PURPOSIVE

COMMUNICATION
(GE5)
 Saint Anthony’s College
of Sta. Ana, Cagayan Inc
Santa Cruz, Santa Ana, Cagayan 3514 | FAS School System

LEARNING MODULE 3
SUBJECT: PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION
TOPIC: COMMUNICATION FOR WORK PURPOSES
COMMUNICATION FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES
YEAR LEVEL/SEMESTER: 1st YEAR FINALS | 1ST SEMESTER
SCHOOL YEAR: 2021-2022
SUBJECT TEACHER: EDISON M. AGUSTIN

INTRODUCTION:
Through multimodal tasks, this module improves your communicative
competence as well as your cultural and intercultural awareness, allowing you to
communicate effectively and appropriately to a multicultural audience in a local or
global context. It gives you the tools to critically evaluate a variety of texts and
emphasizes the importance of conveying messages responsibly by emphasizing the
power of language and the impact of images. You can apply the knowledge, skills, and
insights you gain from this course to your other academic pursuits, chosen disciplines,
and future careers as they compose and produce relevant oral, written, audio-visual,
and/or web-based output for a variety of purposes.

STANDARDS:
In this module, you are expected to:
a. explain the classifications, parts, types of reports and explain the importance of
taking minutes of meeting
b. write an application letter and resume;
c. distinguish the different types of plagiarism
d. identify research gap, research objective, and research problem
e. communicate ideas effectively using different forms of communication in the
work field;
f. demonstrate mastery of the key concepts to effectively and ethically
communicate in the chosen field.
TOPICS:
A. Communication for Work Purposes
 Workplace Communication
 Communication for Journalists
 Communication for Teachers
 Communication for Business and Trade
 Writing Business and Technical Reports
 Communication for Employment: The Resume
 Communication for Employment: The Application letter
 Communication within a company: The Memorandum
 Writing Minutes of Meeting
B. Communication for Academic Purposes
 Avoiding Plagiarism
 Writing a Research Proposal: The Topic Proposal, Research Introduction,
and Method
 Writing Literary Analysis
 Academic Presentations

ACTIVATING PRIOR KNOWLEDGE

Directions: The following words are workplace-related. Look up the meaning of or
description for each of them by using appropriate sources of information.
1. HR-
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. Business plan-
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3. Meeting minutes-
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
4. Email-
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
5. Workspace-
________________________________________________________________________
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 LESSON 1
(WEEK 1)
COMMUNICATION FOR WORK PURPOSES

DISCUSSION
WORKPLACE COMMUNICATION

We identify a number of communication goals.

We understand that we used persuasion,
information, and entertainment, among other
communication methods, to communicate. We
came close to achieving one of its goals: the work
goals.

Workplace communication is the verbal and

nonverbal exchange of information and ideas
within an organization. Employees from various
parts of society may make up an organization.
These people may come from a variety of cultures and backgrounds, and they may
adhere to a variety of social norms. Communication is critical for bringing employees
together as well as achieving society's goals. It is extremely beneficial to a company
because it boosts productivity and efficiency.

Ineffective workplace communication creates misunderstandings, confusion, and

mistrust among employees. It also wastes time, reduces productivity, and leads to
misunderstandings. It can be avoided if effective communication is used; it promotes
communication by removing barriers between employees.

It's also important to note that employees come from a variety of backgrounds, as
these differences can act as communication barriers in the workplace.

METHODS OF COMMUNICATION IN A WORKPLACE

Information is absorbed differently by people of various cultures and

backgrounds. To ensure that everyone in a workplace understands the message,
communication methods should be used. When presenting critical information,
communication methods must be simple and precise.

Effective communication in the workplace is imperative in a leadership role. An

age-old aphorism goes, “It’s not what you say, but how you say it.” Good
communication is what separates a poor leader from an exceptional one. Having
effective communication skills is the key to good leadership.
 Open Meeting- it is the easier way to tell your officemate or team about your
ideas and passion through an open meeting. In this kind of way, they will hear
what you say and get their feedback in return.
Emails- nowadays, it is easier to communicate because of technology. Email is an
electronic mail from one or more computer user via a network. Using email
requires less effort in communication in a workplace.
One on One- aside from open meeting, one on one works well at all times. You
got to understand their ideas without a prior hindrance.
Use Simple Words- not everyone has a good vocabulary, so to make
communication more effective with the teams or officemates, use a word that can
be easily understood.
Use Visual- communication can be presented using visual. They should not just
hear the message but also see it.
Use Body Language- aside from pictures or images, body language says a lot to
communication, it is easier and faster to communicate using body language
without using much of an explanation because your body and facial expression
says it all.
Phone Conversation- this type of conversation might be a toxic for some, but it
promotes confidence upon communication with other people. A person in a
phone conversation can practice what they are going to say without seeing their
facial expression. This is really advantageous if someone is working in remote
places, it can be a vital tool for communication.

