00:00:00 - 00:00:57

Okay, so good afternoon Glass. As I mentioned last time, uh today we'll discuss about theorizing globalization. Okay.
So in this um lawson We will discuss six theories relative to globalization. Okay. So I know that I provided you already
with the reading material. Right? And you have already submitted our reaction papers. Okay. And relative to this topic
and I have to have to be honest, he did good in in you know those reaction papers. Now I just like to um supplement
whatever you've read in the in the material, whatever you did uh in the in the you know, construction of your paper in a
stubborn in the formulation of your research papers. Okay now I'm discussing this in order to help explain are in order
to have a better understand globalization and its process through the frames of imperialism, colonialism, development
and americanization. Okay, so,

00:00:57 - 00:01:50

you know, cats, as they would always say, in order for us to better understand a new concept, we have to compare
them with a familiar concept. Right? Well, I'm not saying that globalization is a new process, relatively new process
because it has been there for centuries. It's just that it's conceptualization is something new. We are just beginning to
conceptualize what globalization really is at. So in order for us to better understand the term or the concept we are
comparing it with, you know, uh furious like imperialism, colonialism, development and americanization. Okay. And
how will we compare it? We have to examine the similarities and differences among these processes. I hope you were
able to read the material in its entirety. Huh. Were able to finish the material. Okay, so we begin with imperialism.

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So what really is imperialism? Imperialism is a broad concept that describes various methods employed by one
country to gain control, sometimes through territorial conquest of another country and then to exercise control,
especially political, economic and territorial over that country, or geographic area. Okay, so over time, the notion of
empire and in the process of imperialism came to be associated with ruler, ship over vast geographic spaces and the
people who live there. Okay, so when you go back to your lexical definition of imperialism are the original patrol
imperialism, you would find out that it is um comes from the it came from the roman word imperium. Okay, video or in
english empire and this word is particularly associated with roman grew. So when we speak of roman rule, what do we
think of it? The notion of great empire,

00:02:51 - 00:03:58

kingdom, powerful kingdom have existed before in europe. Okay, so that roman empire had a lot of categories. Right,
So this term, this idea pave the way to the concept of imperialism. Okay, A powerful empire with vast third parties.
Okay, so how will we illustrate imperialism? Okay let me decide. A very familiar example. Okay so let's try to use our
our country's experience on imperialism. Okay of course one very payment example of imperialism is the U. S.
Imperialism in the Philippines. Okay. Us imperialism in the Philippines. So class. What is the United States or the U. S.
Motivation for imperialism In the Philippines? Now going back to your Philippine history? The primary motivations of us
imperialism over the Philippines would be number one. Economic ideological religious political and even strategic
motivation. Primarily strategic motivation. Why? Well if you

00:03:58 - 00:04:52

try to look at american um the geography of America right? So it is in the middle of two great oceans. Okay pacific
atlantic ocean from the west and pacific ocean on its east. Okay so what happens when you're surrounded by ocean
and you're technically miles a million miles apart 1000 miles apart from other land mass? That makes you a. C power
because you are able to isolate yourself from the rest of the world and you can focus on yourself. So it's it's as if you
are given natural protection because the ocean is a natural protection just like a mountain is a natural protection. Okay
so strategic. Now the economic reasons or economic motivation it refers to the opening of new markets and trade
possibilities. Because the U. S. Wanted favorable balance trade, they needed to make exports exceed their import.
00:04:53 - 00:05:45

They need to they sought to expand foreign markets. You know class During the time America was already a rising
power. Well not just militarily but also economically because of the existence of different companies already. He would
be huge companies in America within the railroad. Uh We have other big companies and american system during the
time away. So in fact they were producing large number of products, large output. Okay so someone celebrating
productive consumption Manzanilla. Because if you produce too much products and you only sell it to your country
then I'm going to say I am because the the supply exceeds demand. Okay. It's a basic rule in economics. Okay. So
what the U. S. Wanted to do is to look for lands and look for territories, look for virgin lands for which they could

00:05:45 - 00:06:43

sell their products as well. They want to they want to explore new market. Okay, so that's the economic reason
secondly is ideological motivations ideological, it's the belief that they were racially superior. Okay. It's it's one of the
whole, this are one of the most common reasons which caucasians are. White people are. Westerners would always
cite that they are racially superior. But if you remember that if you are familiar with the poem, um, the white man's
burden by Rudyard kipling, you will see how they try to justify imperialism. So you have, you look for that poem over
the internet, I suggest that you look over for that moment to internet. You will see how these Westerners perceive
themselves as racially superior over their little brown brothers. Okay. Thirdly, it's also religious motivation. They sought
to spread Christianity just like their spanish brothers.

00:06:43 - 00:07:35

Also, of course I'm robbery political motivation. Okay, uh, the urge to fulfill their destiny as a world power by colonizing
because they have this idea of the manifest destiny that they are great and that their destiny is to be a world power by
colonizing but looking for fresh land to conquer. Okay, particularly in islands in one motions, it's like the Philippines
because we are getting the pacific ocean. Right. So it's also important to pinpoint or to emphasize that although this
idea is very ambitious, some americans, we're against imperialism, they were against imperial because they dislike
the idea of colonizing adaptations. Why? Because when you come to think of it, us has been a colony of Britain, the
kingdom, it has been a colony of it and it is me, the subject of the of the crown.

