science Xil MIN() “This fanetion returns the smallest value from the selected column, Syntax SELECT MINcolum_nane) ROH table ane: 4, To display th PAYMENTS table SELECT MINCSalary) “Minima FROM PAYMENTS: Output Minimum 74000 sUM() ‘This funetion returns the sum of values in the specified ‘column, The SUM works on numeric fields oly. Null values «are excluded from th Syntax SELECT SUM(colum_nane) FROM table_nane: result returned. ‘eg To count sum of employee's s table, SELECT SUM(Salary) FROM PAYMENTS: Output ary from PAYMENTS ‘Salary Salary 138000 GROUP BY Statement ‘The GROUP BY statement is used with the aggregate functions to group the result set by one or more col Syntax SELECT coluen_nane, aggregate_function(colum_rane) FROM table_nane WHERE condition (GROUP BY colunn_nane; Consider the following ORDERS table TABLE: ORDERS O1d OrderDate _ OrderPrice Customer 1 2008/11/12 1000 Hansen 2 2068/1098 1600 Nilen 20080002 TOO Hanses 4200590008 80) Hanes 5 2000 2000 Jensen 6 2008/1004 10 Nilsen ‘eg. Ifwe want to find the total sum (OrdesPrice) of each ‘customer from table ORDERS. )/CBSE_TG)(CBSE Term I!| Computer Science Xi We use the following SQL statement SELECT Customer, SLM(OrderPrice) FROM ORDERS GROUP BY Customer: ‘The result set will look like this Customer __ SUM(OrderPrice) Hansen 2000 Niken 1700 Jensen 3000 Let's see what happens if we omit the GROUP BY statement SELECT Customer, SIM(OrderPrice) FROM ORDERS: ‘The result sot will look like this SUM(OrderPriee) 5700 Customer Hansen In the above ease, SELECT statement cannot be used, because the SELECT statement above has two columns specified (Customer and SUM(OrderPriee)). The “SUM(OrderPrice)” returns a single value (that is the total sum of the ““OrderPrice” column), while “Customer” returns 6 values (one value foreach row in the “ORDERS” table), This will therefore not give us the correct result. However, you have seen that the GROUP BY statement solves this problem. HAVING Clause ‘The HAVING clause is used with GROUP BY ease to place condition because the WHERE keyword could not be used with agaregate functions. Syntax SELECT colum pane aggregate_function(colum_nane) FROM table_nare HERE condition GROUP BY coTurn_name HAVING aggregate_functon(colr rane) condi tio ex, If we want to find any of the customers have a total order of less than 2000 from table ORDERS. We use the following SQL statement SELECT Customer. SIM(OrderPrice) FROM ORDERS GROUP BY Custoner HAVING SUM(OrderPrice)<2000: ‘The result set will look ike this Customer SUM|OrderPrice) Nilsen 170 eg, Ifwe want to find the customers “Hansen” or “Jensen! have a total order of more than 1500, We add an ordinary WHERE clause to the SQL statement SELECT Customer. SUM(QrderPr: FROM ORDERS WHERE Custaner="Hansen’ OR Custaner=" Jensen GROUP BY Custoner HAVING SUM(OrderPrice)=1600: ‘The result set will look like this Customer SUM(OrderPrce) Hansen 2000 Jer 2000 Join A join isa query that combines rows from two or more tables Inajoin query, more than one tables ae listed in FROM ‘ase The function of combining data from multiple tables called joining, SQL can obtain daa from several related tables by performing either a physical or virtual join on the tables Joins are used when we have to select data fom two or more tables. Joins are used to extract data from two (or more) tables, when we need a relationship between certain columns in these tables. “The SOL Join condition i always used in the WHERE, case of SELECT, UPDATE and DELETE statements ‘There are different kind of QL. joins Equi Join Equi join is simple SQL. jon condition that uses equal sign as comparison operator Syntax. SELECT coll, col2,c013 FROM tabtel, table? WHERE tablelcoll = table2. coll Consider the following tables PERSON and ORDERS Table : PERSON P1d_Last Name First_Name City 1 Sharma Abhay Mumbai 2 Guta Mohan Delhi 3 Verma AK Mumbai ‘Table : ORDERS. 4d Order_No pad 1 10050 3 2 25000 3 3 6st 1 4 4500 1 5 35000 15 ‘64g. To join two tables PERSON and ORDERS using @ condition (ie. P_ld of PERSON table is equal to the P_Id of ORDERS table} )/CBSE_TG)We use the following SQL statement SELECT LastName, FirstName, Order No FROM PERSON, ORDERS HERE: PERSON, P_Id-ORDERS.P_Id (ORDER BY PERSON, Last_Nane ‘The query will give us the below result Last Name Fit Name Order No sharma Abhay ‘5687 sharma Abhay 45000 Verma Akhil 10050 Verma Akhil 25000 SQL equi joins are further clasified into two categories () Inner Join ‘The inner join using ether ofthe equivalent queries gives the intersection of two tables, i. it returns us the rows, ‘hich are common in both the tables Syntax SELECT coll, col2 FROM tablel INNER JOIN table2 OW tablel column nare-table2.colim_nane 64 To perform INNER JOIN on two tables PERSON and ORDERS. We use the fallowing SQL statement SELECT Last_Nane, First_Nome FROM PERSON INWER JOIN ORDERS 8 PERSON.P_L4-ORDERS. Id “The result set will lok like this Last Name First_Name Verma AK Verma Akhil Sharma Abhay Sharma Abhi (ii) Outer Join ‘The outer join include rows in a joined result even when they have no match in the joined table. An outer join returns all rows that satisfy the join condition and also returns those rows from one table for which no rows from the other satisfy the join condition, Left Outer Join The left outer join returns all the rows from the let table, even ifthere are no matches in the right table. Syntax SELECT colum 1, colum 2 FROM tablel LEFT JOIN table? ON tablel.colum_nane ~ table2.colum_nane: ‘ex. To perform LEFT OUTER JOIN on two tables PERSON and ORDERS. We use the following SQL statement CBSE Term Il | Computer Science Xil SELECT P.Last_Nane P.Fiest_Nane,0.Order_No FROM PERSON P LEFT JOIN ORDERS 0 OW P.P_Id = 0.P_Id ORDER BY P.First_Nane! ‘The query will give us the below result Last_Name FirstName Order_No Sharma Abhay 5687 Sharm Abhay $5000 Verma Akhil 2500 Verma Akhil 10050 Gupta Mohan Right Outer Join ‘The right outer join returns all the rows from the right table, even if there are no matches in the left table. Syntax SELECT coluenl., column? FROM tablel RIGHT JOIN table2 (N tablel .colunn_nane-table2.colun_nane: ‘e.g. To perform RIGHT OUTER JOIN on two tables PERSON and ORDERS, We use the following SQL statement SELECT P.Last_Nane, P.First_Name. (0.Order_No FROM PERSON RIGHT JOIN ORDERS OW P.P Id = 0.PLId (ORDER BY P, LastName: ‘The query will give us the below result ‘Last_Name First Name Order_No Sharma Abhay 45000 Sharma Abhay 3887 Verma Aklul 2500 Verma AKI 10050 35000 Self Join A self join isa join, where we join a particular table to itself, Here in this ease, it is necessary to ensure that the join statement defines an ALIAS name for both the copies of the tables to avoid column ambiguity. Consider the following table COURSE: ‘Table : COURSE Course Name Pre. ‘Course td © 2 cH L 3 Java 2 4 cH 3 5 VBNET 3‘CBSE Term | Computer Science Xil To perform SELF JOIN on COURSE table, We use the following SQL statement SELECT a.Course_Name AS COURSE b.Course Name AS Prerequis FROM COURSE a COURSE D MERE 0. re_Course = b,Course_t The result set will look like this COURSE Prerequisite Course cH Joa cee c# Joa VBNET Java Non-Equi Join Non-equi join is used to return the result from two oF more tables, where exact join is not possible. The SQL non-equi join uses comparison operators instead of, the equal sign like >,<.