Chapter V

PUMP AND PIPELINE SYSTEM

I. Introduction

A pipeline is a circular conduit that transports fluid from one system location to

another. A pipeline is made up of a circular pipe filled with fluid, the process fluid, and the

valves and fittings that control the flow of fluid through the pipe. Each of these factors has an

impact on pipeline head loss. When fluid flows inside a pipeline, friction occurs between the

moving fluid and the stationary pipe wall. This friction converts some of the fluid’s hydraulic

energy to thermal energy. This thermal energy cannot be converted back to hydraulic

energy, so the fluid experiences a drop-in pressure. This conversion and loss of energy is

known as head loss. Head losses in pipes may be classified into two; major head loss, which

is caused by pipe friction and minor head loss which is directly related to the velocity head

of a pipe. Head loss due to friction can be computed using the Darcy-Weishbach equation,

Manning formula and Hazen Williams formula.

HEADLOSS DUE TO FRICTION

II. Learning objectives:

In this lesson, the discussion will focus on head losses due to friction. At the end of

the discussion, student should be able to;

⚫ Understand the discussion about head loss due to friction.

⚫ Learn the different formula in computing the head loss due to friction of a pipe.

⚫ Derive the different formulas for head loss due to friction,

 ⚫ And use the derived formula in solving practical problems about head loss due to

friction.

III. Discussion:

1. Definition of terms

1. Laminar flow -The flow is said to be laminar when the path of the individual fluid

particles does not cross or intersect. The flow is always laminar when the Reynolds

number is less than 2000 (Gillesania, 2015).

2. Reynolds Number- which is dimensionless, is the ratio of the inertia force to viscous

force. (Gillesania, 2015).

For pipes flowing full,

𝑉𝐷𝜌 (Eq. 1)
𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇
𝜇
v=
𝜌
𝑉𝐷
𝑅𝑒 = (Eq. 2)
v

3. Turbulent Flow- The flow is said to be turbulent when the path of individual particles is

irregular and continuously cross each other. Turbulent flow normally occurs when the

Reynolds number exceed 2000 (Gillesania, 2015).

2. Head losses

According to the Corrosionpedia (2021), head loss refers to a measurement of the

energy dissipated in a fluid system due to friction along the length of a pipe or hydraulic

system, and those due to fittings, valves and other system structures. According to Gillesania
(2015) head losses are classified into two: minor head loss, which are caused by changes in

velocity of directions of flow and are commonly expressed in kinetic energy, and major head

loss, which is caused by pipe friction along the straight sections of pipe of uniform diameter

and uniform roughness. In this lesson we will focus on the major head loss which is head loss

due to friction.

3. Major Head loss -Frictional loss

The Nuclear Power (2021) states that energy loss resulting from friction in a pipeline

is commonly termed the friction head loss(hf). This is the loss of head caused by pipe wall

friction and the viscous dissipation in flowing water. Major losses, which are associated with

frictional energy loss per length of pipe depends on the flow velocity, pipe length, pipe

diameter, and a friction factor based on the roughness of the pipe, and whether the flow is

laminar or turbulent. Head loss due to friction can be computed using the Darcy Weishbach

formula, Manning formula and Hazen Williams formula.

3.1 Darcy-Weishbach Equation

According to Science Direct (n.d.), Darcy Weisbach equation is a phenomenological

equation, which relates the head loss or pressure loss due to friction. The equation is named

after Henry Darcy and Julius Weisbach. Darcy’s equation can be used to calculate the energy

loss due to friction in long straight sections of round pipe for both laminar and turbulent

flow. The difference between the two is in the evaluation of the dimensionless friction factor

𝑓 (Mott & Untener, 2015). The formula for Darcy-Weishbach equation is:
 𝑓𝐿𝑉 2 (Eq. 3)
ℎ𝑓 =
2𝑔𝐷

where:

𝑓= friction factor

𝐿= length of pipe in inches or meter

𝑉= mean velocity on ft/s or m/s

𝐷= diameter of pipe in inches or meter

• For non-circular pipes, use D=4R, where R is the hydraulic radius which is defined
𝐴
as 𝑅 = 𝑃

• For circular pipes, the head loss maybe expressed as:

𝑓𝐿𝑉 2 𝑄
ℎ𝑓 = 𝑉=
2𝑔𝐷 𝐴
𝑓𝐿 𝑄 2
ℎ𝑓 = ×( )
2𝑔𝐷 𝐴
𝑓𝐿 𝑄
ℎ𝑓 = × ( 2 )2
2𝑔𝐷 𝜋𝐷
4
𝑓𝐿 8𝑄 2 (Eq. 4)
ℎ𝑓 = × 2 4
𝐷 𝜋 𝑔𝐷