Communication in the workplace relies on someone willing to break down barriers

and, as a result, note specific ways to communicate with your team.

ACTIVITY 1
Directions: Answer the following questions briefly.

1. What are some of the issues that some employees are having at work?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. What can be done to improve workplace communication?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
 COMMUNICATION FOR JOURNALISTS: Writing a Lead

Writing the opening paragraph of a news article or the lead is one of the most
challenging tasks. The manner of presenting the lead may dissuade the readers from
reading the news article.

Perhaps, a traditional way of opening a news article is using summary lead or

the straight lead (presenting the W’s and the H). Other types of lead include question
lead, quotation lead, funny lead, anecdotal lead and descriptive lead.

Whatever type of lead you decide to use, remember to:

1. Emphasize the most important details;
2. Be specific and concise; and
3. Use active verbs as much as possible.

ACTIVITY 2:
Directions: Write an opening paragraph for the most interesting news that you have
recently read or watched.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
COMMUNICATION FOR TEACHERS: Story Telling

As future teachers, it is essential that you hone your craft in leadership and
teaching. You need to be able to use the language when you explain, describe, retell,
interpret, plan and give instructions and feedback. You need a good command of the
language when you attempt to develop the social language of your students for them to
communicate effectively in various activities like listening to stories, sharing
information, following directions, solving a problem in a conversation, and the like.

One of the responsibilities of teachers is stimulating their students’ imaginations

and understanding of the world. One approach that is commonly used in storytelling.
Stories, according to Aiex (1988), play significant roles in students’ growth and through
these, they would learn to appreciate literature.

Storytelling is a powerful way of communicating and conveying emotion by

improvisation or embellishment. It is an art of using language, voice, movements, and
gestures in order to reveal images and elements of the story to an audience. This is often
used by teachers, parents, and professionals to elaborate or convey messages, to
entertain, to educate, and to preserve culture.
 Reasons why storytelling is recommended as a strategy for teaching:
1. Cooter (1991) and Bla (1998) forwarded hat the excitement and drama of
storytelling provide a context that holds students’ attention. Stories are used
to motivate, create an immense interests, attracts listeners, and promotes
communication.
2. Stories are an enormous language treasure. Storytelling is one of the oldest art
of telling morals and thousands of these stories have been created and passed
down. Many old stories regarded as the models of language and treasures of
the culture, from which learners at various language levels and age groups
can find suitable stories to read and tell.
3. Storytelling provides a lively atmosphere and real environment that
encourages the students to participate. When they listen to stories, they easily
can plunge into plots and scenes and identify themselves among the
characters.

COMMUNICATION FOR BUSINESS AND TRADE

In order to prepare you in the global workforce, you must prepare yourselves to
the demand of industry, and one way of achieving this is through enhancing your
English communication skills. As students, you need to develop your expertise on how
to sell an idea in a product presentation, project proposal, and other opportunities of
making networks and connections in business. Enhancing your craft in oral
presentation will make you succeed in your future internships and future career.

Business Communication - is the sharing of information between people within an

enterprise that is performed for the commercial benefit of the organization. In
additional, business communication can also refer to how a company shares
information to promote its product or services to potential consumers.
Definition and Relevance
A SWOT analysis or a SWOT matrix is a diagram that show that shows an
organizations or person’s key Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats.
Doing this type of analysis, any organization, corporation, or company can innovate or
adapt new ways or strategies to put itself better in the corporate world.

Internal factors vs. External factors

1. Internal factors – are things that we can control. An example is when workers
in a company spend time and effort on fixing computer crashes. As a solution
to this problem, the employees could be trained or better software could be
purchased.
2. External factors – are things we cannot control. For example, is inflation rate
of goods due to government regulations?
Benefits of SWOT analysis
1. SWOT analysis identify any company or organization’s capabilities and
resources. Moreover, they also provide a look on the organization’s
competitive environment.
2. Based on the result of SWOT analysis, the company can create a better
marketing strategy.
3. A SWOT analysis can create a new venture or new opportunities for the
company especially the ones that are not yet explored.
4. This can be an aid for the managers and directors reduce threats by
understanding their company’s current weaknesses.
5. This can be used by the people in a company as a planning technique.
6. Individuals who like to develop their careers can do SWOT analysis for it
identifies their skills, opportunities, and abilities.

