SENTENCE PATTERNS & THE FOUR PARTS OF SPEECH

Sentence Patterns in English

Subject (Agent of Verb (Action of the Object (Complete the Modifier
the sentence) sentence) verb) (Adjective/Adverb):
- single noun - single verb - single noun -Adverb of manner,
- noun phrase - verb phrase - noun phrase -Adverb of place,
-Adverb of time.

My father is happy
John speaks English fluently
Ali is buying An English book in the book store
Mina will be coming home tomorrow

Note : - a noun phrase is a group of words that ends with a noun

- a verb phrase is a group of words functions as a verb
6 1 2 3 4 5 6
When? Who? Action Who? How? Where? When?
Which? Which?
What? What?
My father is happy
John spoke English fluently in the class yesterday
Ali is buying an English in the book
book store

Tomorrow Mina will be home

coming

The Four Main Parts of Speech:

1. Noun
2. Adjective
3. Verb
4. Adverb

1. Noun:

Class of words naming or denoting a person, thing, place, action, etc.

Examples: the student, Ali, table, London, swimming, beauty, etc.
Noun can be grouped into:

 Concrete Noun : pen, book, chair, man, attachment, equipment,

conference, administrator, banker, assistant, etc.

 Abstract Noun : statement, friendship, goodness, sadness, responsibility,

commitment, pressure, decision, inspiration, assistance, withdrawal, etc.

 Noun Phrase : Noun phrase is a group of words functions as a noun.

Example: my father, this house, etc.
  Noun Clause: We can simply say that Noun Clause is a structure
containing a subject and a verb which is used to replace a noun or noun
phrase.

Examples: Pay attention to the underlined words.

 I don’t know the man. (noun phrase functions as an object)
I don’t know who the man is. (noun clause functions as an object)

 The play was interesting. (noun phrase functions as a subject)

What he was talking about was interesting. (noun clause functions as
a subject)

2. Adjectives:
Class of words used to modify a noun or other substantives. The word
“modify” means “change” or “limit the meaning” of a noun slightly.
(man slightly different from: young man/men, old man/men, brave man)

Examples of Adjectives:
Young, old, rich, pretty, beautiful, bad, good, lazy, intelligent, etc.

1. Attributive Adjective  before the noun modified:

young men every two hours

smart students such thing
brave children which book
beautiful views little sugar
pretty girls ten books
much money the third floor

2. Predicative Adjective  after the verb:

o The students are clever.
o She is beautiful.
 o The woman is childish
o The houses are movable
o Her face is reddish

3. Adjective Clause is a structure containing a subject and a verb,

functions as an adjective.

1. Using Subject Pronouns: who, which, that

Example:

I thanked the woman who helped me.

The woman helped me.
I thanked the woman.

The coast guard who has saved my life is smoking under the tree.
The coast guard has saved my life.
The coast guard is smoking under the tree.

2. Using object Pronouns :which, whom, that

Example:

The movie which we saw last night wasn’t very good

The movie that we saw last night wasn’t very good
The movie we saw last night wasn’t very good
We saw the movie last night. The movie wasn’t very good.

The man whom I saw last week was Mr. Jon.

The man that I saw last week was Mr. Jon.
The man I saw last week was Mr. Jon.
I saw the man last week. The man was Mr. Jon.

3. Pronouns used as the object of a preposition

Example:
 The music which we listened to last night was good.
The music that we listened to last night was good.
The music we listened to last night was good.
The music was good. We listened to the music last night.

4. Using whose (possessive)

Example:
I know the man whose bicycle was stolen.
I know the man. The man’s bicycle was stolen.

5. Using where/in which

Example:
The building where he lives is very old.
The building in which he lives is very old.
The building which he lives in is very old.
The building he lives in is very old.
The building is very old. He lives in that building.

6. Using when/on which

Example:

I’ll never forget the day when I met you.

I’ll never forget the day on which I met you.
I’ll never forget the day which I met you on.
I’ll never forget the day I met you on.
I’ll never forget the day. I met you on that day.

3. Verbs:
A class of words used to express action, existence, or occurrence, and usually
constituting the main element of a predicate.

Examples:
be, do, have, go, give, build, run, etc.

Kinds of Verbs

There are two major classes of English Verbs:

a. Transitive verb is the verb that can be followed by a noun that
“receives” the action expressed by the verb.
The noun is called object of the verb.
Examples: - I saw the man
- The man killed the tiger.

b. Intransitive verb is the verb that is not followed by a noun that receives
the action.
Examples: - Mary sings
- The boys work

The three Special Verbs: be, do, have.

1) The Verb ‘be’

The Verb ‘be’ has 8 forms:
be, being, been, am, is, are, was, were.

Be can be used as a main verb and as an auxilary verb.

 A. Be as a main verb has 3 basic patterns:
1. Subject + Verb (be) + noun
2. Subject + Verb (be) + adjective
3. Subject + Verb (be) + prepositional phrase

Example:
1. Marry is an artist
2. Marry is beautiful
3. Marry is in this University

In the longer sentences

4. The old building over there is extremely high.
5. The old building over there is the highest building in this town.
6. The last year best student of this academy was a daughter of a taxi
driver.
7. The student who stays next to my house is a very diligent young man.