0.0826𝑓𝐿𝑄 2 (SI units) (Eq. 5)

ℎ𝑓 =
𝐷5

The Darcy- Weisbach equation is applicable for both laminar and turbulent flow but they

differ in finding the value of friction factor 𝑓. There are equations that can solved both laminar

and turbulent flow

A. Laminar Flow

• Hagen-Poiseuille equation can be use in solving the head loss due to friction for

laminar flow only. The It has been verified experimentally many times and is valid

only for laminar flow (Mott & Untener, 2015). According to Gilbert-Kawai &

Wittenberg (2014) the Hagen-Poiseuille equation is proposed in 1840 by Gotthilf

Heinrich Ludwig Hagen and Jean Louis Marie Poiseuille.

32𝜇𝐿𝑉 (Eq. 6)
ℎ𝑓 = ←
𝛾𝐷 2
32𝜇𝐿𝑉
ℎ𝑓 =
𝜌𝑔𝐷 2
𝑓𝐿𝑉 2
ℎ𝑓 =
2𝑔𝐷
32𝜇𝐿𝑉 𝑓𝐿𝑉 2
=
𝜌𝑔𝐷 2 2𝑔𝐷
64𝜇
𝑓=
𝑉𝐷𝜌
64
𝑓= ← (Eq. 7)
𝑅𝑒
For circular pipe,
32𝜇𝐿𝑉 𝑄 𝜋𝐷 2
ℎ𝑓 = 𝑉= 𝐴= (Eq. 8)
𝜌𝑔𝐷 2 𝐴 4
128𝜇𝐿𝑄 2
ℎ𝑓 =
𝜋𝜌𝑔𝐷 4

where:

𝜌 = density in kg/𝑚3 𝑜𝑟 slug/𝑓𝑡 3

𝛾 = specific weight in kN/𝑚3 or lb/𝑓𝑡 3

𝜇 = absolute viscosity lb ∙ s/𝑓𝑡 2 or 𝑃𝑎 ∙sec

𝑣 = kinematic viscosity 𝑚2 /𝑠 (refer to table 1)

 Table 1: Viscosity and Density of Water at 1 atm

Source: Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulics by Gillesania

B. Turbulent Flow

For turbulent flow there many ways to find the friction factor 𝑓. The most common

methods are Colebrook-White equation, Moody Diagram and the Haaland Formula.

1. Colebrook White-equation

The Colebrook–White equation, sometimes referred to simply as the Colebrook

equation is a relationship between the friction factor and the Reynolds number, pipe

roughness, and inside diameter of pipe. The following form of the Colebrook equation is

used to calculate the friction factor in pipelines in turbulent flow (Menon, 2015).
 1 𝜀/𝐷 2.51 (Eq. 9)
= −2𝑙𝑜𝑔( + )
√𝑓 3.7 𝑅𝑒 √𝑓

where:

𝑓– friction factor

D – pipe inside diameter, in

𝜀 – absolute pipe roughness, refer to table 1

𝑅𝑒 – Reynolds number of flows

Table 2. Values of Specific Roughness for Common Pipe Materials, 𝜀

Source: Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulics by Gillesania

 2. Moody Diagram

The Colebrook–White equation was plotted in 1944 by Moody into what is now

called the Moody diagram for pipe friction (see fig. 1). In the moody diagram, the x-axis is the

Reynolds number 𝑅𝑒 , and the ordinate is the friction factor 𝑓. The values of the relative

roughness 𝜀/𝐷 are given on the right at the end of each curve. In order to use this diagram,

it is necessary to know the average surface roughness 𝜀 of the pipe’s wall. Once 𝜀 is known,

then the relative roughness 𝜀/𝐷 and the Reynolds number can be calculated and the friction

factor 𝑓 is determined from the Moody diagram (Mott & Untener, 2015).

Fig. 1. Moody diagram

 3. Haaland formula

According to Deen (2016), the Colebrook equation was slightly modified by

Haaland (1983) to what is called the Haaland formula. Gillesania (2015) states that

Haaland is an alternative formula for Eq. 9. This varies less than 2% from Eq. 9.