How to make SWOT analysis

1. Make sure that the analysis heads to the right path or direction by defining
your objective. If you study focuses on what matters, this well eventually
provide you a right strategy.
2. Focus on the internal and external factors.
a. Strengths. Identify the things that do better in your company rather than
the competition. Are the familiar to your products or brand? What is your
competitive advantage? Which one from your internal resources is doing
best or the one that excels in all aspects of intellectual property or human
resources?
b. Weakness. In what areas are your competitors outclassing your company?
What holds your business back? Are there any things you can avoid? Does
your business lack something? Or weakness? For example, it may not
have enough suitably- skilled workers. This is an area that you can
control.
c. Opportunities. Opportunities can help your company grow. Can you turn
any changes in technology, laws, or society, for example, into an
opportunity? Consumer today are more aware of an interested in the
quality of life.
d. Threats. Are there obstacles stopping your company from growing? What
are these rules, regulations, or technology that impede your business?
Some aspects are society may also represent obstacle. Is inflation rate a
threat to the business?
 Weakness
Strengths
- No experience in operating a
- Close to universities and
public transport. business. LE
- Lack of funds for the start -
- Cheaper product offered
other that popular brands. up of the business. SS
- Less popularity compared to
- Ambiance is good for study and
leisure. well- known brands. O
- Growing demand by different
markets for coffee shops.
- Staffs to be trained for
operations.
N
Opportunities
- New products and services are
Threats
-There are lots of popular
2
(WEE
offered for expansion of the coffee shops. K 2)
market. - There are also COM
- Brand franchising is also an competition with other MUNI
opportunity to expand business. coffee shops also starting CATI
- Co- branding or strategic - up. ON
alliance with other firms. - Market tastes are changing. FOR
- Diverse target market. - Price for coffee beans and WOR
other supplies may increase. K
PURPOSES

DISCUSSION

WRITING BUSINESS AND TECHNICAL REPORT

A report is a comprehensive document that covers all aspects of the subject matter of
study. Is present results of an experiment, investigation, research, or an inquiry to a
specific audience.
Characteristics of a Report

1. It presents information not an argument.

2. It is meant to be scanned quickly by the reader.
3. It uses numbered headings and subheadings.
4. It is composed of short and concise paragraphs.
5. It uses graphic illustrations such as tables, graphs, pie charts, etc.
6. It may have an abstract or an executive summary.
7. It may or may not have references or bibliography.
 8. It often contains recommendations and/or appendices.
Report Categories
1. The Informal Report
 It functions to inform, analyze, and recommend.
 It may be in the form of a memo, financial report, monthly activities
report, development report, research, etc.
 It is written according to an institution’s style and rules. Introductory and
prefatory parts are not required.
 It is used for conveying routine messages.
Types of Informal Report

a. Progress Report- written to provide information about the way a project is

developing
b. Sales activity report- helps a firm to understand about the progress of the sales
people and also identify the shortcomings.
c. Personnel Evaluation- used by an organization to assess an employee’s
performance
d. Financial Report- presents formal record of the financial activities of a business,
person, or other entries.
e. Feasibility Report – assesses the viability of a new project
f. Literature Review- conveys to the readers the work already done and the
knowledge and ideas that have been already established on a particular topic of
research
g. Credit Report- details report of an individual’s credit history prepared by the
credit bureau

2. The Formal Report

 It is an official report that contains a collection of detailed information,
research, and data necessary to make decisions.
 It is formal, complex and used at an official level.
 It is often a written account of a major project.
 It may be in the form of launching a new technology or a new project line,
results of the study or an experiment, a review of developments in the
field, etc.

ACTIVITY 3:
What are the two main categories of reports? Explain the difference.

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Communication for Employment: The Resume

What Is a Resume?

A resume is a formal document that provides an overview of your professional

qualifications, including your relevant work experience, skills, education, and notable
accomplishments. Usually paired with a cover letter, a resume helps you demonstrate
your abilities and convince employers you’re qualified and hireable.

The spelling of “résumé” actually originates from French, and means “summary.” To
this day, the purpose of a resume is still to provide employers with a summary of your
relevant qualifications.