>=,<= alongwith conditions Syntax SELECT * FROM tablel. table? WERE tablel.colum > table2.colum: Consider the following tables Table: EMP fempno__ename sl date 10 Pea 000 1-11-2010 ML Seema 14000 15.02.2014 151 Sachin 30000 18-04-2015 12 Deepa 25000 20-05-2015 Table : SALGRADE ‘empno ity lowsal —hisal grade Lio Delhi 5000 100002 mu NER 11000 190001 1a Meerut 10000 30005 eg. To perform NON-EQUI JOIN on two tables E SALGRADE, Wo use the following SQL statement SELECT e.enpno, e.ename, e.sal FROM BHP ©, SALGRADE 5 HERE sal BETWEEN s.Tonsal AND s.hisal ‘The result set will look like this s.grade fempno ename sal grade 10 Priya TOD ut Scema 140005 Natural Join ‘The natural join isa type of equi join and is structured in such a way that, columns with same name of associated tables will appear once only Syntax SELECT * FROM tablet NATURAL JOIN table2: Consider the following tables Table Foops Iem_ld ItemName Item Unit Company td 1 Chex Mix Pes 16 6 Cheenit Pes 6 2 Biscuit Pos 15 3 Munch Pes 7 4 Rice Pes 5 5 Cake Pes Is Snake Pes NULL. ‘Table : COMPANY Company fa Company_Name Company City 18 Order all, Boston 15 Jack Mill Le London Alas Foods Delhi Foodies London Sip_n_Bite New York 646 To fetch all the unique columns from “FOODS' and. ‘COMPANY tables, alter joining these tables, We use the following SQL statement SELECT * FROM FOODS NATURAL JOIN COMPANY WHERE FOODS. Conpany_Id-CONPANY.Compary_I: ‘The result set will look like this Hem_ Ktem_Item_ Company_ Company, Company Md Name Unit dd Name ty 1 Chex Pes 16 Akw Delhi Mis Fonds 6 Cheezit Pes 15 Jack Hill London tnd 2 Biscuit Pes 15 Jacki London Ua Munch Pes 17 Foodies Lond Rice Pes 15 Jack Hil London Ud 5 Cake Pes 18 Onder All Boston )/CBSE_TG)Chapter Practice PART 1 Objective Questions * Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of the following is/are advantage(s) of SQL? (a) igh speed (b) Clientserver language (¢) Rasy to learn (@) Allof these Ans. (d) High spced, clientscrver language, easy to learn and understand are advantages of SQL. Its portable and used for relational database 2. Which of the following command is used to remove the table definition and all data? (a) CREATE (@ DROP PROP command is used to remove the table definition and all data Ans. 3. Which of the following isu eorreet syntax to add a column in SQL command? (a)ALTER TLE table_nane ADD column nane data_type: (WALTER THBLE AD coluan rane data (@)ALTER table_rane AOD column rane data_type: (€) None ofthe above Ana.) Syntax toad a column in SQI-command is ALTER TABLE table_nane ADD colunn_nane data_type 4. Which keyword can be used to return only different values ina particular column or a whole table? (@ WHERE () DistINCr (ALL (a) BETWEEN Ans. (b) DISTINCT keyword can be used to return only diferent values ina particular column or a whole table The keyword sorts the records in ascending order by default, (@ ut (b) UPDari (ORDER (d ORDER BY Ang.) ORDER BY keyword sorts the records in ascending ‘order by default, 6. ‘The clause used to cheek NULL values is fi) IS NULL () IS NOT NULL (6) Both fa) and (@ None ofthe above Ans.(a) The IS NULL clause is used to cheek NULL values in afield. 7. The operator is used for pattern matching, ) BETWEEN () LIKE (mn (@) LOOKSLIKE Ans.) The LIKE operator is used to match patterns ina fel 8, To delete all the records fom a table “Product” the command will be (@) EL FROM Product: (D) DELETE FROM Produ (©) REYOVE ALL FROM Product (@)OELETE ALL Ana.) To delete all th reords from a table command wil be DELETE FROM Product 9. The character displays all the columns of « table in a SELECT query. Product” the we ne or @ Ans.(c) The * character displays all the columns in a SELE query 10. ‘The command removes a table completely (a) DELETE. () REMOVE (9 DROP (@) UPDATE Ans.(c) The DROP command removes a table completely alongwith its dat 11. The "SET" clause is used along with () DESCRIBE (@) UPDATE. Ans. (d) The UPDATE command updates data ofa table. 1b uses the “SET” clause to specify the field to be updated )/CBSE_TG)‘CBSE Term | Computer Science Xil 12, What is true about the following SQL statement? riysql> SELECTFFROM Student (scent) {@) Displays contents of table ‘Student {) Displays column names and contents of table ‘Student (oR (4) Displays only the column names of able “Student” Ans.(b) The command displays entire contents ofthe table along with column names. ts in error as improper ease has heen used. 13. Which operator is used to compare a value to a specified list of values? (ANY (b) BETWEEN (ALL in Ans. (d) The IN operator easily tests the expression, it matches any value in a specified list of value Which of the following is the correct order of a SQL statement? (@) SELECT, GROUP By, WHERE, HAVING (b) SELECT, WHERE, GROUP BY, HAVING (¢) SELECT, HAVING, WHERE, GROUP BY (d) SELECT, WHERE, HAVING, GROUP BY Ans.(b) In SQL statement, the WHERE clause always comes before GROUP BY and HAVING clause always comes ater GROUP BY. Hence, option (b) is correct. 15. ...... provides statements for creation and delet of the database tables, views. (@ DDL. () DEL fe) DML Ten. Ans. (a) DDL. (Data Definition Language) provides statements for ereation and deletion of database tables, views, 16. Which of the following is not an aggregate function? (avon (by ADD) fe) MAX) (county Ans.(b) There is no aggregate function named ADDO but SUMO isan azsregate function whieh performs ‘mathematical sum of multiple rows having numerical values 17. Which aggregate function returns the count ofall rows in a specified table? SUMO (») Distinct) (e) COUNT), (@) None of these Ans.