1 6.9 𝜀/𝐷 1.11

= −1.8𝑙𝑜𝑔( +( ) ) (Eq. 10)
√𝑓 𝑅𝑒 3.7

3.2 Manning Formula

According to Gillesania (2015), the Manning Formula is one of the best-known open

channel formulas but it can also be used in finding the head loss due to friction. The formula

is given by:

1 2 1
𝑉= 𝑅3𝑆 2 (SI units) (Eq. 11)
𝑛

1.486 2 1
𝑉= 𝑅3𝑆 2 (English units) (Eq. 12)
𝑛
:

where:

n= roughness coefficient, refer to table 4

R= hydraulic radius

V= mean velocity

ℎ𝑓
S= slope of the energy grade line, S =
𝐿
 ℎ𝑓 𝐷
Substituting S = and R =
4
to Eq. 11 and solving for ℎ𝑓
𝐿
1 𝐷 2 ℎ𝑓 1
𝑉= ( )3 ( )2
𝑛 𝐴 𝐿

ℎ𝑓 1 2.5198𝑛𝑉 Square both sides and solve ℎ𝑓

( )2 = 2
𝐿
𝐷3
6.35𝐿𝑉2 (SI units) (Eq. 13)
ℎ𝑓 = 4
𝐷3

⚫ For non-circular pipe, use D= 4R

⚫ For circular pipe,

𝑄 𝑄
𝑉= =
𝐴 𝜋𝐷 2
4
ℎ𝑓 1 2.5198𝑛𝑉
( )2 = 2
𝐿
𝐷3
𝑄 2
6.35𝐿( )
𝜋𝐷2
ℎ𝑓 = 4
4
𝐷3
10.29𝑛2 𝐿𝑄2
ℎ𝑓 = 16 (SI units) (Eq. 14)
𝐷3

3.3 Hazen Williams Formula

The Hazen Williams formula is widely used in waterworks industry which has

named after Gardner Williams and Allen Hazen (Canute, 2021). This formula is applicable

only to the flow of water in pipes larger than 50 mm (2in) and velocity less than 3m/s. This

formula was designed for flow in both pipes and open channels but is more common used

in pipes (Gillesania, 2015).

• English units:

𝑉 = 1.318𝐶1 𝑅0.63𝑆 0.54 (Eq. 15)

D
For circular pipes flowing full R = ,this formula becomes
4

𝑄 D
= 1.318𝐶1 ( )0.63𝑆 0.54
𝐴 4

𝑄 D
2 = 1.318𝐶1 ( )0.63 𝑆 0.54
𝜋𝐷 4
4

πD2 𝑄 D
( 2 = 1.318𝐶1 ( )0.63𝑆 0.54)
4 𝜋𝐷 4
4

𝑄 = 0.432𝐶1 𝐷 2.63𝑆 0.54 (English) (Eq. 16)

ℎ𝑓
Substituting S = ,
𝐿
ℎ𝑓
𝑄 = 0.432𝐶1 𝐷 2.63( )0.54
𝐿
𝑄𝐿0.54
2.63
= ℎ𝑓 0.54
0.432𝐶1 𝐷
𝑄𝐿0.54 1
(ℎ𝑓 0.54 = 2.63
)0.54
0.432𝐶1 𝐷
4.72𝐿𝑄1.852 (English) (Eq. 17)
ℎ𝑓 =
𝐶11.852 𝐷 4.87

• SI units:

𝑉 = 0.8492𝐶1 𝑅0.63 𝑆 0.54 (SI) (Eq. 18)

 D
• For circular pipes flowing full R = ,this formula becomes:
4

𝑄 D
= 0.8492𝐶1 ( )0.63 𝑆 0.54
𝐴 4

𝑄 D
2 = 0.8492𝐶1 ( )0.63 𝑆 0.54
𝜋𝐷 4
4

πD2 𝑄 D
( 2 = 0.8492𝐶1 ( )0.63 𝑆 0.54 )
4 𝜋𝐷 4
4

𝑄 = 0.2785𝐶1 𝐷 2.63 𝑆 0.54 (SI units) (Eq. 19)

ℎ𝑓
Substituting S = ,
𝐿

ℎ𝑓
𝑄 = 0.2785𝐶1 𝐷 2.63 ( )0.54
𝐿

𝑄𝐿0.54
2.63
= ℎ𝑓 0.54
0.2785𝐶1 𝐷

𝑄𝐿0.54 1
(ℎ𝑓 0.54 = ) 0.54
0.2785𝐶1 𝐷 2.63

10.667𝐿𝑄1.852 (SI units) (Eq. 20)