If you’re applying for a job, you need at least a resume to be considered for the position.

On a base level, a resume is made up of the following five parts:

 Contact details
 Introduction
 Educational background
 Work history
 Relevant skills
Characteristics of a Good Resume

Resume describes one’s education, employment experience, and other personal

data. A successful resume inspires a prospective employer to employ the resume
holder.

An ideal resume should possess the following features or qualities:

1. Honesty: An effective resume should always include accurate information. It

should be free from exaggeration and false information.
2. Cleanliness: Employer gets a primary impression about the job application form
the appearance of the resume. It indicates the carefulness and eagerness of the
application towards the job. Therefore, the resume should be neat, clean and
 attractive. Its attractiveness depends on clear typing or writing, layout of the
writing, quality of papers, necessary margin etc.
3. Full disclosure: An accurate and effective resume gives detailed information
about the applicant. The related information includes identifying information,
career or job objective, educational background, work experience, references, etc.
without full disclosure of these facts, an employer cannot evaluate a resume.
4. Brevity: Resume should be concise in nature. Inclusion of unnecessary
information or repetition of information may irritate the employer.
5. Appropriate format: Resume can be drafted in three different formats such as
chronological format, functional format, and combination of chronological and
functional format. Selection of format depends on nature of information to be
included in the resume; selection of an appropriate format for particular
information will obviously enhance its acceptability and appeal.
6. Updated information: A good resume always conations updated information.
Resume is the only information sheet that an employer has in determining
whether to call the application in the interview. Therefore, the resume should be
updated including new skills, experiences, and abilities.
ACTIVITY 4:
Directions: Answer the question below substantially.

Explain the relevance of the topic to your career.

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

LESSON 3
(WEEK 3)
COMMUNICATION FOR WORK PURPOSES

DISCUSSION

COMMUNICATION WITHIN A COMPANY: The Application Letter

What is an Application Letter?

A letter of application, also known as a cover letter, is a document sent with

your resume to provide additional information on your skills and experience.

A letter of application typically provides detailed information on why are you

are qualified for the job you are applying for. Effective application letters explain the
reasons for your interest in the specific organization and identify your most relevant
skills or experiences.

Your application letter should let the employer know what position you are applying
for, why the employer should select you for an interview, and how you will follow-up.

When writing an application letter you should include:

First Paragraph: Why you are writing - mention the job you are applying for and where
you found the listing.

Middle Paragraph(s): What you have to offer the employer - mention why your skills
and experience are a good fit for the job.

Last Paragraph: Say thank you to the hiring manager for considering you and note how
you will follow up.
How to write an effective application letter

1. Specifically state what it is that you are applying for or interested in applying for
(e.g., the position, appointment, student or other visa, extension on a deadline,
loan, credit card, etc.).
2. Identify the reason that you are applying. Be as specific as possible.
3. Give the reasons that you feel you merit or qualify for the position or
object/thing you are applying for, if applicable (e.g., your goals, experience,
qualifications or accomplishments, positive traits, and so forth).
4. Identify what you hope to accomplish by sending your letter and the action you
would like the recipient to take.
5. Indicate the date by which you would like a response to your letter or by which
you would like the action to be taken.
6. Refer to any other documents you have included with your letter, such as
application or other forms, letters of recommendation, resume, examples of your
work, etc.
7. Include a request for any information you would like to be sent, if applicable.
8. Include your contact information, such as e-mail address or phone number
where you can most easily be reached and the time(s) when you available for
calls, etc.
9. Close your letter by sincerely thanking the person for his/her time or for any
assistance he/she can give you.

ACTIVITY 5:
DIRECTIONS: Using a graphic organizer, illustrate how the content of an application
letter should be organized.
 COMMUNICATION WITHIN A COMPANY: The Memorandum

The word “memo” is derived from the Latin “memorare” changed to

“memorandus”, and means “to state” or “to tell”. In an organization, it takes the form
of a short official note that one writes to a person or to several individuals such as
members, faculty, heads of offices and the like.

Regardless of the specific goal, memos are most effective when they connect the
purpose of the writer with the interests and needs of the reader. Memos most frequently
contain routine information.

Joe LoCicero (2007) offers good example of when to use memos. He claims that
memos may inform the readers of:

a. Announcements for diverse occasions.

b. Changes such as policies, procedures or processes.
c. Confirmations of discussions, decisions and meetings.
d. Documents for submission such as reports, data, research and results of survey.
e. Recommendations.
f. Requests for further information
g. Solicitations of opinions.