(c) COUNT?) function returns the total number of values or rows ofthe specified field or column, 18. In which fanetion, NULL values are excluded from the result ret (SUMO (©) MING) med? () Max (All of these ‘Ans.(d) NULL values are excluded from the result returned by al the agarezate functions 19, The AVG) fimetion in MySQL is an example of (@) Math fanetion (0) Text fanetion (© Date funetion (4) Agareyate function Ans. (d) The AVG) fanction returns the average column or rmitiple=rows, So, the AVG () funetion in MySQL. isan example of augrezite function te froma 20. Which of the following fumetion count all the values: except NULL? (@) COUNT) (6) COUNT(columm_name) (Q COUNTINOT NULL) (@ COUNTINULL) Ans.) All aggregate functions exclude NULL values while ‘performing the operation and COUNT)*) is an aggregate Faneto 21. What is the meaning of “GROUP BY” clause in MySQL? (@) Group data by column values () Group data by row values (6) Group data by column and row values (4) None ofthe mentioned Ans.) Through GROUP BY clanse we can create groups fiom a column of data in a table 22. Which clause is similar to “HAVING” elause in MySQL? (@) SELECT () WHERE (FROM (@) None ofthe mentioned Ang.(b) HAVING clanse will act esaetly sane as WHERE, clause, i. filtering the rows based on certain conditions 23, Which clause is used with an “aggregate funetions"? (@) GROUP BY (0) SELECT (WHERE (4) Both (a) and (e) ‘Ans.(a) "GROUP BY” is used with an aggregate functions, 24. Which of the following join gives the intersection of two tables? (a) Outer join (@) Inner join (6) Equi join (@) None ofthese Ang.) Inne join gives the intersection of two tables. 25. isa simple SQL join condition that uses equal sign as a comparison operator. (@) Equi join () Non-equ join (6) Both (a) and (@) None ofthe above Ans. (a) Equi join isa simple SQL. join condition that uses I sign asa comparison operator. )/CBSE_TG)* Case Based MCQs 26. Direction Read the case and answer the following ‘questions Ronita wants to store the data of some products in a table product as follows Table : Product PNo PName Quy Date_OF Mfg pow Pencil 20 2020-00-01, Pox Ener 5 1900-00-11, Pos Book 6 2000-04-08 Pow Notebook 15 2016-12-11 Pos Color 10 2015.02.04 She also wants to perform some operations and manipulations on the table . Help her to find the solutions of following questions. (i) A command that displays the details ofall the products will be (@) SELECT * FROM Product {) SHOW * FROM Product {DISPLAY * FROM Product: (@)SELECT ALL details FROM Product: (ii) The default date format in which date has to be stored in MySQL is, (@ DD-MM-YYY, () DD fo MMYY-DD @yy-MM-DD, (Gi) Which command she can use to add a new col to the table? (@) INSERT (h) UPDATE, (@ ADD COLUMN (ALTER (iv) Suggest her a proper data type for the “PName” ‘column, (@) Varchar () Double (Float (4) Integer (¥) She is confused whether she has to use the “COLUMN” clause with the ALTER TABLE, ‘command to add a column to the table. What should she do ? (@) COLUMN clanse is must (0) COLUMN clause is optional. (© COLUMN clause is must for adling integer columns only {) None ofthe shove Ans. (i) a) SELECT * FROM Product: i) (a) By default, MySQL stores dat format, Y-MM-DD. CBSE Term Il | Computer Science Xil (it) (d) The ALTER command can be used to make any’ ‘changes tothe structure of «table. (iv) (a) The varchar isa variable length datatype that ‘can used for columns storing stringicharacter type of (0) (b) With the ALTER TABLE command the COLUMN clause is optional, in adding columns to a table, 27. Table: Book_Information Column Name ‘Table: Sales Column Name Book 1D Store 1D Book Title Sales_Date Price Sales_Amownt Basis on above table information, answer the following questions (i) Which SQL statement allows you to find the highest price from the table Book_Information? (a) SELECT Book_{D.Book_Title.MAK(Price) FREM Book_Information: {b) SELECT MAKCPrice) FROM Book_Infornat ton: (6) SELECT MAXIMIMCPrice) FROM Bock_Informat on (4) SELECT Price FROM Book Information ORDER BY Price se (ii) Which SQL statement allows you to find sales amount for each store? SELECT Store 1D. SUM(Sales_Amunt) FROM Sates: SELECT Store_1D. SUM(Sales_Amaunt) FROM Sales (FOER BY Store_I0: () SELECT Store_1D. SUM(SaTes_Amaunt) FROM Sales GROUP BY Store_I0: (q) SELECT Store_1D. SUM(Sales_Amunt) FROM Sales HAVING UNIQUE Store_10 (ii) Which SQL statement lets you to list all store name whose total sales amount is over 5000 ? (a) SELECT Store_1D. SUM(SeTes Amount) FROM Sales GROUP BY Store_iD HAVING SUM(Sales_Anount) > 5000 (h) SELECT Store_1D. SUMSales_Anount) FROM Sales GROUP BY Store_iO WAVING Sales. Amount. > 5000: (6 SELECT Store 1D. SUN(Sales_Ancunt) FROM Sales WERE sum(Saies_Anount) > 5000 GROUP BY Store_1: (2) SELECT Store_ID. SUMSales_ Amount) FRM Sales WHERE Sales Aunt > 5000 GROUP BY Store_1o (iv) Which SQL state 1 find the total number of stor tuble? w) nt lets in the SAL )/CBSE_TG)‘CBSE Term | Computer Science Xil (0) SELECT COUNTY Store_ 10) FRM Sales (by SELECT CQUNT(OISTINCT Store_1D) FROM Sales: (© SELECT DISTINCT Store_IO FROM Sates: (@) SELECT COUMT(Store_ 10) FROM Sales GROUP BY Store_10; (6) Which SQL statement allows you to find the total jount for Store_ID 25 and the total sales amount for Store_ID 45? Store 1D IN ( 25, (b) SELECT Store_1D, SUM(Sa1es_Anount) FROM Sales ‘GROUP BY Store_ID HAVING Store_ID IN ¢ 25, 45) (© SELECT Store 1D, SUM(Sales_Anount) FROH Sales WHERE Store ID IN (25.45) (@) SELECT Store 1D, SUM(Sa1es_Anount) FROM Sales WHERE Store ID 25 AND Stone_I0 ~45 GROUP BY Store 0: ‘Ans, (i) (b) SELECT YAK(Price) FROM Book _Informatin (i) (@) SELECT Store_1D, SUM(Sales_Asount) FROM Sales GRO BY Store (Ui) (a) SELECT Store 10, SUM(Sales Amount) FROM Sales GROUP BY Store_[D HAVING SUM(Sales Aenunt) > 5000 (iv) (@) SELECT CoUNT(Store_D) FROM Sates GROUP BY Store 1 (©) () SELECT Store_ID, SUM(SaTes Amount) FROM Sates GROUP BY Store ID HAVING Store ID IN ( 25 48) AT Subjective Questions © Short Answer Type Questions 1. Differentiate between ALTER and UPDATE ‘commands in SQL. (NCERT) ‘An Diforonces between ALTER and UPDATE commands in $Ql.are ALTER command UPDATE command belongs to DDL, ceatexory Itbelongs to DML category Te changes the structure toads data ofthe table ofthe table, Columns ean be added, modified deleted ot Data ean be changed updated with values and expressions, 2, Mow is char datatype different from varchar data type? (CERT) Ans. Differences between char datatype and varchar data type Char Varchar Wistived length, Tes variable length ‘Wastage of memory. Memory usage any as per data size. Less wef Better data ype 3, Explain the use of ORDER BY clause. Ang. The ORDER BY clanseis used to arrange the reeords in ascending or descending order. Data present in a table ‘ean be arranged as per requirement on a specific eld in ascending or descending order. The default is aseending ‘order. To arrange in descending order the DESC clause is tobe used. To arrange in ascending order ASC may be used. ce SELECT * FROM Employee CROER BY HP_SALARY DESC ‘The above command arranges the records in descent ‘order of salary. 