ℎ𝑓 = 1.852
𝐶1 𝐷 4.87

where:

𝐶1 = Hazen Williams coefficient, refer to table 3

D= pipe diameter

R=hydraulic radius

ℎ𝑓
S= slope of EGL, S = 𝐿
Table 3. Recommended Value for 𝐶1 for Hazen Williams coefficient

Description Value for 𝑪𝟏

Extremely smooth and straight pipe 140
New, smooth cast iron pipes 130
Average cast iron pipes 110
Vitrified sewer pipe 110
Cast iron pipes, some years in service 100
Cast iron pipes, in bad condition 80
New riveted steel 110
Smooth wooden or wood starve 120
Source: Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulics by Gillesania

Table 4. Values of n to be used with Manning Formula

Source: Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulics by Gillesania

3.4 Sample Problem:

1. Oil with p = 900 kg/m² and v=0.00001 m²/s m flows at 0.2 m³/s through 200 mm-

diameter cast iron pipe 600 m long. Determine the head loss.

Given:

𝜌 = 900𝑘𝑔/𝑚3

0.0001𝑚2
𝑣=
𝑠

Q=0.2 𝑚3 /s

L=600m

D=200mm =0.2m

𝜀 = 0.26𝑚𝑚

Solution:

• Velocity,

𝑄 0.2
𝑉= =𝜋 = 6.366𝑚/𝑠
𝐴 (0.2) 2
4

• Reynolds number,
 𝐷𝑉 0.2(6.366)
𝑅𝑒 = = = 127,320 (𝑇𝑈𝑅𝐵𝑈𝐿𝐸𝑁𝑇 𝐹𝐿𝑂𝑊 )
𝑣 0.00001

• Relative roughnes

𝜀 0.00026
= = 0.0013
𝐷 0.2

• From Moody Diagram,

𝑓 = 0.0225

𝑓𝐿𝑣 2 0.0225(600)(6.366)2
ℎ𝑓 = =
𝐷2𝑔 0.2(2)(9.8)

ℎ𝑓 = 140.044𝑚

• Using Colebrook-white equation

1 𝜀/𝐷 2.51
= −2𝑙𝑜𝑔( + )
√𝑓 3.7 𝑅𝑒 √𝑓
 1 0.0013 2.51
= −2𝑙𝑜𝑔 [ + ]
√𝑓 3.7 127,320√𝑓

• By trial and error,

Trial 1: 𝑓1= 0.02 (Assumed Value)

1 0.0013 2.51
= −2𝑙𝑜𝑔 [ + ]
√𝑓 3.7 127,320√0.02

𝑓1= 0.0228 (Corrected Value)

Trial 2: 𝑓2 = 0.0228 (Assumed Value)

1 0.0013 2.51
= −2𝑙𝑜𝑔 [ + ]
√𝑓 3.7 127,320√0.0227

𝑓2 = 0.0227 (Corrected Value)

𝑓𝐿𝑉 2 0.0227(600)(6.366)2
ℎ𝑓 = =
𝐷2𝑔 0.2(2)(9.81)

ℎ𝑓 = 140.663𝑚

• Using Haaland Formula

1 6.9 𝜀/𝐷 1.11

= −1.8 𝑙𝑜𝑔 [ +( ) ]
√𝑓 𝑅𝑒 3.7

1 6.9 0.0013 1.11

= −1.8𝑙𝑜𝑔 [ +( ) ]
√𝑓 127.320 3.7

𝑓 = 0.0226

𝑓𝐿𝑉 2 0.226(600)(6. .366)2

ℎ𝑓 = =
𝐷2𝑔 0.2(2)(9.81)

ℎ𝑓 = 140.044𝑚
2. Water at 20 °C is to be pumped through 3 km of 200-mm-diameter wrought iron pipe at

the rate of 0.06 m/s. Compute the head loss and power required to maintain the flow. Use

𝑣 = 1.02 × 10−6 𝑚2 /𝑠 and roughness 𝜀 =0.000046 m.