B. ‘Be’ as an auxiliary verb

1. James is writing a letter
2. Nina is singing a song
3. They are playing football.

Tense Forms of ‘be’ used as an auxiliary verb.

Present Cont Past cont Perfect Cont Future cont

(+ ing form (+ing form (+ing form V) (+ing form V)
V) V)
Singu I am … I was… I have been… I will be…
lar You are… You were… You have You will be…
He/she/it is… He/she/it been… He/she/it will
was… He/she/it has be…
been…
 Plura We/you/they We/you/they We, you, they We, you, they
l are... were.. have been.. will be...

2)The Verb ‘DO’

The Verb DO has 5 forms:
1. Base form = do
2. S-form = does
3. Ing-form = doing
4. Past tense = did
5. Past participle = done.

‘Do’ act as a main verb

1. I do my homework
2. She does her job.
3. We are doing this chapter first.
4. They did their homework yesterday.
5. He has done his assignment.

‘Do’ act as an auxiliary

Negative statement: I do not study English/ I don’t study English
Simple question: Do you study English?
Negative question : Don’t you study English?/Do you not study English?

Do as an Auxiliary of Insistence

Why don’t you study hard John?  I certainly do study hard father.
Do in Echo Construction

She studies English  I do, too

Mr. John works in the garden  His son does, too

3)The Verb ‘HAVE’

The verb HAVE has 4 forms:
1. Base form = have
2. S-form = has
3. Ing-form = having
4. Past tense/Past Participle = had

Have used as a main verb means as follows:

1. “to posses” or “to hold under one’s control”
a. John has a new car
b. We don’t have any money

2. “ something undergo”
 He is having an operation now.
 We had an examination yesterday

3. “give birth”
 Mrs. Smith had a baby girl this morning
 The cow had a calf last week

4. Other idiomatic expression

 Have a headache, a toothache, a pain
 Have fun, a good time, success

“Have” used as an auxiliary --- always followed by past participle

(Verb 3) as in perfect tense
- He has gone
 - I have done my homework.
Etc.

Modal Verb

Modal verb is an auxiliary verb which comes before another verb and
usually adds a personal point of view to the main verb or to express
possibility, ability, permission, or necessity.

The modals include: can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must,
ought to, dare, need, used to.

Modal verb Always followed by Verb 1/base form.

Example:
 My shoes may be in the car.
 It might rain tomorrow.
 That can't be my coat. It's too small.
 Will you come to the party with me tomorrow?

Phrasal Verb.

Phrasal verb is a verb which is made up of two parts

e.g: carry on, give up, put down, put on etc.

4. Adverbs

A class of words used to modify a verb, an adjective, another adverb.

Or we can simply say that an adverb tells us: how, where, when , or how
often something happens.
Example:
 He speaks English fluently (adverb modify verb)
 The women is quite pretty (adverb modify adjective)
  The weather report is almost always right (adverb modify another
adverb)

According to its functions, adverb can be divided into:

1. Adverb of manner --- answering the question --- how
- How does he do his job?
- He does it well.

2. Adverb of place --- answering the question --- where

- Where do you put the glass?
- I put the glass in the Kitchen.

3. Adverb of time --- answering the question --- when

- When did you reply my e-mail?
- I replied it yesterday.
- How often do you visit your grand mother in a year?
- I visited her twice a year.

There are 2 kinds of Adverb of Time:

- Adverb of definite time --- used to express time such as: yesterday,
tomorrow, at 3 o’clock, etc
- Adverb of indefinite time --- used to express frequency such as:
always, seldom, sometimes, often, frequently, never, rarely etc.

Adverbs are often formed by adding –ly to an adjective

Example:
 He walks quickly
 I am extremely happy

4. Adverb Clause
Adverb Clause has four main functions namely:
1. Time function,
2. Cause and effect function,
3. Contrast function,
4. Condition function.
1. Time function
Using: when, after, before, as soon as, once, until, etc.
o When he arrived, the test had already started.
o The test had already started when he arrived.

2. Cause and effect function,

Using: because, now that, since, etc.

o Because his company is opening a branch in London, he needs to
learn English.
o He needs to learn English because his company is opening a branch
in London.

Now that = because but only makes sense with resent causes.
Since = because it is the fact that…

3. Contrast function

Using even though and while

o Even though it is raining, the children go swimming.
o The children go swimming even though it is raining,.
o Fire is hot while ice is cold.

4. Condition function

a. This clause explains about possibility under “if clause” and the
result under the main clause.

Example:
If Peter wins the lottery, he will give his mother a trip to Paris.
 b. Using whether or not to show whatever the condition, it will have no
effect on the result.

Example:
Most parents love their children whether or not the children obey their
parents.

c. Using “in case” to show the reason one is doing one thing that
something else might happen.

Example:
I will take my purse with me in case I decide to stop at the store.

d. Using “unless” to express a condition that is required for a

particular result.

Example:
You can’t drive unless you are seventeen.

Thank you
Prepared by I Nyoman Adnyana