4. Write the queries forthe following questions using the table Product with the following fields (P_Code, P_Name, Qty, Price) (0) Display the price of product having code as PO6. (i) Display the name ofall products with qu sreater than 50 and price less than 500. ‘Ans. () SELECT Price FROM Product. WHERE P Codle="PO6" ‘The ertera of the records that ae to be displayed ‘ean he specified with WHERE clause of SQL. (i) SELECT P Name FROM Product WHERE Qty>50 AND Price 50 and price <3) 5. 1s it compulsory to provide values for all columns ofa table while adding records? Give an example. Ans. No ts not compulsory to provide values forall columns ofa table while adding records, We ean wse NULL sales wherever vals are misting eg INSERT INTO Employee VALUES ‘GML, “Sates 83000) 6. Amit wrote the comman Student” as CREATE TABLE Student(Ro1TNo, integer, Name varchar(20). Marks float(8.2)) ‘What does (8,2) mean hero? Ana While specifying float columns ina table the width and the number of decimals have to be specified. Here 8 is the total width and 2is the number of decimal places for the Marks column, tocereatea table7. Rakesh wants to increase the price of some of the products by 20% , of his store whose priee is less than 200, Assuming the following structure , what will be the query? PNo Name Quality Price ‘Ans. UPDATE ITEM SET Price=Price + Price * 0.2 WHERE Price<200 ‘The UPDATE command updates data ofa table. While updating, the expression for update value can be assigned to the updating field. The records to he upsated tan be specified as WHERE condition, 8 Write the use of LIKE clause and a short explanation on the two characters used with Ans. This operator is used to search a specified pattern in a column, THis usefl when you want to search rows to match a specifie pattern oF when you do not know the entire valueThe SQL. LIKE clase is used to compare a value to similar values using wildeard characters We describe patterns by using two special wildeard characters, given below (i) The per cent sian () is used to match any substring, (i) The underscore (is used to mateh any single charset. “The symbols ean also be used in combinations Given the command below: DELETE FROM Toys WHERE Toylane LIKE Which records will be deleted by th ‘command? Ans. The command has a LIKE clause with “$_18 which means all the toy names that start with the Tetter'S"and has Sr letter ast will deleted. 10. In the followin deleted? DELETE Student WHERE Student_10°109; (Assuming a Student table with primary key Student_ID) ‘Ans. 0ELETE FROM Student: MHERE Student_ID-Lo8: ere, the “FROM” clause is missing , so the command will produce an erro i ‘above query how many rows will be (NcERr) 11. if the value in the column is repeatable, how do you find out the unique values? (NcERF) Ans. The DISTINCT clause in SQL is used to display only distinct values ina column of table. Hence, ifthe column allows duplicate values the unique values ean be extracted using the DISTINCT clause. CBSE Term Il | Computer Science Xil SELECT DISTINCT CLASS FROM Student “This displays only the unique classes. 12, What do you mean by an operator? Name any four ‘operators used in queries ‘Ans. An operator i component of an expression that represents the action that shouldbe taken over a st of values. Four operators used in queries are (i) Arithmetic operators (i) Comparison operators (i) Boolean/Lowieal operators (iv) Between operator 13, How NOT operator is used with WHERE clause? Give an example, Ans.'The WHERE clause is used to retrieve some given data according tothe eondition and NOT operator reverses the result oft For example nysqi>SELECT Nane, Class. Games FROM Student_fable MERE NOT Ganes = “FeotBAL 14, What are the fnetions of ALTER TABLE command? ‘Ans,'The man functions of ALTER TABLE command are (@) Add or drop columns, (i) Change the column definition of a column, (i) Add or drop constraint (iv) Rename a column, 15. Write syntax ofthe conditions given below. (i) Add a col (ii) Delete a column from a table. ‘Ans, () ALTER TABLEstable_rane>400 datatypesval > (i) ALTER TABLEDROP COLUMcoluun_nane>: 16. Consider the following table PREPAID. Write MySQL commands for the statements given below. atable, S.No ©Name Model Connection 1 Sita Nokia Alitel 2 Govt Samsung Mea 3. Ritesh Le BSNL 4 Jayant Micromax Reliance () DELETE a column name Model (i) DELETE a customer record where connection type is BSNL. ‘Ans, () mysql> ALTER TABLE PREPAID OROP Hode) (i) mysql> DELETE FROM PREPAID WHERE Connection = SNL )/CBSE_TG)‘CBSE Term | Computer Science Xil 17, What will be the output ofthe following queries on the basis of EMPLOYEE table? ‘Table : EMPLOYEE, Emptd Name Salary FOL Siva 54000 02 oy NULL 03 ‘Allen 32000 ot Nee 42000 (i) SELECT Salary + 100 FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE Enp_Id = “£02 (li) SELECT Nane FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE Enp_Id = “E04: Ans. The output ofthe following queries Salary +100 @ Sw NULL Name Neev 18. What are the aggregate funetions in SQL? Ans. Azsrexate function is fanetion where the values of rultiple-rows are grouped together as input on certain eriteria to forma single value of more si meaning, Some agerezate functions SUM (), AVG(), MINO, ete. 19. What is the purpose of GROUP BY clause in MySQL? How is it different from ORDER BY clause? [CBSE 2012] ‘Ans. The GROUP BY clause can be used to combine al those records that have idential value in a particular eld ora sroup of fel ‘Whereas, ORDER BY clause is used to display the records either in ascending or descending order based on 4 particular fied. For ascending order ASC is used and for descending order, DESC is