Given:

𝐿 = 3𝑘𝑚 = 3000𝑚

𝐷 = 200𝑚𝑚 = 0.2𝑚

𝑄 = 0.06 𝑚2 /𝑠

𝑣 = 1.02 × 10−6 𝑚2 /𝑠

𝜀 = 0.000046𝑚

Solution:

• Reynolds Number,

𝐷𝑉 0.2(1.91)
𝑅𝑒 = = = 374,509
𝑣 1.02 × 10−6
• Velocity,

𝑄 0.06
𝑉= =𝜋 = 1.91𝑚/𝑠
𝐴 (0.2)2
4
0.00046
• Relative Roughness, 0.2

𝜀 0.00046
= = 0.00023
𝐷 0,2

• Using Colebrook-white equation

𝜀
1 𝐷 2.51
= −2𝑙𝑜𝑔 [ + ]
√𝑓 3.7 𝑅𝑒√𝑓

1 0.00023 2.51
= −2𝑙𝑜𝑔 [ + ]
√𝑓 3.7 374,509√𝑓

• By trial and error,

Trial 1: 𝑓1= 0.02 (Assumed Value)

1 0.00023 2.51
= −2𝑙𝑜𝑔 [ + ]
√𝑓 3.7 374,509√0.02

𝑓1= 0.0159 (Corrected Value)

Trial 2: 𝑓2 = 0.0159(Assumed Value)

1 0.00023 2.51
= −2𝑙𝑜𝑔 [ + ]
√𝑓 3.7 374,509√0.0159

𝑓 = 0.0161

• Head loss due to friction,

𝑓𝐿𝑉 2 0.0161(3000)(1.91)2
ℎ𝑓 = =
𝐷2𝑔 0.2(2)(9.81)

ℎ𝑓 = 44.903𝑚
 • Power required,

P = QγHl

P = 0.06(9.81)(44.903)

P = 26.43 kilowatts

IV. Exercises:

Part A: Modified True or False. Instructions: Write TRUE if the statement is true and if the

statement is false write the word or phrase that makes the statement false. Write your

answer in the space provided.

_______________1. The flow is said to be turbulent when the path of individual particles is

irregular and continuously cross each other

_______________2. Haaland formula can be use in solving the head loss due to friction for

laminar only.

_______________3. For laminar flow, to find the friction factor 𝑓 the most common methods are

Colebrook-White equation, Moody Diagram and the Haaland Formula.

_______________4. This formula is applicable only to the flow of water in pipes larger than 50

mm (2in) and velocity more than 3m/s.

_______________5. The Darcy- Weisbach equation is applicable for both laminar and turbulent

flow.

_______________6. Hagen-Poiseuille equation is proposed in 1840 by Gotthilf Heinrich Ludwig

Hagen and Jean Louis Marie Poiseuille.

_______________7. Major head loss which is also termed as head loss due to friction.

_______________8. Minor head losses, are caused by changes in velocity of directions of flow

and are commonly expressed in kinetic energy

_______________9. The relative roughness which is dimensionless, is the ratio of the inertia

force to viscous force.

_______________10. Haaland is an alternative formula for Colebrook-White equation that

varies less than 5%

Part B: Problem Solving

1. A 1-meter diameter new cast iron pipe 845 m. long and has a head loss of 1.11 m.

a) Find the discharge capacity for this pipe using Hazen Williams formula with C = 130.

b) Find the discharge capacity using Mannings formula with n = 0.013.

c) Find the discharge capacity using Darcy Weishback with f= 0.021.

2. Compute the head loss in a 80 m of horizontal 150-mm diameter asphalted cast-iron pipe

carrying water at 20°C with a mean velocity of 1.83 m/s.

V. Assignment:

Part A: Fill in the Blanks

Instructions: Fill in missing word or phrase on the following sentences

1. _________________is one of the best-known open channel formulas but it can also be used in

finding the head loss due to friction.

2. ___________________ equation can be use in solving the head loss due to friction for laminar

flow only.

3. The Colebrook–White equation was plotted in ____________ by Moody.

4. Head losses are classified into two the _________________ and _____________.

5. Head loss due to friction can be computed using the Darcy Weishbach equation, Manning

formula and ________________.

6. Darcy Weishbach is named after Henry Darcy and ________________________.

7. The Colebrook equation was slightly modified to what is called the _____________ formula.

8. Hagen-Poiseuille equation is proposed in 1840 by ___________________and Jean Louis Marie

Poiseuille.

9. The Colebrook–White equation was plotted in 1944 by Moody into what is now called the

Moody diagram for pipe friction

10. The Hazen Williams formula is widely used in waterworks industry which has named

after ________________and Allen Hazen

Answer Key

Assignment

1. Manning Formula

2. Hagen-Poiseuille

3. 1944

4. Minor head loss and Major Head loss

5. Hazen Williams formula

6. Julius Weisbach

7. Haaland

8. Gotthilf Heinrich Ludwig Hagen

9. Moody diagram

10. Gardner Williams

Exercises

Part A

1. TRUE

2. Haaland

3. turbulent

4.more

5. TRUE

6. TRUE

7. TRUE

8. TRUE

9. relative roughness

10. 5%
Part B

1. A 1-meter diameter new cast iron pipe 845 m. long and has a head loss of 1.11 m.

a) Find the discharge capacity for this pipe using Hazen Williams formula with C = 130.

b) Find the discharge capacity using Mannings formula with n = 0.013.

c) Find the discharge capacity using Darcy Weishback with f= 0.021.