Through memos are less formal than business letters, they must be crafted in an
effective way. Adelhied Thieme in her presentation for Arizona State University
claims that effective memos must be:

a. Civilized
b. Concise
c. Coherent
d. Compelling
e. Correct

ACTIVIT 6:
Directions: Answer the following questions substantially.

1. Discuss the purpose of writing a memo.

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
 2. What is the importance of knowing what a memo is?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

COMMUNICATION WITHIN A COMPANY: The Minutes of the Meeting

Official written records of a meeting’s proceedings are called minutes. They

serve as an official record, aids in refreshing memories of participants, supplies
information to individuals who were not present, and help prepare members for
upcoming meetings. Unless law or policy mandate that verbatim records be kept,
minutes should be reports in summary form.

Minutes should succinctly and truthfully account all pertinent information that
transpired in a meeting. All motions and resolutions should be recorded word-for-word
as presented. Individuals presenting motions and resolutions should be identified by
name in the minutes. It is important to indicate that a motion was seconded, but the
name of the individual who seconds a motion need not be recorded. The outcome-
approval or defeat- should be included also.
Robert’s New Rule of Order
Henry Martyn Robert worked in the Army. One day, he was tasked to be
presiding officer for an important meeting in his community. Because he realized he
had no knowledge pf presiding over a meeting, he knew he would be embarrassed. Yet,
despite his inability, he did his best to preside over the meeting.

Due to the nature of his job, he was exposed to different parliamentary chaos
across the United States. These experiences inspired him to study parliamentary books
and eventually create rule book for parliamentary procedure. He then decided to name
the book Robert’s Rule of Order.

Parts of Minutes

Roberts Rule of Order (2005) recommends that minutes contain the following
items:

1. Committee or organizational name

2. Kind of meeting (regular board meeting, an annual meeting, a meeting of the
housing committee or a special meeting)
 3. Date, location, and time of beginning and adjournment.
4. Names of the chair and secretary of their substitutes.
5. Names of all present members.
6. Names of guests and their role in the meeting.
7. Reference to approval of last meeting’s minutes.
8. Motions raised. Motions must be written as stated, including the member or
individual who raised the motion, and the vote’s outcome.
9. Reports. Record the name of the report, the name of the member presenting it,
and any action taken on the report. If the report was in writing, attach it, or tell
where it may be found. An oral report may be summarized briefly.
10. Other special concerns from committees or individual members.
11. The signature of secretary upon the approval of the minutes.

These parts may vary depending on the purpose and formality of the meeting. Style
will also vary based on the parliamentary authority of the group or organizations.

ACTIVITY 7:
Directions: Answer the following questions.

1. Explain the significance of a Minutes to an organization?

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

2. Why should names of all attendees and absent members be included in the
Minutes?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

LESSON 4
(WEEK 4-5)
COMMUNICATION FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES

DISCUSSION
AVOIDING PLAGIARISM
 Academic integrity is of utmost importance if you want to make a significant
contribution in research and scholarship. This constitutes careful examination and use
of credible sources of information and data. In this post- truth era where
misinformation and disinformation, you need critical eyes and mind to examine all
information and data presented to you.

Basic Rule to Avoid Plagiarism Examples

1. Identify all words and phrases taken The sociologist James Makespace (1997)
from sources by enclosing them within found that 22.3% of respondents had been
quotation marks. victims of premarital violence. (Citation
with author named in the text)

2. Follow all quotations, paraphrases, and A major argument against internet taxes
summaries of outside sources with holds that the issue is too complex to be
appropriate and complete citations. resolved (Grandfield 2002, p. 57)

3. Use your own words and sentence Makepeace, J.M. (1989). Courtship violence
structure when you paraphrase. among college students. Family Relations,
28m 97-103. (Reference for a journal article).
4. Be certain that all summaries and
paraphrases of your sources are accurate Wilkins, J.M. (1999). The myths of the only
and objective. child. Psychology Update 11, (1), 16-23.
Retrieved March 20, 2007, from ProQuest
5. Include all of the sources cited in your database. (Reference for a journal article
paper in the References page that follows retrieved from an electronic database).
the body of your paper.
Elston, C. (n.d.) Multiple intelligences.
6. Provide documentation for all visual Retrieved June 6, 2007, from
images, charts, and graphs from printed http://education.
or electronic sources. com/techspace/intelligences/logical.jsp
(Reference for an online document

When tempted to copy entirely a well-written or thought out work, here are useful step
to carry out to save oneself from the lure of plagiarism.