used. The default order is ascending order in SQL are 8 Gopi Krishna is using a table Employee. It has the following columns Code. Nane, Salary, Dept code He wants to display maximum salary department wise. He wrote the following command SELECT Deptcode, Max(Salary) FROM Employee: But he did not get the desired result Rewrite the above query with necessary changes to help him get the desired output. (CBSE Delhi 2014] Ans. SELECT Deptcode, Max(Salary) FROM Employee GROUP BY Deptcode: Jonsider the following table Employee Table : Employee at. 10 Steven King Shing 1057.06.17 AD_PRES 2000000 90 101 Neona Kochhar Nkair 1967-0618 AD_VP 102 Lex De Ham Lean 1987-0619. AD_VP 900000 1M Alesunder Hold Ahold 1987-0620 FT_PROG eID” 6 104 Bruce Est Bernt 1987-0821 TT_PROG 480000 6 105 David Austin Dansin 1987-0522 si.00 6 106 Vall) Fatal Vp 1887-0823 TTPROG 450000 100, balla Write a query to get the total salary, maximum, tninimum, average salary of employees Gob_1D wise), for Dept_ID 90 onl: Ans SELECT Job 1D, SUMSaTary) max(Salary), MINGalary) FROM Employee WHERE Dept_ID = “90 GROUP BY Job 1: * Long Answer Type Questions 22. What is the differences between HAVING clause. and WHERE clause? Ans. Differences between HAVING clause and WHER clause are AVG(SaTary) WHERE clause HAVING clause WHERE else is use to {ler the records from the table based om the specified condition HAVING clases sed to Alter record fon the groups Dased on the specified cone, HAVING clase implements in column operation. WHERE clase plements in row operation, WHERE clause cannot contain agaveyate function WHERE chase ean be HAVING clase can contain great function HAVING clase ean only be ved with SELEC used with SELECT statement UPDATE, DELETE statement, WHERE clase s used HAVING clause ts used with with single row Rinction multiple rv fanetion like like UPPER, LOWER ete. SUM.23. Answer the questions (i) to () on the basis of the following tables SHOPPE and ACCESSORIES. Table : SHOPPE ia SName Ares ‘S001 ABC Computeronies P ‘S002 All Infotech Media cK ‘$003 Tech Shoppe cr S001 Geeks Teen Soft Nehmu Place 005 Hitech Tech Store Nehru Phe Table : ACCESSORIES No Name Price a AO} Mother 12000 sol Board ame Hard Disk 5000 soL a0 Keyboard 500 ‘soz 08 Mouse 300 sol AUS Mother 13000 ‘soz Board 06 Keyhourd 400 03 aor Lep 6000 so ‘Tos a 500 05 ‘109 Mouse 350 $05 no Hard Disk 4500 03 (i) To display Name and Price ofall the Accessories in ascending order of their Price. (ii) To display Td and SName of all Shoppe located in Nehru Place. (ii) To display Minimum and Maximum Price of each Name of Accessories. (iv) To display Name, Price of all Accessories and their respective SName, where they are available, (©) To display name of accessories whose price is seater than 1000, (SELECT Name, Price FROM ACCESSORIES ORDER BY Price (i) SELECT 14, SHane Ans. FROM SHOPPE. WHERE Area = ‘Nehru Place (i) SELECT MIN(Price) “Minimum Price” wax(Price) “Maximum Price”, Name FROM ACCESSORIES GROUP BY Name: CBSE Term Il | Computer Science Xil (iv) SELECT Name, Price, SNane FROM ACCESSORIES A, SHOPPE $ WHERE A. Td = Id but this query enable to show the result because Ald and Sid are not identical, (9) SELECT Nane From ACCESSORIES WHERE Price>1000 24. Consider the following tables STORE and answer the questions: Table: STORE emo Item Seode Qty Rate LastBuy 2005 Sharpener Classe 2360S SIJUN.OD 2005 Balls 2 50 25 OLFED-I0 2002 Gel Pen Promiun 2115012 2LFEB.I0 2006 Gel PenClasic 3125020 TLMAROO 2001 Eser Small 2 20 6 IWJAN-09 2004 Eraser Big 2 08 oR DEC 2009 Hall Pen 05 at 1018 axNOV.M Write SQL commands for the following statements: () To display details of all the items in the STORE, table in ascending order of LastBuy. (i) To display ItemNo and Item name of those items from STORE table, whose Rate is more than @15, (ii) To display the details of those items whose Supplier code (Scode) is 22 oF Quantity in Store (Qty) is ‘more than 110 from the table STORE, (iv) To display minimum rate of items for each ipplier individually as per Seode from the table STORE. (0) To display the item with its quantity which inelude pen in thei Ans, (i) SELECT * FROM STORE ORDER BY LastBuy i) SELECT Ttemto, Item FROM STORE WHERE Rates (Gi) SELECT * FROM STORE WHERE Scode = 22 OR aty>1i0. (jv) SELECT MIN(Rate) FROM STORE GROUP BY Scode. () SELECT Ite, Qty FROM STORE WHERE Item LIKE ‘ent 25. Consider the following tables STUDENT and. STREAM. Write SQL commands for the statements (i) to (v). )/CBSE_TG)(CBSE Term I!| Computer Science Xi ‘Table : STUDENT SCODE NAME AGE STRODE POINTS GRADE ol Amit 16 1 6 NULL 102 Arjun BS 4 NUL 103 Zaheer 4 2 1 NULL 5 Gan BS NULL. WS Kumr 13 NULL. 9 Rajesh IT NULL HO Nween 13 NULL, 113 Ay we 2 NULL. 115 Kop Moos NULL. 120 Gurdeep 152 6 NULL. le : STREAM STRCDE, STRNAME 1 SCIENCE+COMP. NCE4+BIO| 3 SCIENCE+ECO 4 COMMENCE+MATH. s 5 COMMERCE+SOCIO 6 ARTS+MATHS ARTS#S0€10 (i) To display the name of streams in alphabetical order from table STREAM. the number of students whose wre more than 5. (ii) To update GRADE. to‘ for all those students, who are getting more than 8 as POINTS. (iv) ARTS+MATHS stream is no more available. Make necessary change in table STREAM. (0) To display student's name whose stream name is seience and computer, Ans. (i) SELECT STRMMME FROM STREAM ORDER BY STRNAME: Gi) SELECT COUNTC*) FROM STUDENT WHERE POINTS > 5: (Gi) UPDATE STUDENT SET GRADE = “A” WHERE POINTS > 8 (iv) DELETE FROM STREAM WHERE STRNIME = ARTS + MATHS: (0) SELECT NAME FROW STUDENT LMHERE STUDENT STRCDE = STREAM, STRCDE ‘MID STRUAE = “SCIENCE + CONP™ ny, tables GARMENT and 2. Write SQL commands for the statements 26. Consider the follow FABRI (to(), ‘Table : GARMENT GCODE DESCRIPTION PRICE FCODE READYDATE, 10023 PENCILSKIRE 1150 FU3—_IDEC-05 10001 FORMALSHINT 1250 FOL 12JaN0s. W012 INFORMAL. 