00:07:35 - 00:08:26

They were made to pay taxes which they don't really want to pay. This is what are they paying taxes when this, when
the people in UK enjoying their lives? Okay, so they disliked the idea of calling being colony or colonizing because
they've been there, they've experienced that and they fought hard for their independence. Okay, so I'm running like
disagree during the time. But then again, the political clam work is to continue with imperialistic goals, is to push
through with the goal and hence us colonized the Philippines. Okay, they just colonized the Philippines. So how did
you as being controlling If you look back in your Philippine history Spain and us far corner cubes attempt to gain
independence from spain. The United States then give control of the Philippines as a result of spanish american war.
So the spanish american war, the Philippines has become

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an american colony or you just call me or the U. S. In control over the Philips. You can say that. So you know the
Filipinos were very unhappy during the time because if you remember class before the coming of the americans in the
Philippines, there was truth at the Vietnam, but all right, so there was a cease, so they had to put a stop to the
revolution, the spanish forces and the Filipino forces led the aguinaldo. So uh across an agreement and they paid a
large sum of money to Donald and revolutionaries and they were exiled to Hong kong. Okay, now thinking about it, if if
if the war, if they did not stop with the war probably the Philippines would have you know one over already during the
time but they had to stop it. I don't know

00:09:11 - 00:09:56

what concentrations but they had to stop. Ronaldo into revolutionaries would have to go through Hong kong and then
again Aldo would decide to continue the revolution and then he will come back to the Philippines writing an american
ship. Okay, writing an american ship. Um so we're writing an american ship and then as a bi annual had cannot, had it
not been for Aguinaldo going back to the Philippines writing an american ship. The americans probably wouldn't have
the idea of, you know, colonizing are pushing through with its imperialistic designs and the Philippines. Okay so you're
not gonna have been by historians now going back on the discussion. So the yeah the americans gained control of the
Philippines but the Philippines were very unhappy because they were given, they felt like they've been given to
another country. This

00:09:56 - 00:10:52

is what I was saying. The Philippines should be you know, cautious of how they deal with foreign countries because
they might just be the subject of interest in these countries. Again, I'm feeling the result is that peninsula. Okay And
this is happening now and this happened before and during the the time that the americans arrived in, the Philippines
were very unhappy because they were again given to another country. Okay? They were given to another country.
Um You know the Filipinos through a media Aguinaldo uh declared independence in how it can be however class the
U. S. Did not recognize the Filipinos is independent. Well, the U. S. Felt that the Philippines was too uncivilized to
govern themselves so that the US kept them under control. Is it is it true uncivilized more Philippines during the time,
that same sentiment with his partners,

00:10:52 - 00:11:41

I'm talking about americans. We are not civilized. But tell you frankly, during the time it is the period of enlightenment
for the Philippines. Because we have a lot of um educated citizens already, especially those educated in europe. We
have trade, we have business businesses like advancing Philippines, not just you know, um not just uh in terms of
education but also economically, okay because the West has been open for trade already during that time, just open
up the service panel. So everybody's in establishment americans and we're not getting that need to be uncivilized. But
to be honest, during the time we call that period period of enlightenment for the Filipinos talking about today, it's what
happened. The U. S. paid 20 million Or give Spain 20 million dollars for control of the Philippines. Some banana bio
class must have been in the fire.

00:11:41 - 00:12:30

Okay. And what was the extent of us control over the Philippines? Then the U. S. Rule directly in the Philippines. But
then there was a conflict of interests which existed between the U. S. And the Philippines or the americans and
Filipinos because you know because of the United States manifest destiny that they wanted to rule the world. Uh It is
different from what the Philippines wanted because the Philippines merely wanted independence because they were
tired of being subjects of other countries. They wanted independence. They wanted out. But the americans wanted to
push through the imperialistic goals to push through with their manifest destiny continuum control over the Filipinos.
And what was the impact of imperialism of the native population during the time? Well to be fair there was a positive
and negative effect of imperialism. Okay. What's the effect?
00:12:30 - 00:13:21

Number one, I think number one public education, public education. Because many times partners education is not a
right. It is a privilege. But during the american, during the american bull there were a lot of public schools put up and
Filipinos had the liberty of a pending. And these institutions. Okay. And if I find that the advancement of the general
welfare of the Philippine ordinated during that time because the roads were built, railroads, hospitals were built,
schools were built. Okay. And the U. S. Even helped the Philippines when the Japanese occupied the Philippine
islands. And then of course eventually they help the Philippines speaking an independent nation. Okay so that's what
the positive. But then again just like any other things there's always a flip side to every coin. There's always another
side to the story. Right? So what are the negative effects?

00:13:22 - 00:14:12

Of course number one would be the bloody war. The bloody Philippine american war which arose as a result of
Philippine revolt against american rule back with them are filipino. So why why do you say that? It's bloody because
more than one million Filipinos died? I don't know if the figures are exact. I mean I don't know if it's just more than a
million. But the fact of the matter is that a large number or largest population died perished because of the U. S.
American war. The Philippine american war. Okay now aside from that what is the other impact of imperialism or or
american imperialism over the Philippines? Okay just like ordinary um you know struggle for power but now it is a
political, you're political but lots of power. What happens is that there would be if our power

00:14:12 - 00:15:14

vacuum okay there would be a power vacuum because of the U. S. Imperialism, us processing the Philippines. You
know some Filipinos are most often rely on americans as well as leaders, strong leaders. But now when when when
the americans was um uh in the Philippines the Philippines was left without a strong leader. And they suffered
economically which we are still facing until now they suffered economically. Okay mm So cash yeah relating in
population to globalization. I mean what's happened to them? So if you're looking at the Philippine example, okay so a
certain country would want to accumulate territories for the sake of political, economic and other reasons. Okay just
like the Philippines experienced over, over the over american imperialism, but how can we relate this to globalization?
Hey, you know what? I'm getting young,