1. Introduce the quotation with a complete sentence and a colon.

Example:
In "Where I Lived, and What I Lived For." Thoreau states directly his purpose for
going into the woods:
"I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the
essential facts of life, and see if I could not learn what it had to teach, and not, when I
came to die, discover that I had not lived" (p.23).
2. Use an introductory or explanatory phrase, but not a complete sentence, separated
from the quotation with a comma.
Example:
Thoreau suggests the consequences of making ourselves slaves to progress when
he says, "We do not ride on the railroad; it rides upon us." (p.23).

3. Make the quotation a part of your own sentence without any punctuation between
your own words and the words you are quoting
Example:
Thoreau suggests the consequences of making ourselves slaves to progress when
be says that progress, like a railroad rides upon us.

4. Use short quotations-only a few words-as part of your own sentence.

Example:
In "Where I Lived, and What I Lived For," Thoreau states that his retreat to the
woods around Walden Pond was motivated by his desire to live deliberately and to face
only "the essential facts of life."

ACTIVITY 8:
Directions: Answer the following questions.
1. How has your understanding of plagiarism changed after knowing the types of
plagiarism and ways on how to avoid them?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. Among the types of plagiarism, what do you think you are prone to commit?
Can you remember a time that perhaps you may have plagiarized?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

3. In the list of ways of avoiding plagiarism, which do you think is most helpful to
you? Why?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
 WRITING A RESEARCH PROPOSAL: THE TOPIC PROPOSAL
Types of Research

1. Pure Research.
2. Applied Research
3, Action Research
4. Policy Research
Kinds of Research Report
1. Academic research report
2. Research Article for Publication
3. Commissioned Research Report

COMMON ELEMENTS OF A RESEARCH REPORT

1. Research Title
This presents the capsule of the study; hence, it should not be the first to be
written. It is recommended that a title should not be more than 12 substantial words.
Generally, a research abstract consists of 150 to 250 words. It presents
2. Abstract
Generally, a research abstract consists of 150 to 250 words. It presents the
research objectives and research problems, methodology, summary of the findings and
conclusions or further implications of the study.
An abstract, which is written as a non-indented single paragraph, is written as a
non-intended single paragraph then followed by three to six key words. The key words
should not be found in the title or abstract.
3. Introduction
The introduction presents a comprehensive review of research literatures in
order to identify a research gap where the objective of the current research will be
anchored from. It also presents the research problems and significance of the study. The
introduction must vividly discuss all the important key terms of the research.
4. Methodology
The methodology must be carefully crafted according to the objective of the
study. A sound method leads to solid findings. The methodology must
comprehensively present the research design, participants and locale of the study, data
gathering tools, data gathering procedure, treatment of the data, and research ethics
employed in the study.
5. Results/ Findings and Discussion
The results or findings of the study show the processed data and is presented
according to the research problems. A discussion follows after the presentation of the
findings. While corroborations are considered part of the discussion, these are supposed
to be presented moderately in order to highlight the discussion of the findings and their
implications.
6. Conclusions and Recommendations.
Conclusions are considered as the extension of the findings while
recommendations are considered extension of the conclusion.
7. References
References list the sources or authorities cited in the study. These are presented
according to the prescribed format of the institution or of the publishing companies.
Note that only those that are cited on the research.

WRITING A RESEARCH PROPOSAL: The Research Introduction

Now that you have finalized your research topic, you are ready to write the first
draft of your research introduction.

Your introduction must present a comprehensive review of research literatures

of the key terms of your research title, establish the gap of your study and state the gap
of the study, the research objective, the research problem/s, and the significance of the
study. The significance, however, may not be always required by institutions or
publishing companies.

In presenting your research introduction, consider the format of your institution

or the style prescribed. You also have to consider your philosophical stance.

For the purpose of discussion in this lesson, let us look at one way of crafting and
presenting a research introduction. You may start by evaluating the research gap,
research objective, and research problem/s you have identified. Make sure that the
important concepts are captured by your title.

Identify the key terms in your title then make a working outline using the key
terms in your title. Revise your outline as needed.