1550 FOE OBJUN-S SHIRT 10021 BABY TOP 750 FOS OAPROT 10090 TULIP SKIRT 350 FW SLMAR.OT 10019 EVENINGGOWN $50 FOS OBJUN-OS 10009 INFORMAL 1500 PUB -20.0CT.08 PANT 10007 FORMAL PANT 1350 FOL MAR.OS 10020 FROCK 550 FOS OW SEP-OT 10089 SLACKS: 750 FS BAOCTAS ‘Table : FABRIC FCODE TYPE Pos POLYSTER Fu COTTON Fux SILK POL TERELENE, (0)To display GCODE and DESCRIPTION ofeach GARMENT in descending order of GCODE. (ii) To display the details ofall the GARMENT, which have READYDATE in between 08-DEC-07 and 16-JUN-0S (inclusive of both the dates) (ii) To display the average PRICE ofall the GARMENT, Which are made up of FABRIC with FCODE as P03. (iv) To display FABRIC wise highest and lowest price of GARMENT from GARMENT table, (Display FCODE of each GARMENT alongwith highest and lowest price.) (6) To display garment’s description with their price whose fabric is silk ‘Ans, (i) SELECT GCODE, DESCRIPTION FROM GABWENT ORDER By CODE OESé: (i) SELECTFROM GARMENT HERE READYOATE BETWEEN “08-DEC-07° AND 16-JN-08 }) SELECT AVOCPRICE) FROM GARMENT MERE FCOOE = FOS) )/CBSE_TG)(io) SELECT FCODE, MAXCPRICED GARMENT GROUP BY CODE () SELECT DESCRIPTION, PRICE FROM GARMENT WHERE GARMENT. FCODE ~ FABRIC. FECOE AND TYPE = “SILK" 21. Consider the following tables. Write SQL ‘commands for the statements () to (v). INCPRICE) FROM SendertD SenvderName SenderAddress _SenderCity NDOL_ Rain 2,ABC Appts New Delhi MUO ——-HSinha 12, Newtown Mumbai MUI5—SJha T/A, Park Stet Mumbai NDSO——T Prasad ——(LK,SDA_ New Delhi ‘Table: RECIPIENT ecID SenderID RecName ReeAddress _ RecCity O05 NDOL —_RBajpayee 5, Central Avenue Kolkata DOS MUO2 —SMahajan 116,AVihar New Delhi MUIO NDOL —HSingh 2A, Andheri East Mumbai MUS2 _MUIS PK Swamy B5,C$ Terminus Mumba NDS ND5O | STupwthi 13,01 D, New Delhi Mayur Vihar (i) To display the names ofall Senders from Mumbai (ii) To display the ReclD, SenderName, SenderAddress, ReeName, RecAddress for every Recipient (ii) To display Recipient details in ascending order of ReeName, (is) To display number of Recipients from each City. (9) To display the detail of recipients who are in Mumba ‘Ane, (i) SELECT Senderane FROM SENDER MHERE SenderCity = nba (i) SELECT RecID. SenderNane. SenderAddiress. Recleme. RecAddress FROM RECTPIENT. SENDER WHERE RECIPIENT Sender ~ SENDER. Sender: (iy SELECT * FROM RECIPIENT ORDER BY Rechane: (Gv) SELECT COUNTC*) AS “No, of Recipients RecCity FROM RECIPIENT GROUP BY RecCity: CBSE Term Il | Computer Science Xil (@) SELECT * FROM RECIPIENT WHERE RecCity = “Runbai” 2B. Write the SQL commands for (i) to (v) on the basis of the table HOSPITAL. able : HOSPITAL, No. Name Age Department Dateofadim Charges Sex 1 Sandeep 65 Surgery sss 300M 2 Ravina 24 Orthopaedic 200188 200 F 3 Karan 45 Orthopaedic 190288 200M 4 Tarn 12 Surgery oes 300M 5 Tubin 96 ENT 0s 350M 6 Ketaki 16 ENT auozes a0 7 Ankia 29 Cardiology 200208 800 8 Zarwen 45 Gynaecology — 2200268 900 F 9 Kush 19 Cardiology 190188 800M 10 Shailya 31 Nuclear 1929s 400M Medicine (i) To show all information about the patients of Cardiology Department (Gi) To list the name of female patients, who are in Orthopaedic Department. (ii) To list names ofall patients with their date of admission in ascending order: (iv) To display Patient's Name, Charges, Age for male patients only. (9) To display name of doctor are older than 30 years tnd charges for consultation fee is more than 500, ‘Ana (i) SELECT * FROM HOSPITAL WHERE Departaent. = Cerdioloay (ii) SELECT Nane FROM HOSPITAL WHERE Department. = Orthopaedic’ AND Sex =F (ii) SELECT Name FROM HOSPITAL ORDER BY Dateotadm: (is) SELECT Nane, Charges, Age FROM HOSPITAL WERE Sex =H (©) SELECT MRE FROM HOSPITAL WHERE Age>S0 AND Charges>500: )/CBSE_TG)(CBSE Term I!| Computer Science Xi 28. Write SQL. commands for(i) t (4) on the basis of table INTERIORS. Table : INTERIORS No. ITEMNAME TYPE DATEOF pr 1 Redros Double Bed 2590202 32000 15, Softtouch __Babyeot 20012 900010 3 Jemy’shome Baby eot 1902/02 0 4 Rough wood Oice Table 010102 20 5 Comfort zone Double Bed 120102 15000 20 6 Jemylook —Babyeot 24022 70019 Lionking __Oflce Table 200202 1600020 8 Royaltiger Sofi 2202/02 3000025 © Parksiting Sofi 101900015, 10 Dine Paradise Dining Table 190202 11000 15 11 White Wood Double Bed 230500 20000 20 12 James OT Sola 2002/00 15000 15 13 Tomlook ——Babyeot 210208 700010 (i) To show all information about the Sofa from the INTERIORS table (ii) To list the ITEMNAME, which are priced at ‘more than 10000 from the INTERIORS table (il) To list ITEMNAME and TYPE of those items, in which DATEOFSTOCK is before 22/01/02 from the INTERIORS table in descending order of. ITEMNAME, (iv) To insert a new row in the INTERIORS table with the following data (14, “Truetndian’, “Office Table’ 25/03/03", 15000, 20} (0) To display the name of item with their price which have discount more than 20. ‘Ans, (i) SELECT * FROM INTERIORS WHERE TYPE = Sofa’ (i) SELECT ITEM FROM INTERIORS MHERE PRICE > 10000: (Gy SELECT TTEMUWE, TYPE FROM INTERIORS HHERE DDATEOFSTOCK < *22/01/02 ORDER BY ITEHWAME DESC (jv) INSERT INTO INTERIORS VALUES (14, "Trueindian’ Office Table’ 25/03/03" .15000,20) () SELECT ITEM, PRICE FROM INTERIORS WRE DrscoxnT>20: 30. Given the following tables for a database LIBRARY, ‘Table : BOOKS Book, Author Book td ROPk- Author Publishers Price Type Qty 0001 The Willa Fist Fubl 750. Fiction 10 Tears Hopkins 0002 Thunder Anna Fist Publ 700 Fletion 5 bolts Roberts TWOL My —-Brain& EPB 250 Tet 10 Fist Brooke ct Tome C++ AW. TDH 25 Test Brainwo Rosse ns COOOL Fast Lata ERB 350 Ghokery 8 Cook Kapoor able : ISSUED. Book Id Quantity Issued F001 3 “TH001 1 ‘C000 5 Write SQL queries for (to y) (0)To show Book name, Author name and Price of books of EPB Publishers, (ii) To lst the names from books of Fiction type. (ii) To display the names and price of the books in descending order of their price (iv) To inerease the price ofall books of First Publ Publishers by 50. (6) To display the detail of book whose quantity less than 10, ‘Ans. () SELECT Book Nae. Author Name, Price FROM BOOKS WERE Publishers = "EPS (SELECT Book_Name FROM BOOKS WHERE Type = Fiction ) SELECT Book Nane. Price FROM BOOKS ORDER BY Price Ese (Gv) UPDATE 800KS SET Price = Price + 50 WHERE PubTishers = “First Pub? (©) SELECT *FROM BOOKS WERE aty<10: )/CBSE_TG)31M QL. commands for (to (6) on the basis of table STUDENT. Table : STUDENT SNO_NAME STREAM FEES AGE SEX 1 ARUNKUMAR COMPUTER 75000 17M 2 _DIVYAJENEJA COMPUTER 75000 18 F KESHAR, BIOLOGY 50000 16M. MEHRA HARISH SINGH ENG.DR 35000 18M. 4 5 PRACH ECONOMICS 30000 19 F 6 NISHAARORA COMPUTER 75000 15 DEEPAK ECONOMIC 30000 16M. KUMAR s S sania BIOLOGY 50000. 