00:15:15 - 00:16:09

they can no longer do that. They can no longer come go to another country and claim territories for the sake of
economic, political reasons independently on class. Because we have uh although although international law is not a
lot per se, or a law in itself, somehow, it's a strong first because uh countries recognizing its existence somehow.
Okay, Although not all the time, not all time, somehow abide by the international rules. Okay, so now how do we relate
again, imperialism to globalization? Okay. Take a look at your transnational corporations, multinational corporations,
what do they do? Hey, when they wanted to penetrate the market of addicts of another country of other countries like
the Philippines again, of course, they would establish their um uh their businesses here. Okay. In fact, they would
have a say in the policy especially. But a second transnational corporations.

00:16:09 - 00:17:24

We also have these global institutions such as the asian Development Bank, the World Bank, for example. Okay. You
know what class? The World Bank, the World Bank, if your policies are in line with their policy, a little bit more policies
that world back? Well, neoliberalism, uh huh. And other institutions spreads neoliberalism, Pakistan has been nothing
neoliberalism. How will we explain it? Okay. 2nd and final idea vaccine, nothing neo liberalism and idea immediate
liberalism is the regulation by decision. Okay. In other words, uh, previously, um you my previous responsibility to
borrow department government will be transferred to. Uh huh. Uh, except for, okay, you know, neoliberalism class is a
very controversial Term, primarily in the 20th century. Okay, so it's associated with liberalism, the bible level and
neoliberalism. Okay, so it is include extensive economic liberalization policies, extensive eyes, Sabra okay. Such as
privatization,

00:17:24 - 00:18:18

fiscal austerity, the regulation, even free trade, of course, and reductions in government spending or to enhance the
rule of private sector in the economy. I'll give you a scenario, you know, before Fidel Ramos or before the answer.
People power revolution. Another money. I'm oil in the sooner then the oil industry is not regulated, is regulated in
class could expect oil prices, it's supply and demand. I don't know if these oil companies are colluding are in
agreement with each other in a similar going to Lyon, not take the money against nothing pressure. So if it's being well
and control the um government suppression, England is because of the supply and demand. I don't wanna babysit
fantastico baban oppression like this. Even the same is true with with basic utilities such as water and electricity. So,
you know, by you uh

00:18:18 - 00:19:15

my area uh provide masturbation for water and electricity. It's not over the government is already cooperative private
bodies. Okay? And it's it's privatized class, compare it, and if it's, you know, it's it's still the responsibility of the
government, then probably it would be subsidized. It would be cheaper, of course, but of course, there would be
disadvantages element in government, technically more civilian government in the provision of these resources,
competitive private sector. But the thing is that what's more because it's provided by your government subsidized by
your government? Okay, so it'll idea neoliberalism. Okay, I'm feeling neuro motto, especially after the people Power
revolution is that they are already empowered to at least uh take part in this governance, the governance, etc. When
you transfer the responsibility previously held by the government to private bodies to the private sector,

00:19:15 - 00:20:10

uh it's just making uh if it's if I'm telling the people who had our constituency is already empowered because they can
really provide this for themselves. The responsibility is already being transferred to the government. And I mean to the
private secretary now, it's only from that class. We also have um confirmatory, also a public private partnership. Um
It's it's it's one of the friends, Kaluga, like for example, uh public hospitals, government hospitals, a public hospitals
mora you might have been avoided if it's public is frowned on by the government. Now, when that public, when the
government wanted to explore or enter or venture in the public private partnership, part of the operations of the
hospital would be paid or would be uh covered by a certain private institution or company shampoo because that is
already considered its business master baba. And more.

00:20:11 - 00:21:09

Okay, lets public private partnership. So many young disadvantage as mentioned. Mr. Line by Byron. So can you
wanna neoliberalism class just to illustrate it? Uh I find it easy to understand the concept of my own, but it's different
when you teach it. So I have to give you examples. I hope that those examples are clear. So in classroom being
german neo liberalism. Okay, now we go back to have globalization, Imperialism. Okay, so again, class imperialism is
one method employed by one country to be in control over another country in order to exercise control, especially
political, economic and territorial over the country. Okay, you're going for realism. It's an old concept. Huh? But now
when we speak of globalization Minnetonka, Minnetonka, how you know, you see that you see the similarity of
globalization, emperors and the only difference that

00:21:10 - 00:22:03
it's all over the country's per se, it's all over the government of the country is doing that directly, but it's already through
these institutions like the World Bank, like the asian development Bank, like it has national corporations, multinational
corporation, corporation is doing the job. It's all over the country. I think the Mendonca uh obvious. Okay, so that is
somehow the difference under the similarities of imperialism and globalization. Uh again, the truck Imperialism came
into widespread use in the late 19th century as a number of nations competed for control over previously um
undeveloped geographic areas. So how can I know exactly one of the best examples of that? And I think I'm meeting
data would be uh again uh in light and discuss in your class, I hope that you somehow remember this. Uh even
octopus is a personal, is the european scramble for africa?