Sample Title: Doodling the nerves: Surfacing language anxiety experiences in an English
language classroom
Key Terms: doodling, language anxiety, language anxiety experiences
Outline:
I. Language anxiety
A. Definition
B. Causes of language anxiety C Levels of language anxiety
II. Language anxiety experiences
A. Effects of language anxiety
B. Manifestations of language anxiety
 III. Establishment of the gap
A. Methods used in studies on language anxiety (since this previously
identified based on the repertory grid)
IV. Statement of the gap
A. Definition of doodling doodles (the tool that will be used to address the
gap of the research)
B. Benefits of the tool
C. Studies conducted using the tool
V. Statement of the research objective

VI. Statement of the research problem

VII. VII. Linking of the tool to the study

After finalizing the outline, write its meat using the data on your repertory grid.
Remember to quote, paraphrase, summarize and correctly write the citations. If needed,
search for more research articles to comprehensively present a literature review of your
topic.
Writing the research introduction entails reading, re-reading, rewriting, hence,
you do not end up writing the research introduction in this lesson.

WRITING A RESEARCH PROPOSAL: THE METHOD

A. Research Concepts

1. Research Approaches. Choosing the research approach qualitative or mixed

quantitative, depends on the research problem, experiences, and the audience or reader
to whom the research is intended (Creswell, 2003).

Once you have identified the research approach suitable to your problem,
experiences, and audience, you have to go back to your research introduction. If your
problem entails quantitative approach, you need to write a hypothesis for your
problem.

2. Research Designs. Examples of research design or the strategy of inquiry are

experimental for quantitative; phenomenology, case study, grounded theory, and
narrative for qualitative, and sequential, concurrent, and transformative for mixed
method.

3. Research Techniques. Examples of research techniques are rating behaviors, field

observation, close-ended measures and open-ended measures (Creswell, 2003).

B. Parts of the Method

 Terms used in the method part of the research vary depending on the approach
or design used in the study or on the institution. When writing the sub parts, always go
back to the design and approach of your study. Usually, the content of the sub-parts are
as follows:

1. Design. This sub-part of the method states the approach and des the strategy of
inquiry that will be used in the study. A definition of the design according to an
authority need be included. Explicitly discuss on this part if you will be using
triangulation.

2. Population and Locale. This is also termed as subject and study site or selection and
study site. This part presents the setting of the study, the number of respondents or key
informants, the manner of choosing the respondents, and the rationale behind the
choice of the respondents and/ or the setting.

3. Data Gathering Tool. This is also termed as instruments, instrumentation, or data

measure. It presents the tools and the descriptions of the tools that will be used in
gathering the data. Examples include a validated interview guide that is based on a-
priori-code (eg for phenomenology) or a quantitative result (e.g. sequential mixed
method where quantitative data is gathered first), tape recorder, video recorder,
validated and reliability-tested survey/close-ended questionnaire, or likert scale and its
descriptions.

4. Data Collection Procedure or Data Gathering Procedure. This part presents the how
or the steps that will be followed in order to collect data for the study. For instance, if
you will be conducting four classroom observations, you need to indicate that the first
observation will not be recorded because it may be a part of a procedure to do away
from "balo effect". You may also need to indicate the intervals of the observation, the
minutes of observation, etc. If you were to use sequential mixed method, indicate which
data will have to be collected first quantitative or qualitative. Should you be using
triangulation, discuss on this part the sequencing of the gathering of the data using the
techniques or designs you have stated.

5. Data Analysis. This may also be termed data explication, mode of analysis or
treatment of data. This part shows how the data will be treated. It presents the process
of systematically applying statistical and/ or logical techniques to describe and
illustrate, condense and recap and evaluate data. In a survey research, for instance,
formula that will be used in treating the data or the range or quantitative interpretation
of the likert scale that is placed in the tool need be indicated on this part. The
categorizing, coding and thematizing steps used for qualitative data need be explicitly
described on this area. If you would employ sequential mixed method, indicate how
you would treat the quantitative data and the qualitative data.
6. Ethical Consideration. This is one of the most important parts of the method for it
addresses ethical concerns in research. At times, this part is lumped with the data
gathering procedure.

ACTIVITY 9
Directions: Provide the answer of the question below.

1. Compare and contrast research approach, research design, and research

techniques.