15 F VASWANI (i) To count the number of female students. (ii) To display the number of students stream wise, (iv) To display all the records in sorted order of (0) To display the stream of student whose name is Harish, ‘Ana, (i) SELECT NMWE FROM STUDENT WHERE: STREN = CORPUTER (i) SELECT COUNT(*) FROM STUDENT WHERE SEX = “F (Gi) SELECT STREAM, COUNT) FROM STLDENT GROUP BY STREAM (Gv) SELECT * FROM STUDENT ORDER 8Y NAME () SELECT STREAM FROM STUDENT WHERE NAME LIKE “EHARISHY 32. Given the following family relation, Write SQL ‘commands for questions (i) to (v) based on the table AMI ‘Table FAMILY No. Name Eee Mle gs Income Occupation 1 Mish 3 27000 Serve 2 Gwa 4 150000 Bins 3 Kin 8 35000 Mined 4 Chadha 2 2250 Bose 3 Yay 7 2 20000 Mud 6 Joshi 3 214000 Service 7 Mauve 6 35000 Farming 5 tao 5 210000 Service CBSE Term Il | Computer Science Xil (i) To select all the information of fumily, whose Occupation is Service. (Gi) To list the name of family, where female members are more th (li) To list all names of family with income in mug order. (iv) To count the number of family Tess than 10000. (9) To display the detail of family whose income is. more than 10000 and occupation is mised type. ‘Ans, (i) SELECT * FROM FAMILY WHERE Occupation = ‘Serv (Gi) SELECT Nane FROM FAMILY KHERE FenaleMenbers > 3 whose income is (Gi) SELECT Wame, Income FROM FAMILY ORDER BY Inco: (jv) SELECT COUNTC*) FROM FAMILY KHERE Income < 30000: (@) SELECT *FR0M FAMILY WHERE. INCOME > 10000 AND Occupation = “Hixed” Zonsider the following tables PRODUCT and CLIENT. Write SQL commands for the statement (to (), 33. ‘Table : PRODUC ProductName Manufacturer Price ‘TROL Tuloom Powder LAK 0 FW05 Face Wash ABC S01 Bath Soap ABC SHO6 Shampoo az FW. Face Wash aw % Table s CLIENT CAD ClientName City OL Cosmetic Shop Delhi FWOS, 06 Toa Health Mumbai_—_-BSOL 2 LivelLife Delhi S105 15 Pretty Woman Delhi FW 16 Dreams Bengaluru TPOL (i) To display the details of those Clients, whose City is Delhi (ii) To display the details of produets, whose Price is in the range of 50 to 100 (both values included) (ii) To display the ClientName, City from table SLIENT and ProduetName and Price from table PRODUCT, with their corresponding matching PD. )/CBSE_TG)(CBSE Term I!| Computer Science Xi (iv) To increase the Price of all produets by 10. (v)To display the product detail whose ‘manufacturer is ABC and price less than 50, ‘Ans, (i) SELECT * FROM CLIENT WHERE City="Delhi (i) SELECT * FROH PRODUCT MHERE Price BETHEEN 60 ‘ano oa (iy SELECT Clienthane. city. Productione, Price FROM CLIENT, PRODUCT WHERE CLIENT.P_10 ~ PRODUCT. P_tO: (i) UPDATE PRODUCT SET Price = Price + 10: (o) SELECT #7R0H saoucT WEARE Manufacturer = “ABC 00 Price < 60: 34, Study the following tables DOCTOR and SALARY and write SQL commands for the questions (i to WW. able : DOCTOR 1D NAME DEPT sex Sgrere 101 John ENT. M 2 104 Smith ORTHOPEDIC Mt 3 107 George CARDIOLOGY _M 0 1M Lara SKIN F 3 109K George MEDICINE F 0 105 Johnson ORTHOPEDIC Mt 10 LT Lucy ENT. F 3 Bill MEDICINE F 2 130 Morphy ORTHOPEDIC _M 6 ‘Table | SALARY ID__BASIG_ ALLOWANCE. CONSULTATION io 1200 1000 300 10123000 2300 500 17330004000 500 14120005200 10 109420001700 200 10518900 1600 300 190217003600 300) (i) Display NAME ofall doctors who are in MEDICINE department having more than LOyrs experience from the table DOCTOR. ii) Display the average salary of all doctors working in ENT department using the tables DOCTOR and SALARY, SALARY = BASIC + ALLOWANCE. (ii) Display the minimum ALLOWANCE of female doctors. (iv) Display the highest consultation fee among all ale doctors. (9) To display the detail of doctor who have experience more than 12 years, ‘Ang, (i) SELECT NAVE. FROM DOCTOR KHERE DEPT = MEDICINE” AND EXPERIENCE > 10 (Gi) SELECT AVG(BASIC + ALLOWANCE) FROM SALARY WHERE SALARY. ID TN(SELECT 1D FROM DOCTOR WHERE DEPT = “ENT (ii) SELECT WINCALLOAANCE) FROM SALARY WHERE SALARY. 1D IN(SELECT 1D FROM DOCTOR WHERE SEX = F) (Gv) SELECT MAK(CONSULTATION) FROM SALARY WHERE SALARY. 1D IN(SELECT ID FROM DOCTOR WHERE SEX W) (@) SELECT * FROM oCTOR HERE: EXPERTENCED12: 35, Study the following tables FLIGHTS and FARES) and write SQL commands for the questions (i) to (iv), ‘Table: FLIGHTS FL_NOSTARTING ENDING __NO_FLIGHT NO_sTOPS Ic901 MUMBAI DELHI 8 ° 1c) BENGALURU ELH 2 1 MCIOL INDORE MUMBAI 3 ° 1ca2DELI MUMBAI 5 ° AMSIZ KANPUR BENGALURU 3 1 Ics MUMBAT—_ KOCHE 1 4 AMSOL DELI ‘TRIVANDRU 1 5 M MUIS9 MUMBAI MADRAS 3 8 ICO DELI AHMEDABAD 4 ° Table: FARES FLNO AIRLINES FARE TAX ICM INDIAN 6500 0 AIRLINES: MUIG9 SAHARA 100 AMBOL JETAIRWAYS 15450 Ics INDIAN ‘00 AIRLINES. 1ca2 INDIAN 4500 w AIRLINES. 1¢799 INDIAN 10500 w AIRLINES MCIOL DECCAN 3500 4 AIRLINES(i) Display FL_NO and NO_PLIGHT from. KANPUR to BENGALURU from the table FLIGHTS. (ii) Arrange the contents ofthe table FLIGHTS in the ascending order of FL_NO. (ii) Display the FL_NO and fare to be paid for the flights from DELHI to MUMBAL using the tables FLIGHTS and FARES, where the fare to be paid = FARE + FARE * TAX % 100, (iv) Display the minimum fare INDIAN AIRLINES is offering from the table FARES. (v)"To display the detail fares of Indian airlines, ‘Ans, (i) SELECT FL_NO, NO_FLIGHT FROM FLIGHTS WHERE STARTING = "KANPUR" AND ENDING = BENGALURU i) SELECT * FRON FLIGHTS ORDER BY FL_NO: (i) SELECT FL_NO, FARE + FARE * TAXRIOO FROM FARES WHERE FL_HO = (SELECT FL_No FROM FLIGHTS WHERE STARTING = “OELAI" AND ENDING = “HOMBAI") (Gv) SELECT MINCFARE) FROM FARES GROUP BY AIRLINES HAVING AIRLINES = "INDIAN AIRLINES (6) SELECT * FROM FARES WHERE ATRLINES = "Indian Air] ines” 36. Write SQL commands for (i to (iv) on the basis of the table SPORTS Table : SPORTS STUD-E ena STUD-E Ciass NAME GAMEI GRADEGaME GIA 10 Samver Cricket B Swimming A n Suit Tennis A Skating = BR Kamal Swimming B Football B. 137 Veena Tennis CG TennlsA 19 Archana Baskethall A Cricket A 15 10 Arpt Cricket’ =A Athletes () Display the games taken up by the students, whose name starts with (ii) Write a query to add a new column named MARKS. (iil) Write a query to assign a value 200 for Marks for all those, who are getting grade ‘B’ or grade ‘8’in both GAME1 and GAME2. (iv) Which command will be used to arrange the whole table in the alphabetical order of NAME? (a) SELECT FROM SPORTS ORDER BY NAME. (b) SELECT*SPORTS ORDER BY NAME: CBSE Term Il | Computer Science Xil (c) SELECT*FROM SPORTS ORDER NAME: (a) SELECT#FROM SPORTS ORDER BY NAME: ‘Ans. (i) SELECT GAME, GAME2 FROM SPORTS UHERE NAME LIKE “as (G) ALTER TABLE SPORTS ADD(HARKS NUMBER(3)) (Gi) UPDATE. SPORTS SET MARKS ~ 200 WHERE GRADE = “A' OR GRANDE = “8° OR GRADE ‘A OR GRADEL = “8 (iv) (@) SELECT * FROM SPORTS ORDER BY NAME 37. Write SQL commands for i) to (iv) on the basis of table EMPLOYEE, Table: EMPLOYEE Ni) NAME. asic DEranrMENT PATO AGE sex 1 KARAN $000 / PERSONNEL 270897 55M 2 DIVAKARS500 COMPUTER 200198 34M 3 DIVA 7300 ACCOUNTS 10207 34 F 4 ARUN S350 PERSONNEL —OWIA5 33M 5 SABINA 9500 ACCOUNTS 120196 95 F 6 JOHN 7400 FINANCE 24297 36M 7 ROBERT $250 PERSONNEL 200207 39M 8 RUBINA 9450 MAINTENANCE 220208 57 F 9 VIKAS 7500 COMPUTER 13014 41M 10 MOHAN $300 MAINTENANCE 190295 97M ‘command will be used to list the names of nployees, who are more than 34 years old. sorted by NAME, ) SELECT NAME FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE AGE>94 ORDER BY NeME (b) SELECT * FROM ENPLOYEE WHERE AGE%34 ORDER BY ame: (c) SELECT NAME FROM EMPLOYEE MHERE AGE>24 (4) SELECT NAME FROM EMPLOYEE AGE>24 ORDER BY aM: (ii) Write a query to display a report, listing NAME, BASIC, DEPARTMENT and annual salary Annual salary equals to BASIC * 12, (ti) Insert the following data in the EMPLOYEE table 11, ‘VIJAY’, 9300, ‘FINANCE’, 13/7/98', 35, “M" (iv) Write a query to count the number of employees, who ate either working in PERSONNEL oF COMPUTER department, )/CBSE_TG)(CBSE Term I!