00:22:04 - 00:23:01

Okay, so you know, the colonization of africa. Okay, for the imperialistic designs of you over africa was part of a global
european process, reaching all the continents of the world again, european colonization and domination change the
world, You know, dramatically. You know, even even the Philippines, we are we are we were able to experience that. I
mean our antique stores are able to experience that. I remember in the The 16th century, uh we were discovered or
yeah, we were discovered, it should be a term, we were discovered by uh, by by um the Spaniards, through the parts
of these Ferdinand Magellan because of the aims of european powers, for resources for more power. Okay, so we
were in effect uh, impact or we were in effect we in fact experience this as well. Okay, so, you

00:23:01 - 00:23:54

know, the european scramble for africa and the european scramble for africa. You know, historians argue that in
Russian imperial conquest of the African continent by european powers, you know, it started with kim lupo king
Leopold two, or the second, the second of Belgium when he, when he involved european powers to gain recognition in
Belgium because it was such a small estate comparing it. Of course, with spain, with chili, with France is not
particularly small state. Okay, so the scramble for africa in the term scramble for africa, see on the handle more
european powers at the time it took place. Um uh it took it actually took place during the new imperialism Between
1881, 1881 until 1914. Okay, so when I go on to my european powers over this vast lands in africa. Okay, um you
know, class uh,

00:23:54 - 00:25:02

before imperialism in africa only, man, I'm doing any more resources in South Africa during the time. But when
Europeans powers went there, of course, they already discovered the richest over all over Africa because that I am in
Africa to tell you frankly. Uh and um a diamonds, the Duma, um resources, learning resources, of course. Okay, now
I'm going back um you know, it started with the Berlin confidence in 18 84. Okay, the conference of Berlin and the
british new imperialism, also known as the congo Confidence Began in 1884. Okay, so it's kind of ironic because the
country's went there, european countries like Austria. Hungary, Belgium, Denmark France, Germany, great Britain,
Italy and uh Russia. Portugal. The Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and Norway. Sweden or because they were unified
Sweden and Norway or Sweden dash Norway because they were unified from 1840 - 1905. Okay,

00:25:03 - 00:26:04

so, um maybe meeting during the burden confidence over how they could practice on africa to themselves. Imagine
global power or european powers. Okay. Meeting what was happening family properties in africa for themselves.
Okay, so, well, actually, the initial task of this Berlin conference was to agree that the congo river and the *** *** river,
uh the *** river mouths and basins when they considered neutral in open to trade to internet, Penelope, Ngawa and
vanilla, you can't deliver batch. Is a river. Rivers africa. Uh huh controlling is a european power normally open to the
trade. Okay, so despite its vitality, part of the congo basin became a personal kingdom for Belgium's King, you pulled
a second and under his rule over half of the population diet. Okay. King Leopold the second volume. It's not a harsh
long ruling at all. You know, comparing it
00:26:04 - 00:26:57

with what the experience, what our ancestors experiencing the Philippines well and well uh experiencing Filipinas, not
that we are discounting their experiences have, but comparing it with the experience of the congo during the time.
Must humane treatment of spaniels, the Filipinos. Some are Filipinos compared to how they treated the natives camel
toe. That's how they punish the natives. Okay, now, at the time, the conference, only the coastal states or areas of
africa uh were colonized by the european powers, you know, coastal african states land. But the reason of
accessibility, but I must be going to access, okay. Um at the Berlin conference, the european colonial powers
crumbled to gain control over the interior of the continent. Dennis crumble. The conference lasted until February 26 in
1885. So a three-month period where colonial powers haggled over geometric boundaries in the interior continent,

00:26:58 - 00:27:56

disregarding class, had disregarding the cultural and linguistic boundaries already established by the native
indigenous african population. Okay, let's see what happens. For example, Asia, just illustrate this case. In ASia for
example, you can call next time more Europeans and gathering them all Europeans in this is indeed a happy and uh
territory. Asia in accordance in accordance to the country, they're all happy Mbanza society for example, in
Philippines, not having a clue, you know, of Taiwan K you besides Malaysia, you mean they're not upon the asian
country. Okay, so european scramble for africa. And what happens if they divided if you divide a country, What
happens? Uh huh. So that's what happened in africa. And now after, after european scramble for africa, Nolito
hammer Africans, they were struggling for a national identity

00:27:56 - 00:29:12

because colonization has greatly impaired its development as a nation or their development as nations or states.
That's what happened in africa. You effect on Imperialism. South africa. Okay, now, come to continue, Imperialism
came to have a negative connotation as it raised about the need for political and cultural control the imperial powers.
International political, even culture has to be controlled. Yeah, papa go union. I'm sorry to bother going to now, big
land now it's a foreign power. Okay, for example, a in No, right, okay, because we are asians Filipinos and suddenly
my dad Athena doctors began to rise began, what do you feel the same is done in London is a collective issues like
culture and politics, for example. You know, you know, you know, Callahan imperialism, martorana changes politically
culturally because of this imperial powers. Okay. The seven millennium.

00:29:12 - 00:29:58

Okay. It's called Vladimir Lenin. The economic nature of capitalism leads capitalist economies and the nation states
that are dominated by such an economic system to seek out control this over distant geographic areas. Okay.
Economic, and they they've been related related, uh, imperialism, web capitalism, capitalism now continue. Um, and
having, you know, David harvey, if you read that in the in the material, I hope you've read that he introduced the term
capitalist imperialism. Okay, so it's a new imperialism, which has risen with the United States as as its prime, if not
only if not the only representative. Okay.