LESSON 5
(WEEK 6)
COMMUNICATION FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES

DISCUSSION
WIRITING A LITERARY ANALYSIS
Elements of Literature:
ELEMENT DEFINITION
Plot The series of events in the story-beginning, middle, end
Character The people/animals in the story who carry out the action
Settting The where and when the story takes place
The central belief of the story, usually something abstract
Theme
that unifies the whole plot like love, friendship, etc.
Tone The attitude that a writer has towards the subject

Literary Criticism Approaches

Literary Criticism Is The Comparison, Analysis, Interpretation And/Or
Evaluation Of Works Of Literature. It Evaluates The Value And Merit Of A Literary
Work Using Certain Parameters, Approaches Or Concepts In Literature. Approaches To
Literary Criticism Are Used As Bases Of Literary Analysis.
Writing a Literary Analysis
1. The introduction should capture the reader's interest. You may use quotation
question, vivid description, startling fact etc. as starter followed by an about and a
summary of the literary piece. Lastly, your introduction must clearly state a thesis
statement. The thesis statement must be specific, arguable, and focused on any of the
elements of the literary piece. It may also be anchored on an approach. The approach
may help you construct a thesis statement.
2. The body is the development of the thesis statement. Each paragraph in the body has
a topic sentence that supports the thesis statement, and each topic sentence is elaborated
with evidences.
3. The conclusion should echo the thesis statement. It should not be presenting new
ideas which were not developed in the body.
4. The references list entries cited in the literary analysis text.

ACTIVITY 10:
Directions: Answer the provided questions below.

1. Read the story “Footnote to Youth” by Jose Garcia Villa.

2. While reading, write comments about the characters, plot, etc. of the story and about
how you feel towards the story in general.
3. Using your comments, write a literary analysis of Footnote to Youth. You may use
literary criticism approaches and other authorities to elucidate your claims. Do not
forget to cite your sources. Remember, your literary analysis need to have an
introduction with a clear thesis statement, body with topic sentences and evidences,
conclusions, and references.
 ACADEMIC PRESENTATION

An academic presentation is communicating one's knowledge to an audience.

Such communication is recognized through demonstrating their on-going engagement
or non-engagement during the presentation by way of seeing the interactions on-going
and understanding the structure of the emerging talk in order to understand the
manner a speaker delivers his talk.

The Three P's of an Academic Presentation

A. PLAN

Planning is fundamental in all activities. Before preparing for your presentation,

set first your objective then evaluate your audience and context.
 Setting your Objective
 Evaluating your Audience
 Evaluating the context
B.PREPARE

Now that you have set your objectives and evaluated your audience and the
context, it is time to prepare the content of and visuals for your presentation and
yourself as a presenter. An adage goes, failing to prepare is preparing to fail.
 Prepare the content
 Prepare the Visuals
 Prepare Yourself

C. PRESENT
During the day of your presentation, go to the venue earlier and check on the
multimedia projector or the things that you need for your visuals. Having small talks
with your audience before your presentation may also help lessen your anxiety. Survey
the room for friendly faces. Look at these friendly faces during your presentation but
make sure to balance the distribution of your attention.
While you might have prepared well for the presentation, inevitable
circumstances, such as reactions of your audience, may not permit you to finish your
delivery on time. Keep track of your time but do not be rattled by the motion of the time
keeper. You may skim on your slides and highlight only on the slides that need be
focused on.
Do not forget to answer the questions of your audience honestly and courteously
then extend your sincere gratitude to them.
ACTIVITY 11:
Using a graphic organizer, illustrate the three P’s of academic presentation.
Explain your illustration.

NEW IDEAS:

What did you learn about this lesson?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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SUMMARY OF THE UNIT

• Workplace communication is the verbal and nonverbal exchange of information and
ideas within an organization.
• Communication in the workplace relies on someone willing to break down barriers
and, as a result, note specific ways to communicate with your team.
• Storytelling is a powerful way of communicating and conveying emotion by
improvisation or embellishment.
•Business Communication is the sharing of information between people within an
enterprise that is performed for the commercial benefit of the organization.
• SWOT matrix is a diagram that show that shows an organizations or person’s key
Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats.
• Resume is a formal document that provides an overview of your professional
qualifications, including your relevant work experience, skills, education, and notable
accomplishments.

EVALUATION:
Directions: Write a resume and application letter of your chosen career.

Imagine that you are applying for a job, write a resume and application letter.
Address your letter to me(subject teacher).

REFERENCES:
http://pdf.cofeecommunication.com
https://sites.google.com/site/communicationskill4you/application-letter
https://resumegenius.com/blog/resume-help/what-is-a-resume
Purposive communication by Wakat, Caroy, Paulino, Jose, Ordonio, Palangyos, Dizon,
Dela Cruz, Sao-a
Purposive Communication by Caudilla, Cansancion, Motomal