| Computer Science Xi ‘Ans, (i) (a) SELECT NAME FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE AGE > 98 ORDER BY NAME (@) SELECT NAME, BASIC, DEPARTMENT, BASIC*12 “Annus Selary” FROM EMPLOTEE (Gy INSERT INTD ERPLOVEE VALUESC LI, FINANCE", "13/7/98", 35.°H") (Gv) SELECT COUNT(#) FROM EMPLOYEE vay", 9300) WHERE DEPARTHENT = “PERSONNEL” O8 DEPARTHEN COMPUTER 38. Write SQL commands for () to (iv) on the buss of table COLLEGE Table : COLLEGE, No Name Age Department Datefjoin Base Sox 1 Shale 45 Biology 190285 10500. M 2 Sameera 54 Biology 1001000500 F 3. Youyen 43 Physics ——-27AROS 8500 M 4 Pabush 31 Chemity 11a 500M 5 Aven 51 Matbematis 2240191 500M 6 Recta 27 Chemistry HABA 9000 F 7 _Urashi 29 Biology 10NBBS 8500 F 5 Teoma 35 Mathematis 024289 10500 F 9 Viren 49 Mathematics 050185 008M 10 Prakash 22 Physics 1702028000 M (i) Write a query to change the Basie salary to 10500 of all those teachers from COLLE who joined the COLLEGE after 01/02/89 and are above the age of 50 (ii) Write a query to display Name, Age and Basie of all those from COLLEGE, who belong to Physies and Chemistry depart (iil) Which command will be used to delete a row from table COLLEGE, in which NAME is VIREN? (iv) Insert the following data in the given table COLLEGE, 11, ‘Saurav’, 50, ‘Chemistry’, "18/05/93", 13000, "Wr ‘Ans, (i) UPDATE COLLEGE SET Basic = 10500 HERE DateofJoin>"01/02/89" AND Age>S0: (@) SELECT Name, Age. Basic FROM COLLEGE WHERE Department="Physics’ OR Department =" Chemistry’ (i) DELETE FROM COLLEGE WHERE Name VIREN (Gv) INSERT INTO COLLEGE VALUES (11. 50. “Chemistry”, “18/05/93 12000, “*W") SauravChapter Test Multiple Choice Questions 1. Riya wants to remove a column "Name" from her table , which command she has to use? (a) ALTER TABLE tb cuear (o UPDATE (@) None of these 2. The clause with ALTER TABLE command that renames @ column is (a) RENAME (b CHANGE (@ oROP (6) CHANGENAME 13. We can use the aggregate functions in select list or the... clause ofa selec statement. But they cannot be used in @ clause. (a) WHERE, HAVING (b) GROUP By, HAVING (HAVING, WHERE (@) GROUP BY, WHERE “4, Select correct SQL query from below to find the temperature in increasing order ofall cites ty FROM weather CROER BY temperature: ELECT city, temperature FROM weather CT erty. temperature FRIM weather ORDER BY tenperature y. temperature FRIM weather ORDER 5. The HAVING clause acts lke a WHERE clause, but it identifies columns that meet a criterion, rather than rows, fa Twe (0 False (© Depend on query {@ Depend on column Short Answer Type Questions 6. Explain usage of IS NULL and IS NOT NULL clauses (scent) "7. With respect to the following table structure write queries forthe following GamelD._GName Type Players (0 To display the details of games of "OUTDOOR" type. (i) To display GName and Players for games where players is more than 2. £8. Explain working of AND and OR operators in queries 9. Write a query to display the Sum, Average, Highest and Lowest marks of the students grouped by subject and sub-grouped by cass. 10. the following query is producing an error. identify the error and ako wit the cortect query T ¥ FROM EMP ORDER BY NAME WHERE SALARY>=5 Long Answer Type Questions Th With respect to the folloing table “BOOK” write SQL. commands for the questions () 0. Table : Book BookiD name Publisher Price _—_—DtofPub 8 Ficion TH 1200 _-2020-09-08, 82 Stories Pa soo NULL 83 Ramayana Pa Nu 24 Beginners Oswal 1990-2-03 Cookng (0 Display details of books published before year 2000. (i) Display names and publishers of books whose price is less than 1000. i) Display names of books who do not have a date of publication (iu) Increase price ofall books by 200.(CBSE Term II | Computer Science Xil 12. write SOL commands with respect to the Employee table given below. Table : Employee Eno Ename Dept__Desig__Dtofloin Salary 1 Jack Sales “MGR 2012.09.12 69000, 2 Priya Accs MGR 2005-04-22 56000 3 RinPers Clerk 2000-01-09 25000 4 Ant Pers Offeer 1994.04.03 67000 5 Sumit Sales Offeer——-NULL_——_—19000, 6 Akash Soles Offeer NULL 20000 {0 Display name and department of employees whose name begins with” (i Display details of employees whose designation ends with“. Gi) Display details of employees whose name has Ist letter °P* 3rd letter“ (iv) Display name,deptartment and salary of employees whose department name ends with 's. ‘TB. Consider the following table GARMENT, write SQL commands forthe statements () to (). [CBSE Question Bank 2021) ‘Table : GARMENT GCODE DESCRIPTION PRICE FCODE READYDATE 10023 PENCIL SKIRT 150 fos 10EC-08 ooo FORMAL SHIRT 1250 ra ANB “0012 INFORMAL SHIRT 150 2 061UN-06 ‘oat BABY TOP 750 Fos or-apr-o7 ‘oso TUUP SKIRT 50 ro SrMAR-OT voo1s EVENING GOWN 880 03 061UN-06 "0009 INFORMAL PANT 1500 2 20-OCT-08 10007 FORMAL PANT 1350 fo 09-Mar-06 ozo FROCK 50 fos 09-SEP-07 o0e9 SLACKS 750 03 20-0CT-08 (0 To display GCODE and DESCRIPTION of each GARMENT in descending order of GCODE. (To cispay the details of al the GARMENT, which have READYDATE in between 08-DEC-07 and 16-JUN-0B (inclusive if both the dates) i) To display the average PRICE of all the GARMENT, which are made up of fabric with FCODE as F03, (iu To splay fabric wise highest and lowest price of GARMENT from GARMENT table. (Display FCODE of each GARMENT ‘along with highest and lowest price), (To display GCODE whose PRICE is more than 1000, Answers For Detailed Solutions Multiple Choice Questions Scan the code 1@ 20 30) 40) 5.0) )/CBSE_TG)

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