00:00:00 - 00:00:59

um very listen, because the United States is one of the greatest motivation of the United States. And colonizing not
just uh, you know, engaging control, not just over the Philippines, but you know, countries in South America also
would be economic and that is highly associated with capitalism. Okay. The United States, it's different because there
is a contradictory fusion of economics and politics. Okay. But the two processes intertwining complex and sometimes
contradictory ways. So political imperialism and economic imperialism. So one particular example has been, has been
discussing the book is the Vietnam work. Okay. Because you know, politically Vietnam war was uh, you know,
politically Vietnam war was understood by people because you know, if if the Communist insurgency would the idea is
that if they would succeed them definition, observe my own passing the Communist to Asia

00:00:59 - 00:01:50

until it will be able to penetrate the world. So you knew, and the reason I'm Vietnam more politically, but economically
class. Syrah, Syrah, United States at the time, they spend a lot of money for the war lasted for how many years? No.
Okay, so that's imperialism. Okay, that's imperialism. No, we go to colonialism. So, the creation by the colonial power
of an administration in the area that has been colonized to run its internal affairs. So basically use the colonialism. It is
political. Financial. Okay, Because the colonial power or the are the the mother colony with the point and
administration. The administration is a group and aggregated people leading the affairs of the government in that
particular area that has been called by society, Journal Affairs. Again, we look into the experience of the Philippines
during the spanish period. Colonialism. Okay,

00:01:51 - 00:02:46

that's how many Edwards said Imperialism means the practice the fury and the attitude of a dominating metropolitan
centre ruling a distant territory. You know, I've been Edwards said in some material, where is Sabrina colonialism,
which is almost always a consequence of imperialism, is implanting of the settlement of distant territories? Almost
brought the internal imperialism. This it's not just political, it's not just territorial, which also cultural, strategic. So most
all encompassing internal imperialism. It risk for colonialism. It's basically anyway, consequence, and in fact an option
of imperialism. Okay, when you would want to settle on this and territory, just like what happened in the Philippines in
the spanish period, you call it colonialism. Okay, But again, remember, must brought the concept of imperialism
colonialism. Oh, okay. Now, we also have the plans discussing the material, the idea of decolonization, which is the
process

00:02:46 - 00:03:38

of dismantling the hidden aspects of those institutional and cultural forces that have maintained the colonialist power
and that remain even after political independence is achieved. So, again, we use the Philippine experience and the
colonization. So what happened by when these colonial powers suddenly withdrew our withdrew from the country?
What happened? Okay. Um so you eat, we have decolonization and then we also have neo colonialism,
neocolonialism. And it refers to the processes of control by colonial powers over the former colonies and other nation
states in a more indirect and subtle way through cultural and educational institutions focusing on economic control and
exploitation. So I was expressing that even after the United States left, the Philippines can have, they were able to
establish their own military bases here. We have been too big. We have in um clark.

00:03:38 - 00:04:32

Okay, uh they were able to penetrate our markets still even after they left, they are able to exploit resources even after
they left. That's new colonialism. Okay. And I we have a treaty with the United States, the mutual defense treaty with
the United States. And we also have the basis agreement when, you know, even if they are within the Philippine
territory. Most of the laws governing the americans within the basis are of course american laws. So now we're gonna
go go Angela in a way, interest in the left hand, the Philippines and down my human rights violations. So in these
bases were operating because somehow it on my uh american also, they were uh, they were about it all they were
excuse because they are being rude. They are being covered by american laws. Okay,

00:04:33 - 00:05:29
post colonialism. So the era in once colonized areas. Okay, so when you say post colonialism, this is part of the era in
once colonized areas after the colonizing power has departed. Okay, all the post colonial can work could already be
well underway before the colonizing powers depart. So this relates to a critical issue in globalization today. Party
nominating post colonialism classic for example. Um mm uh I think uh you think might have been like see a new battle
of filipino filipino, Parliament is having filipino because you see post colonialism has happened. That indeed is the
struggle of a previously colonized people in the in the search for a national identity. Okay, see you were one with the
colonizers. Your culture, your beliefs has been influenced by these colonizers. Mhm. And yet when they left, you are
already struggling to battle a guy

00:05:29 - 00:06:33

and a bottle of your identity, your national identity seen by our filipino filipino. What makes a filipino filipino? Okay, so
you have the lasagne struggle. Uh it was a post colonialism uh in Philippine history um having effort on post
colonialism and they uh schemas such Latina Latina, liberal, manila renato Constantino when they were trying to
address these issues in a suicide lazar. So in the Philippines, marine effort in order to discuss or explain in order to
help the Philippines find out their identity especially after being colonized by different countries. Okay. And we also we
also discuss the concept of development uh think material. So the concept of development, the first the post World
War Two global project primarily concerned with the economic development of specific missions, usually those that
were not regarded as sufficiently advanced economy, concept of development. So again, classes

00:06:33 - 00:07:08

a Western concept development. Uh in this uh discussion we tackled import substitution, recovered import
substitution. So this is an economic principle which is just that in order to undergo development, Southern countries or
developing countries had to develop their own industries instead of focusing on producing for export and relying uh the
only instead of focusing on producing for exports and imports from other countries, especially the North has not been
out in North Tamara, uh economically advanced countries like the US. Okay, import substitution.

