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Limits - Theory Session (Notes)

1) The document discusses various concepts related to limits including existence of limits, indeterminate forms like 0/0, ∞ - ∞, methods to evaluate limits like factorisation, rationalisation, L'Hopital's rule, and standard limits. 2) Examples are provided to illustrate evaluating limits using different methods as well as concepts like one-sided limits, algebra of limits, and squeeze theorem. 3) Standard expansions of trigonometric, logarithmic and exponential functions are defined which are useful for evaluating limits involving those functions.

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17 views

Limits - Theory Session (Notes)

1) The document discusses various concepts related to limits including existence of limits, indeterminate forms like 0/0, ∞ - ∞, methods to evaluate limits like factorisation, rationalisation, L'Hopital's rule, and standard limits. 2) Examples are provided to illustrate evaluating limits using different methods as well as concepts like one-sided limits, algebra of limits, and squeeze theorem. 3) Standard expansions of trigonometric, logarithmic and exponential functions are defined which are useful for evaluating limits involving those functions.

Uploaded by

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© © All Rights Reserved
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Pavankumar Jyotiram Bevnale

( B.Tech, IIT Dh’25 )

Limits – One Shot All Concepts and PYQs


CONCEPT OF LIMITS

𝑥2
f(x) =
𝑥
What happens in the Neighbourhood of x = 0 ?
Understanding Limits from Graph
Existence of Limit

If LHL = RHL = finite, then limit exists


Question
lim 𝑥
𝑥→1
Question
1
lim tan−1
𝑥→0 𝑥
Question

lim𝜋 tan−1 cos 𝑥


𝑥→
2
7 Indeterminate Forms

0 ∞
, , 0 × ∞, ∞ − ∞, 00 , ∞0, 1∞
0 ∞
0 ∞
Methods For Solving ( 𝑜𝑟 )
0 ∞

Factorisation Method
Rationalisation Method
0 ∞
L’Hopital Rule (Only valid for 𝑜𝑟 form)
0 ∞
Factorisation Method
Question
𝑥 2 −5𝑥+6
Evaluate lim
𝑥→2 𝑥 2 −4
Question

𝑥 2 +𝑥 ln 𝑥−ln 𝑥−1
Evaluate lim
𝑥→1 𝑥 2 −1
Rationalisation Method

Tip - “Root Dikhe Toh Seedha Rationalise Kar Do”


Question

2+𝑥− 2
Evaluate lim
𝑥→0 𝑥
L’Hopital Method
0 ∞
Only valid for 𝑜𝑟 form
0 ∞
Question

3𝑥 + 33−𝑥 − 12
lim −𝑥Τ2
𝑥→2 3 − 31−𝑥
Binomial Approximation

(1 + x)n = 1 + nx (when 𝑥 → 0)
Theorem

𝑥 𝑛 − 𝑎𝑛
lim = 𝑛𝑎𝑛−1
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥 − 𝑎
Question

𝑥 10 − 1024
Evaluate lim
𝑥→2 𝑥 5 − 32
Concept

lim
𝑥→∞

lim
𝑥→−∞
Question

2𝑥+3 2𝑥 2 −𝑥+1
1) lim 2) lim 2
𝑥→∞ 5𝑥−4 𝑥→∞ 3𝑥 +5𝑥−6
Question
3
𝑥 2 +1 − 𝑥 3 +1
Evaluate lim 4 5
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 4 +1 − 𝑥 4 +1
Method to solve ∞ − ∞, 0 × ∞
0 ∞
Step – 1 : Convert to 𝑜𝑟
0 ∞
Step – 2 : Use Factorisation / Rationalisation / L’Hopital
Question

Evaluate lim 25𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 5𝑥


𝑥→∞
Question
1
lim 𝑥+𝑎 𝑥+𝑏 𝑥+𝑐 3 −𝑥
𝑥→∞
Concept
Reverse Question
𝑥 2 +𝑥+1
If lim − 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏 = 4, then what is the value of a and b ?
𝑥→∞ 𝑥+1
Algebra of Limits

Let lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 lim 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑚


𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

1) lim 𝑓 ± 𝑔 𝑥 = lim 𝑓 𝑥 ± lim 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑙 ± m


𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

2) lim 𝑓𝑔 𝑥 = lim 𝑓 𝑥 lim 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑚


𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
𝑓 lim 𝑓 𝑥 𝑙
3) lim 𝑥 = 𝑥→𝑎
= , provided m≠0
𝑥→𝑎 𝑔 lim 𝑔 𝑥
𝑥→𝑎
𝑚

4) lim 𝑘𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑘 lim 𝑓 𝑥 , where k is a constant


𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

𝑔 𝑥 lim 𝑔 𝑥
5) lim 𝑓 𝑥 = lim 𝑓 𝑥 𝑥→𝑎 = 𝑙𝑚
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

6) lim 𝑓 𝑥 = lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑙
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
7) lim 𝑓𝑂𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 lim 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑚 , only if f is continuous at g(x) = m
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
1
8) If lim = +∞ 𝑜𝑟 − ∞ then lim =0
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑓 𝑥
9) If f(x) ≤ g(x) for every x in the neighbourhood of a, then
lim 𝑓 𝑥 ≤ lim 𝑔 𝑥
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
Super Table

f(x) g(x) f±g f.g and f/g

Exist Exist Exist Exist

Exist Does not Exist Does not Exist May Exist

Does not Exist Does not Exist May Exist May Exist
Squeeze (or Sandwich) Theorem

If f(x) ≤ g(x) ≤ h(x) and lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐿 and lim ℎ 𝑥 = 𝐿 then


𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
lim 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝐿
𝑥→𝑐
Question

𝑥 + 2𝑥 +−−−−−−− + 𝑛𝑥
lim
𝑛→∞ 𝑛2
Standard Forms

ln 1 + 𝑥
lim =1
𝑥→0 𝑥

𝑎𝑥 − 1
lim = ln 𝑎
𝑥→0 𝑥

e𝑥 − 1
lim =1
𝑥→0 𝑥
sin 𝑥 𝑥
lim = lim = 1
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 sin 𝑥

tan 𝑥 𝑥
lim = lim = 1
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 tan 𝑥

sin−1 𝑥 𝑥
lim = lim −1
= 1
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 sin 𝑥

tan−1 𝑥 𝑥
lim = lim −1
= 1
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 tan 𝑥
Question

tan 𝜋 cos2 𝜃
The value of the limit lim is equal to :
𝜃→0 sin 2𝜋 sin2 𝜃
Expansions

𝑥 𝑥 ln 𝑎 𝑥 2 ln2 𝑎 𝑥 3 ln3 𝑎
𝑎 =1+ + + + ---------
1! 2! 3!

𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥3
e𝑥 = 1 + + + + ------
1! 2! 3!

𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
ln 1 + 𝑥 = 𝑥 − + − + ------
2 3 4
𝑥3 𝑥5 𝑥7
sin 𝑥 = 𝑥 − + − + ------
3! 5! 7!

𝑥2 𝑥4 𝑥6
cos 𝑥 = 1 − + − + ------
2! 4! 6!

𝑥3 2𝑥 5
tan 𝑥 = 𝑥 + + + ------
3 15
12 3 12 ×32 5
7) sin−1 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 + ------
3! 5!

𝑥2 5𝑥 4 61𝑥 6
8) sec −1 𝑥 = 1 + + + + ------
2! 4! 6!

−1 𝑥3 𝑥5 𝑥7
9) tan 𝑥=𝑥 − + − + ------
3 5 7
Question

Evaluate the following limit


e𝑥 − 1 − 𝑥
lim
𝑥→0 𝑥2
Question

Evaluate the following limit


𝑥 − sin 𝑥
lim
𝑥→0 𝑥3
Question
𝐴 cos 𝑥+𝐵𝑥 sin 𝑥−5
If lim 4 exists and finite. Find A and B and the
𝑥→0 𝑥
limit.
00 , ∞0 Form

Method – Take log both sides


Question

lim 𝑥 tan 𝑥
𝑥→0
Question

Evaluate
1−cos 𝑥
1
lim
𝑥→0 𝑥
1∞ Form

lim 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 [ 𝑓 𝑎 → 1, 𝑔 𝑎 → ∞ ]
𝑥→𝑎

lim 𝑓 𝑥 −1 𝑔 𝑥
Answer - e 𝑥→𝑎
Question
2
𝑎𝑥 +𝑏𝑥 +𝑐 𝑥 𝑥
Evaluate lim
𝑥→0 3
One Sided Limits
Question
1Τ2𝑥
Let p = lim+ 1 + tan2 𝑥 , then log p is equal to
𝑥→0
Limits Involving GIF
sin 𝑥
lim = 0.99999 = 0
𝑥→0 𝑥

𝑥
lim = 1.00001 = 1
𝑥→0 sin 𝑥

sin 𝑥
lim = 1 =1
𝑥→0 𝑥
tan 𝑥
lim = 1.00001 = 1
𝑥→0 𝑥

𝑥
lim = 0.9999 = 0
𝑥→0 tan 𝑥

tan 𝑥
lim = 1 =1
𝑥→0 𝑥
Also, you can find for sin−1 𝑥 , tan−1 𝑥 by using

sin1 𝑥 > 𝑥 and

𝑥 > tan−1 𝑥

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