Given:

𝐷 = 1𝑚

𝐿 = 845𝑚

𝐻𝐿 = ℎ𝑓 = 1.11𝑚

a) Using Hazen Williams: C1=130

𝑉 = 0.8492 𝐶1 𝑅0.63 𝑆 0.54

𝐻𝐿 1.11
𝑆= = = 0.00131
𝐿 845

𝐷 1
𝑅= = = 0.25
4 4

𝑉 = 0.8492(130)(0.25)0.63 (0.001310.54

𝑉 = 1.279 𝑚/𝑠

𝜋
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑉 = (1)2 (1.279)
4

𝑄 = 1.005𝑚3 /𝑠

b) Using Manning Formula

 n=0.013

1 2 1 1 2 1
𝑉= 𝑅3 𝑆 2 = (0.25)3 (0.00131)2
𝑛 0.013

𝑉 = 1.105𝑚/𝑠

𝜋
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑉 = (1)2 (1.105)
4

𝑄 = 0.868𝑚3 /𝑠

c) Using Darcy Weishback

𝑓 = 0.021

𝑓𝐿𝑉 2
ℎ𝑓 =
𝐷(2𝑔)

0.21(845)(𝑉 )
1.11 =
1(2)(9.81)

(Solved by using shift solve technique on calculator)

𝑉 = 1.108𝑚/𝑠

𝜋
Q = AV = (1)2 (1.108)
4

𝑄 = 0.870𝑚3 /𝑠

2.) Compute the head loss in a 80 m of horizontal 150-mm diameter asphalted cast-iron

pipe carrying water at 20°C with a mean velocity of 1.83 m/s.

Given:
 𝑣 = 1.005 × 10−6 𝑃𝑎 ∙ 𝑠

𝜀 = 0.012𝑚𝑚

𝑉=1.83m/s

𝐿 = 80𝑚

𝐷 = 150𝑚𝑚 = 0.15𝑚

Solution:

• Reynolds Number

𝐷𝑉 1.83(0.15)
𝑅𝑒 = =
𝑣 1.005 × 10−6

• Using Colebrook-white equation

𝜀
1 𝐷 2.51
= −2𝑙𝑜𝑔 [ + ]
√𝑓 3.7 𝑅𝑒√𝑓

𝜀 2.51
= = 0.008
𝐷 𝑅𝑒√𝑓

1 0.08 2.15
= −2𝑙𝑜𝑔 [ + ]
√𝑓 3.7 273,134√𝑓

Solved by using shift solve technique on calculator

𝑓 = 0.0198

𝑓𝐿𝑉 2 0.0198(80)(1.83)2
ℎ𝑓 = =
𝐷2𝑔 0.15(2)(9.81)

ℎ𝑓 = 1.802𝑚
VI. References:

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https://www.canutesoft.com/Hydraulic-calculation-for-fire-protection-

engineers/the-hazen-williams-formula-for-use-in-fire-sprinkler-systems.html

Corrosionpedia (2021). Head Loss. Retrieved from https://www.corrosionpedia.com

/definition/625/head-loss

Deen, W. M. (2016). Introduction to Chemical Engineering Fluid Mechanics [E-book].

Cambridge University Press

Gilbert-Kawai, E. T. & Wittenberg. M. D. (2014). Essential Equations for Anaesthesia (1st ed.)

[E-book]. Cambridge University Press

Gillesania, D. I. T. (2015). Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulics (4th ed.). Cebu DGPrint, Inc

Menon E. S. (2015). Transmission Pipeline Calculations and Simulations Manual [E-book].

Elsevier Inc.

Mott A. & Untener J. A. (2015) Applied Mechanics (7th ed.) [E-book]. Pearson

Nuclear Power (2021). Head Loss- Pressure loss. Retrieved from

https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/fluid-dynamics/bernoullis-

equation-bernoullis-principle/head-loss/

Science Direct (n.d.) Darcy-Weisbach Friction Factor. Retrieved from

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/darcy-weisbach-friction-factor