00:07:10 - 00:08:02

Now, we also discussed the concept of foreign direct investment. Okay, so there's a new uh a new form of investment
and economically superior firm in one nation state or state in affirming another nation with the intention of controlling it.
So you have to read more on this side, import substitution and foreign direct investment. Now, we also uh came
across the concept for in a doing uh material. Right? So use a foreign aid. It's a development project offered by
developed countries to those that were less developed, which encompass financial assistance technology as well as
aid in terms of food. So while such a class was certainly helpful in the short run, in the longer run, it often adversely
affected the ability of some countries to grow and produce their own food or develop their own technology and
therefore let greater economic

00:08:02 - 00:09:04

dependence in some less developed countries. Well not only this particular example, I'll give you a more concrete
example. You know what they usually do. The U. S. For example, would give or beneath uh, Philippine military planes
to the Philippines C 1 37 A Philippine Air Force. Okay. So they would donate this um, used planes. Okay, shampoo
class in the universe to master donation because I'm eating pizza. No more airplanes now on a normal technology on
when, when they are damaged to of course they would be utilizing american products as well. So in America, my, I'm
disadvantaged known is that advantage meant for America? Is that uh, Angela used um, crap aircraft, Not 100
additional Suki products, particularly in other parts Of the airplane. Because when they donate, they have the situation
now. seven billion the Esa.
00:09:05 - 00:09:55

Okay, so more dependency of the south countries are less developed countries to the more developed countries,
even the food. This is a way for them to promote their own food is reality. Uh, as a foreign aid, remembering foreign
aid like Mecca Palestinian independent. Well, I am a political in foreign aid. Hey, then we also discussed some critics
of development of the development theory so popular due to one of the most more popular critic of the development
theory is Andre Gonder frank and it was discussed in his book Uh, published in 1969. What's happening on drug
under frank development programs lead not so much the development of poor countries in the south but cannot be
getting started developing countries. Okay, so, but more to decline in their independence to an increase in their
dependence on countries like the North, especially the US. Again

00:09:56 - 00:10:45

when we talk about uh development theory, one of the leading examples of one of the leading countries when when
we talk about developed countries are North is the US. Okay. How do you promise? Development theories have been
according to Andre Gondry Front? Okay. I promise. Is that if the less developed countries simply follow the same path
taken by developed countries, they too will become developed. Super. And how how will they follow the same path
getting? For example if the U. S. Was able to advance economically by virtue of capitalist science, capitalist systems,
neo liberal systems then the Philippines should uh venture into that system as well. Should try to use that system as
well. There were major flaws in logic

00:10:46 - 00:11:24

not because it is effective in one country automatically effectiveness A country more because there are a lot of factors
that needs to be considered. But the development periods very simplistic in a sense that if it is working in their country
that it should work in your country too. So it's somehow disregards the fact that every country is different. There are
different factors in the Philippines that is not present in the case of the U. S. There are factors are there are factors
interplay interplay in the in the U. S. That is not present in the Philippines. Okay. That is why the system that worked
there might not automatically work in our country. So in flood logic development theory and that's according to Andrew
under frank. Now I'm shopping and gander from Tony in

00:11:25 - 00:12:26

the developed countries were never in the same position as the less developed countries today. Right. What time of
dementia? The developed countries were undeveloped meaning technology that's an undeveloped while the less
developed countries were still under developed. Okay. So, you know, you know those have been andre andre gander
front. Okay. But are in a situation this and this developed countries in the same situation in Pakistan have been acting
uh undeveloped because I'll be here lacking in development uh along development. Okay. Uh vaccine available,
nothing underdeveloped. Um to be known, we have a relatively low economic level of industrial production. It's not
normally or adequately developed. Okay. So, you know, to cuba um So the promise of the development theory is not
always true again. Huh? What is applicable in a certain country may not

00:12:26 - 00:13:21

work for another country because there is there are a lot of factors that needs to be considered before you venture
into that kind of system before you go into really try that system in your country. Okay. Not because democracy is
working in the United States automatically. It will work in other countries because you know class whenever it's very
basic in policy making. But before you designed before you formulate your own policy, make sure that you have
enough research to visit from. Because politics should always be backed by facts by data. Politics should be based on
data because no matter how good the design is, what it is not based on what is needed. When you did not make your
own risk assessment, if you did not assess your own needs then that will be useless. Take for example uh in

00:13:22 - 00:14:20

the provision of in the provision or in the provision of assistance to uh six class municipality say for example we will
make the example localized but I must make in the end and then the national government for example would send uh
motor banker for example the municipality a Okay. The municipality april I know mountain Yana. Okay. It's a
mountainous area. How do you think with that municipality be able to use the mortar banker in its area when it in fact
napolitano. Um, Colonial. Okay. Not motor banker. You see there is a gap that may detach the answer data and the
policy. Okay. So paragon continues happening. Development theory you should not just the needs of certain countries
are not uniform is every country is different And hence when you try to use a certain system in your country think twice
because it might not

00:14:20 - 00:15:11

be the case applicable or it will also work for you. Okay. So the bottom line here is that the result is that the path
followed by the former is not necessarily the best one for the letter. Okay. Even if that's the best choice for say for
example, Japan, you have to think twice because that may not be the best choice for you. Even if that's the best
choice for friends, that's not the best place for you. Because again, there are a lot of factors that interplay. Okay, so
Andrew Andrew frank class rejects the idea that the solution to underdevelopment lies in the diffusion of capital,
technology, institutions, values and so on. From the developed world into poor countries. I'm gonna name Make one
related to technology. Nothing like we always look up to America. Okay, what happens when we continually wait

00:15:11 - 00:16:07

for um, for this country to provide, you know, provide something new, what happens? We have a tendency to just wait
and not develop anything on our own. There are, we're just constantly waiting for the technology for even culture. Uh,
if you look at Philippine film industry, most of our, most of the movies produced in the Philippines are somehow exact
topic at my mom's new pollution is the U. S. Okay. So maybe Diamond Gaia and the tendency family Diamond Gaia is
that we never get to explore our full potential. Okay, applying it. That with technology, with institutions with systems,
even with systems of governance, we always have to look for other countries. We always have to depend on more
advanced countries in trying out new things which should not be the case. And so many. Andrew gondor gondor frank.

