Module 4

Lesson 1

Activity (Let’s Get Started)

➢ Write a one-paragraph essay: On the front page of a paper, the students answer this question: “are
you in favour of the DDS (Davao Death Squad) phenomenon in Davao City? (After they are finished, the
teacher goes around affixing the signature on the front page to ensure that students do not change their
answer.)

- The Davao Death Squad is a rogue squad in Davao City that has the authority to kill those suspected of
petty offenses and drug trafficking. I am not in favor of the DDS (Davao Death Squad). By this summary
execution, because they have no idea who they are going to kill, there is a potential that they will make
a mistake. It's possible that they share the same name and have similar appearances. What if the person
they suspected had twins? Is there anything they can do about their wrongful death? Nothing. Because
the dead will not be resurrected, and the victim will not receive justice because the suspect was
misidentified.

➢ At the back page, the students answer this question: “do you agree that each person holds an
absolute inviolable intrinsic dignity? (after the teacher then checks for consistency of answers.

Analysis

(Let’s Think About it!) Now think about the following questions:

➢ How do you welcome a rich neighbor to your house and regard a beggar knocking on your gate?

- I accept my wealthy neighbors and treat beggars equally. None of them mattered because we all have
the characteristics that make us human. As a result, we must treat each other fairly and with dignity.

➢ In their basic positions as persons, what is the difference between a king and a slave, a healthy baby
and a dying old man, or a president of a country and a notorious criminal?

- A king is the most powerful member of his country's royal family, whereas a slave is someone who
is enslaved and has no rights. A healthy newborn may reflect how they care for it, whereas a dying
elderly man may reflect how they treated him. It depends on how people see situations. A
country's president is a leader who protects and leads the country, whereas an infamous criminal
is someone who commits crimes.

➢ Is it okay to legalize death penalty to heinous criminals, abortion and euthanasia? Why or why not?

- In my opinion, it is acceptable to authorize the death sentence for wicked criminals who take the
lives of others. Abortion could be authorized in some circumstances, such as rape, if the parents
cannot afford to raise their children correctly. Whether or not the rape victim chooses to abort the
pregnancy is entirely up to her. Perhaps it is acceptable to legalize euthanasia, particularly for
people in vegetative states with no chance of recovery, in order to alleviate their physical misery
and pain.
 ➢ What are the main classifications of ethical theories? Why are they important?

- Utilitarianism, deontology, and virtue ethics are the three primary categories of ethical
philosophies. These are significant because they play a significant role in decision-making, and
these theories represent the perspectives from which people seek advice while making judgments.

Application

Learner Worksheet 13

Student Name: Score:

Course/ Year/ Section:

Choose only one

1. Discourse Paper: Through a three-paragraph essay, make an analysis about (“How can I help the
society regard every person with respect and absolute worth or dignity?”) in relation to the
various moral theories discussed in this module.

“How can I help the society regard every person with respect and absolute worth or dignity?”

As children, we taught to respect our elders, parents, teachers, grandparents, older siblings and many
more. Not only for them, but as well as the differences of individuals. Respect means that we have to
accept our own perspectives or differences even on the things that we do not agree with. We respect
something not because we want to but because we recognize that we have to respect it (Wood 1999).

One of the most crucial aspects of our daily lives that we should incorporate is respect. It reflects our
own personalities in terms of how we deal with others' differences. To serve society, we must first
respect each other. Every individual's dignity must be respected. Our lives will improve as a result of our
respect for one another, because we will respect some things regardless of how our lives go. Also,
understanding a person's circumstance might bring a lot of joy because we will be able to empathize
with their pain. Deontological Ethics is the strongest paradigm for practical ethics, as mentioned in the
lesson, because it defines one's obligation and acts in accordance with it.

We may contribute to a peaceful society by learning to respect one another's diversity and conditions.
Not everyone shares the same issues, opinions, or race. In order to live in peace, we must learn to
accept and value the lives of others.

Module 4 Lesson 2
Activity

Group 1: whether abortion is morally acceptable and in what circumstances Present the main
discussions and justifications, and discuss the agreement and disagreements among the members of
your group.

- In the Philippines, many women have experiencing unintended pregnancies. According to the
Statista Research Department, the number of rape victims in the Philippines increased to 2,168 in
2020, six higher than the previous year. In that same year, the number of sexually exploited
women climbed. In the Philippines, violence against women and children is a widespread problem.
Many who seek abortion undergo unsafe procedures because abortion is highly stigmatized in the
country. Abortion is morally acceptable to me in some circumstances, like as rape. However, since
it is still her body and we have free will to make our own decisions, it is up to the rape victim to
determine whether or not to abort the pregnancy.

Analysis

• What does it mean for one to achieve their goal?

- To attain a goal, people must devise a strategy to get to the finish line and be satisfied. You will
never stop playing this game, no matter how difficult it is.

• What is the goal of our existence as human beings and what does character have to do with it?

- Character is important in this notion because if our character isn't as positive and happy as others',
it means we haven't reached our objective of existing because we haven't fully lived our current
life pleasantly.

• Which do you think a person/being should be more of, to be rational or caring?

- In a balanced manner, a person should be both caring and reasonable. Rationality comes from the
head, whereas caring comes from the heart. Both should be used.

Application

Worksheet 14

Student Name: Score: ____________

Course/ Year/ Section:

Do research and find the movie entitled “The Pursuit of Happiness” in which Aristotle’s virtue ethics is
exemplified. Form yourselves into small groups. Evaluate the movie using the principal virtues and vices
of Nicomachean ethics. Now, identify and reflect on your personal experiences where you may have
engaged in some of the vices.

- The protagonist in the film seemed to possess morality since he desired a better life for his son and
wanted to show him that he had a father, unlike him, who had never known his father. As a result
 of that experience, he has developed a moral perspective regarding family that he would want to
instill in his kid. However, this virtue has led him to several vices. He lacks some fundamental moral
ideals. To apply this to my own personal experiences, I'd say I had vices as well. I was lacking in
courage and possibly intellectual characteristics.

1. What factors led to your having such dispositions in these experiences?

- The factors led me to having such disposition in these experiences are when my efforts are not
appreciated, being unfair and losing my patience.
2. How do you resolve the conflict? Or should the conflict remain as is?
- I resolve the conflict by understanding the problem and to reflect the way I acted. And also, by
communicating with one another so that we would identify a solution.
3. Which philosopher is more possible or realistic, and more reasonable in assuring happiness,
Aristotle or Aquinas?
- In ensuring happiness, Aristotle is more reasonable. Happiness, according to him, is the meaning
and purpose of life, the entire aim, and end of human existence." Aristotle did not believe that
happiness could be attained through the accumulation of good things in life, such as wealth,
status, public recognition, honor, money, fame, and material goods, but rather that it was an
internal and private state of mind.