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Lesson 1 Introduction To Transient Analysis

Transient thermal analyses determine temperatures and thermal quantities that vary over time for applications like heat treatment, electronics, engines, and vessels. The governing equation for transient heat conduction contains a transient term that accounts for the rate of energy storage in a body and differentiates transient analysis from steady-state. Larger thermal capacitance, determined by density, specific heat, and volume, means an object takes more time to heat up as it can store more thermal energy. Thermal capacitance is analogous to structural inertia and electrical capacitance.

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Milan P. Vasic
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65 views

Lesson 1 Introduction To Transient Analysis

Transient thermal analyses determine temperatures and thermal quantities that vary over time for applications like heat treatment, electronics, engines, and vessels. The governing equation for transient heat conduction contains a transient term that accounts for the rate of energy storage in a body and differentiates transient analysis from steady-state. Larger thermal capacitance, determined by density, specific heat, and volume, means an object takes more time to heat up as it can store more thermal energy. Thermal capacitance is analogous to structural inertia and electrical capacitance.

Uploaded by

Milan P. Vasic
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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• DECEMBER 2019

Intro to Transient Thermal


Analysis

Thermal Capacitance in Heat Transfer Analysis –


Lesson 1
Introduction

How long does it take for a cup of coffee to cool down to room
temperature?
How much time do you have to shape melted glass?
Transient analysis can help determine the answers to such
questions.

Transient thermal analyses determine temperatures and other


thermal quantities that vary over time. Many heat transfer
applications involve transient thermal analyses such as:
• Heat treatment problems
• Electronic package design
• Nozzles
• Engine blocks
• Pressure vessels

2
Thermodynamics of Energy Conservation

Power output from


system
Power input to the system = +
Rate of energy storage
inside the volume

𝑥 ∆𝑥

3
Governing Equation

The governing equation for the heat conduction through a solid is given by:

𝜕2𝑇 𝜕2𝑇 𝜕2𝑇 𝜕𝑇


𝑘 2
+ 2 + 2 + 𝑞 = 𝜌𝑐
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡
Or where,

𝜕𝑇 𝑘 = Thermal conductivity (in 𝑊 Τ𝐾 ∙ 𝑚)


𝑘∇2 𝑇 + 𝑞 = 𝜌𝑐 𝑡 = Time
𝜕𝑡
𝑇 = Temperature ( in 𝐾)

𝑞= Rate of heat flux/convection/


radiation/internal heat generation inside the
Rate of heat Rate of volume (in 𝑊)
conduction energy storage inside
𝜌 = Density of the material (in 𝑘𝑔Τ𝑚3 )
Rate of heat flux/convection/ the volume
radiation/internal heat generation 𝑐 = Specific heat of the material (in 𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾)
inside the volume

4
Governing Equation (cont.)
• In the equation for transient heat conduction, the term on the right is the rate of energy storage in the
body. We will call this the transient term.
• This differentiates transient analysis from the steady-state, where temperature distribution does not
change with time.
• For a long period of time, when the temperature distribution does not change any more, we say the
problem has reached a steady-state condition that is governed by Fourier’s law. For example, in the
graph below the temperature profile stabilizes after 50 seconds.
𝜕2𝑇 𝜕2𝑇 𝜕2𝑇 𝜕𝑇
𝑘 + + + 𝑞 = 𝜌𝑐 Transient Term
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2 𝜕𝑡
Temperature (℃)

140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Time(s)

5
A Note About Initial Temperatures
• A transient thermal analysis involves loads that are functions of time. The first step in applying
transient thermal loads is to establish the initial temperature distribution at time = 0.
• Initial temperatures do not matter in steady-state analyses.
• Initial temperatures are very important in transient analyses.
• For example, when leaving ice water and hot tea in the sun for 5 mins, the final temperatures will be
different.

Ice water Hot tea

6
Thermal Capacitance and the Thermal Capacitance Term
• The product of density (ρ), specific heat (c) and volume (V) for a body is the thermal capacitance (C).
• We can call the product 𝝆𝒄 the thermal capacitance term, which indicates the ability of the body to
store thermal energy.
• The larger the thermal capacitance term, the more time it will take to heat the body and vice-versa.

𝜕2𝑇 𝜕2𝑇 𝜕2𝑇 𝜕𝑇


𝑘 2
+ 2 + 2 + 𝑞 = 𝜌𝑐
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡
thermal capacitance term

• In matrix form the transient thermal heat conduction can be written as:

C{Ṫ} +𝐾{𝑇} = Q(t)


Thermal Capacitance Thermal Heat Rate
Matrix Conductivity Matrix Vector

7
Structural Analogy
• A body with larger thermal capacitance will take more time to heat compared to a body having smaller
capacitance.
• This is analogous to the inertia of a structure seen in structural analysis. A body with large mass offers
large resistance (inertia) to motion compared to a body of smaller mass.
• Because of this analogy thermal capacitance is also called thermal mass.

Thermal Capacitance Structural Inertia


C{Ṫ} +𝐾{𝑇} = Q(t) M {𝑢}ሷ +𝐶 𝑢ሶ + 𝐾{𝑢} = F(t)

Heat Storage Heat Applied Inertia Damping Stiffness Applied


Conduction Transient Heat Transient Force
Flow

8
Electrical Analogy
• The inverse of thermal conductivity is thermal resistance, which is analogous to electric resistance.
• Similarly, in a transient analysis thermal capacitance is analogous to electrical capacitance, which is
related to storage of electric charge.

Ta R Ta

C Heat in = q C R
q
Heat out + Heat stored
Te

Te
An insulated enclosure surrounded by wall where: An electric circuit where:
R = Thermal resistance of the walls R = Electrical resistance, dissipates energy
C = Thermal capacitance of the enclosure the heat C = Capacitance of the capacitor, stores energy
q = Heat flow rate into the enclosure q = Current flow through the source
Te = Temperature of the enclosure Te = Temperature of one end of the capacitor
Ta = Constant ambient temperature Ta = Temperature at the other end of the capacitor

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