00:16:07 - 00:16:51

Let's developed countries can only develop if they are independent of most of these capitalist relationships which after
all are in the cost of their lack of development. Okay. Like for example, uh The World Against the World Bank.
Whatever you ask for a loan in the World Bank, you have to see to it that your policies will be aligned with the World
Bank. So we want policies that the world back. I was trying to implement some panties. Yeah, It's through
neoliberalism. Okay. Among a neo liberalism or values relative to deregulation and privatization and austerity
measures in my own. Okay. It is not always the best case because you're putting too much responsibility. The private
sector and letter on the government side and energy is much malpractice insurance. Okay. So it is capitalism that is
the cause of development in developed nations

00:16:52 - 00:17:35

and of underdevelopment in less developed nations. Kay at all. Same reason combat Moriyama and developed
countries. It's true capitalism and it's also the same reason combat material and I'm here to developing countries for
countries in the south. It's also through capitalism. Now I've seen it happen. I think it is that we have to always be
cautious on what policies our country should implement. The government should always be cautious. It's not the case
that whenever it is working in other country automatically work at zero, that's the deputies. We should not just except
ideas all the time. Okay, that is why in english course in the contemporary world, focusing on globalization. Uh,
students or new students are being taught to think critically

00:17:36 - 00:18:28

because you will be the future of the country one day and what will happen if you just, you know, be you'll be just
accepting ideas from other countries. That is very detrimental. Especially now that there is a lesser room for mistakes.
There should be rest room for mistakes. Okay, uh, the concept of underdevelopment, now, we may go to the concept
of underdevelopment, difference under development, development and undeveloped. Okay, so subito some material
nap in it is under development is a creative form of poverty which involves the idea that instead of bringing economic
improvement, development brings with a greater impoverishment and dependency because in the equally the equal.
Okay. Uh instead of helping or instead of um uh instead of developed countries are underdeveloped countries
developing priscilla

00:18:28 - 00:19:20

because it's the relationship is not equal uh with the kids of developed countries um, Mohammed because I don't feel
no freedom technology. Silicon Benavente, silly. You know, economic underdeveloped countries will have choice
condition or not. But in fact when you come to think of think of it, underdeveloped countries should always have a
choice. Everybody should always have a choice. Okay, if you try to develop your own technology, like for example in
the Philippines class, um we are our industry, our economy is a service oriented industry. Now when you try to look at
the development phase of other countries due to industrialization before they went into service industry and service
industries are the uh, do you want a hospitality industry, medical industry, You might provide the services because
that is the trend now. Okay. So then on that part, before, before you go to service

00:19:20 - 00:20:15

industry department industrialize Carmona. But I'm a backbone you uh economy more. But in the case of the
Philippines indochina industrialize, you must para UMA coins avenue from. There's nothing they are producing other
countries where they don't have to sign because we don't have the technology. Okay, so Pilipinas Iba we immediately
jump into um uh service industry. Okay, so in Sabaneta in detail is that we were not able to fully utilize our potential to
our own advantage because we were too busy um uh copying or to visit depending on other countries. Okay. So, you
know, we also we have, I have a very a very nice example in that as well. Now you lapped down I mean the pandemic
class, you know the one who discovered the baskets from U. B. Well he was actually he was actually my classmates
Before eight times on training.

00:20:15 - 00:20:58

And during that time he was proposing that's not the role. He was proposing a good plan for the Philippines in uh in
case of biological emergency because the doctor. Okay, well what happened is that the the national Philippine,
national police officials present at the time didn't want to listen to him because he already had the idea during the time
and that's one year before the pandemic. But they didn't listen to him. They didn't listen to his idea because the
government is too busy uh telling the people that they have the technology, this technology in Singapore. They have
the technology in in Malaysia. And we are just, you know, how many miles away from Malaysia from Singapore? And
we don't have to do that in the Philippines provide. You know, that was, you know, nursing students that uh, that
professor will was actually
00:20:58 - 00:21:40

proposing system of committing in case of biological emergency just like this pandemic. Okay. And he was actually
speaking about the concept of test kits already during the time. Imagine imagine the people from the Philippine.
National police denied him, uh, that the privilege of, you know, explaining side and how he would come up with the
test kit. This increase market on a biological emergency. Okay, well eating problems that then we have the talent. We
have talented people, but we failed to give him the benefit of the doubt because we are too busy believing that the
best is in another country. It's not here. We don't want to invest. Okay, that's my mind. The reason why um capitalism
or development brings greater impoverishment

00:21:40 - 00:22:26

to less developed countries because we are too dependent on developed countries and that should we should change
that. Okay, We should change that, not just at the national level or, you know, local government unit level, but also in
our own our own the personal revolution start changing that conception already just because they offer the best
doesn't mean that you cannot, you know, do something good about what you have with what you have. Okay, Now,
we also have the world system theory by Immanuel Wallerstein, which was, you know, this was discussing this book,
published in 1974. I hope you were able to read that again. So, so according to the world system theory, the Syrian
visions of world divided mainly between the core, okay, sustainability core. These are the richer countries

00:22:26 - 00:23:16

and periphery, meaning the poor countries be independent on and exploited by the rich nation. Okay, The rich nations
are at the core. Okay. With the developing countries are the developing countries in the semi periphery mediating the
process. Okay, so in the world systems theory, remember the world is divided three. We have the core states. States
are the core which are the rich countries at the cemetery very well. We have the developing countries and the
periphery. Look at these are the poor countries. Now the development project was basically a failure since the world
clearly remained and remains characterized by great inequalities. So the promise of development is are not actually, it
is not true in this case because no matter how much we copy from developed countries, the world remains the same.
Right? You see the Philippines advancing the Philippines is a lot to

00:23:16 - 00:23:24

offer and Danny and that we couldn't go in because we have, we have the talent, we have the resources. We always
know that we never get to develop.

00:23:26 - 00:24:08

Okay, We never get to the level of the developed countries. Like for example, Singapore, you know, class as I
mentioned it before. A single example of Singapore is a really good example Because, you know, in 1960s I think they
were expelled from Malaysia because of the very strong uh presents a very strong persona of the peoples of the
leaders of the people's action party, particularly with Nicole and you okay, so they were expelled and during the time
Singapore What latino resources because it's just a tiny little red dot on the map. So actually in just a matter of how
many seconds you just using a military aircraft, you can cross Singapore just a matter of seconds. Anything that is on.
Okay. So what actual resources? It's an island nation states, small state

00:24:09 - 00:24:56
actually in water of Singapore. I don't know. But it comes from johor in Malaysia Singapore in Singapore is just
separated by bridge. It's just connected by a bridge pipeline coming from Jakarta Singapore. Doing some bridge
connect. Okay, so that was before. Imagine not even a possible water. Well, I Singapore barrel was able to conquer
this difficulty no matter how hard it was for them during the Congress, Fatah militants operate and they don't have
anything because they were able to work on what they have, what they can have. You know, Singapore is a trade
anthropology. If it's straight anthropology, Madrona Marco and if in my oil rigs, so they develop their own, they
developed based on what they have, they didn't have much that they did develop because they relied on their own.

00:24:57 - 00:25:44

Okay, that's and that's anti pieces to the development and it's different, it's different from what the development
theories saying. Okay, so you see this has been a world system theory game. The development project was basically
a failure since. Yeah. And if you look at the world now it remains and remains characterized by great inequalities with
the rich countries in the west getting richer and with the rich countries in the delivery in the south getting poorer.
Although there's some how many countries to your mom in a country, but the world is basically the same. Can you
imagine the world not being Western now? You cannot. So the whole development project or the world system theory
came to be seen as offensive since it intended to elevate the north in north, the rich countries and everything about it,
especially its economic system capitalism, its

00:25:44 - 00:26:32

political system, democracy, while demeaning everything associated with the south. Like, for example, we talk about
the Philippines, talk about corruption on you, about inequality. You talk about uh, succession is you have to talk about
insurgency. Okay. So, plus this is just a reminder for all of us. Okay, You have to try to think that your country is good.
You have to start thinking that we have a good country have a good government, but we're not, not, not in the level.
Now, you stop being critical of what they do. What I what I'm trying to say is that you have to somehow trust your
government. You have the time I worked with the government, you have someone believe that your country is good
because only then can you work with your country in achieving whatever it is that needs to be done.

00:26:33 - 00:27:23

Because, you know, governance isn't, we're already talking about governance. Government isn't the government,
working government isn't just the government doing the job because governance is a process which is participated not
just the government but for the civil society, because I'm a tied on with the private sector with the media, with all the
um elements in society. It's an interplay. It's, you know, the trend now is that whenever we speak of governance, it
should be a whole nation approach. It's a collective responsibility and just have just rely on your government. You rely
also on yourself. Now students, what should you do? What did you do for now? You have to study, you have to do
your best to study to finish whatever in my quarters, knowing that one day you join the labor force and one day you try
to be a good responsible citizen.

00:27:25 - 00:28:15

Okay, Because that's how you help your country. And in right now class we need uh people who could think critically,
You know against innocent because you know uh it's very sad that out of the 79 countries rank last year,
comprehension wise opinion, penis More bugs are okay. My comprehension skills Filipino, are you telling me the
country is getting worse? Not just in terms of politics but in everything economically at that you see the connection. It's
because in order to have a good country, you have the good citizens as well as you know, being in a country, another
element nice estado. It's the people. Okay. So you just, we have to work on ourselves to so you even value even the
lesson there in the world system theory also. Okay now we go to
00:28:15 - 00:29:00

americanization. So americanization of the first, the importation by latin americans of products, Images, technologies
practices and behavior that are closely associated with America and american culture. And I know that you are very
much familiar with this because whatever is released in Hollywood, either music movie, you know that I know that you
are very much familiar. Right? So it's one of the reasons why America is a world power because of the attractiveness
of its culture. I cannot have any more do before you could be a, before you can be a power before you can be a
country, a powerful country. Um you must you must have a strong foundation financially economically and after that
everything else will follow. And that's what happened to America before it became attractive culturally it probably in
which itself mona politically economically now class one of the most attractive cultures

00:29:00 - 00:29:54

since you're in denial because we have, we also have a lot of competing our countries on that level. America before I
was really attractive and culture and uh everybody wants to go to America, everybody wants chinese pam, everybody
wants to Mcdonald's and all that. Everything was attracted to America. Everything was attracted in american culture.
But then again there were fear after americanization and which were also direct threats to americanization. I am going
to assume american influence going on. Okay. Because there were threats like for example japan ization more
products in japan, the asian tigers like Singapore, european union and now china China is the biggest threat to
Americanization. Now. You know class there is a tradition that by 20 50 china would already overtake America as the
richest country on earth. You know production but the figure is still large until now.