DIgSILENT PowerFactory

Technical Reference Documentation

Series Filter
ElmSfilt
 DIgSILENT GmbH

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72810 - Gomaringen
Germany

T: +49 7072 9168 00

F: +49 7072 9168 88

http://www.digsilent.de
[email protected]
r1153

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No part of this document may be reproduced, copied, or transmitted in any form, by any means
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Series Filter (ElmSfilt) 1

Contents

Contents

1 General Description 3

2 Load Flow Analysis 3

2.1 Balanced AC Load Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2.1.1 Zero Capacitance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

2.1.2 Input Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

2.1.3 Calculation Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

2.2 Unbalanced AC Load Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

3 Short Circuit 6

4 RMS-Simulation 6

5 EMT-Simulation 6

5.1 Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

6 Harmonics/Power Quality 7

6.1 Balanced Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

6.2 Unbalanced Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

List of Figures 9

List of Tables 10

Series Filter (ElmSfilt) 2

2 Load Flow Analysis

1 General Description

The series filter model is implemented as a single-tuned filter (series RLC circuit), as shown in
Figure 1.1.

Figure 1.1: Series Filter element

The general paramaters of the series filter are defined in Table 1.1

Table 1.1: General input parameters

Parameter Default Value Description Range

loc name Name
bus1 Terminal (StaCubic)
bus1 bar Terminal
cpZone Zone
cpArea Area
outserv 0 Out of Service 0≤x≤1
ratings
pRating Thermal Rating
systyp AC System Type AC
nphases 3 No. of Phases 1:3

2 Load Flow Analysis

There are two different models:

• Model for balanced calculations

• Model for unbalanced calculations

2.1 Balanced AC Load Flow

In Balanced Load Flow, the following model is used:

Figure 2.1: Balanced Load Flow Model

Series Filter (ElmSfilt) 3

2 Load Flow Analysis

Where:

• Rrea is the resistance in Ω

• Xrea = 2πf · Lrea is the reactance in Ω
• Bcap = 2πf · Ccap is the susceptance in S
• f is the network frequency in Hz

The initialisation of the impedance is calculated as follows:

Z rl = Rrea + Xrea (1)

1
Xcap = (2)
Bcap
Z = Z rl − Xcap (3)

The equations for voltage and current are:

U bus1 − U bus2 = I bus1 · Z (4)

I bus1 + I bus2 = 0 (5)

Where:

• U bus1 is the positive sequence line to ground voltage at terminal 1 in kV

• U bus2 is the positive sequence line to ground voltage at terminal 2 in kV
• I bus1 is the current flowing via terminal 1 in kA
• I bus2 is the current flowing via terminal 2 in kA

The voltage across the capacitor, uc in p.u. is calculated as follows:

U bus1 − U bus2 − I bus1 · Z rl

uc = (6)
U bus1

2.1.1 Zero Capacitance

If the value for Ccap is zero, the series filter is modelled as an R-L circuit, and in such a case,
the initialisation of the impedance is calculated as follows:

Z rl = Rrea +  Xrea (7)

Z = Z rl (8)

The equations for voltage and current are the same as 4 and 5.

Series Filter (ElmSfilt) 4

2 Load Flow Analysis

2.1.2 Input Parameters

The input parameters for balanced load flow calculation are defined in Table 2.1.

Table 2.1: Input parameters for balanced load flow

Parameter Unit Default Value Description Symbol

rrea mH Resistance Rrea
lrea Ω Inductance Lrea
ccap µF Capacitance Ccap

2.1.3 Calculation Parameters

The calculation parameters used in the RMS model are presented in Table 2.2.

Table 2.2: Calculation parameters for balanced load flow

Parameter Unit Description Symbol

Zrl Ω Shunt Impedance Z rl
Xcap Ω Capacitor Reactance Xcap
frnom Hz Nominal Frequency f
hpi rad/s Nominal Angular Frequency 2πf
uc p.u. Voltage across Capacitor uc

2.2 Unbalanced AC Load Flow

In Balanced Load Flow, the following model is used:

Figure 2.2: Unbalanced Load Flow Model

The parameters are as follows:

Series Filter (ElmSfilt) 5

5 EMT-Simulation

Rrea:r = Rrea:s = Rrea:t = Rrea (9)

Xrea:r = Xrea:s = Xrea:t = Xrea (10)
Bcap:r = Bcap:s = Bcap:t = Bcap (11)

The equations for impedance, voltage and current for each phase are the same as those de-
scribed in equations 1 to 5.

3 Short Circuit

The equations for short-circuit calculations are the same as those used for load flow calculations.
These are explained in Section 2.

4 RMS-Simulation

The equations for RMS-simulations are the same as those used for load flow calculations.
These are explained in Section 2.

5 EMT-Simulation

In EMT Simulation, the following model is used:

Figure 5.1: EMT Model

The parameters are as follows:

Rrea:r = Rrea:s = Rrea:t = Rrea (12)

Xrea:r = Xrea:s = Xrea:t = Xrea (13)
Ccap:r = Ccap:s = Ccap:t = Ccap (14)

The initialisation of the equations for voltage and current are presented below:

Series Filter (ElmSfilt) 6

6 Harmonics/Power Quality


Uc:A (0) = < U bus1:A ldf − U bus2:A ldf − I bus1:A ldf · (Rrea:r + 2πf · Lrea:r ) (15)

Uc:B (0) = < U bus1:B ldf − U bus2:B ldf − I bus1:B ldf · (Rrea:s + 2πf · Lrea:s ) (16)

Uc:C (0) = < U bus1:C ldf − U bus2:C ldf − I bus1:C ldf · (Rrea:t + 2πf · Lrea:t ) (17)
d(Uc:A (0))
= <{2πf · Uc:A (0)} (18)
dt
d(Uc:B (0))
= <{2πf · Uc:B (0)} (19)
dt
d(Uc:C (0))
= <{2πf · Uc:C (0)} (20)
dt
(21)

Finally, the equations for voltage and current in the series filter are:

d(Ibus1:A (t))
Uc:r (t) = Ubus1:A (t) − Ubus2:A (t) − Rrea:r · Ibus1:A (t) − Lrea:r · (22)
dt
d(Ibus1:B (t))
Uc:s (t) = Ubus1:B (t) − Ubus2:B (t) − Rrea:s · Ibus1:B (t) − Lrea:s · (23)
dt
d(Ibus1:C (t))
Uc:t (t) = Ubus1:C (t) − Ubus2:C (t) − Rrea:s · Ibus1:B (t) − Lrea:s · (24)
dt
d(Uc:r (t))
Ibus1:A (t) = Ccap:r · (25)
dt
d(Uc:s (t))
Ibus1:B (t) = Ccap:s · (26)
dt
d(Uc:t (t))
Ibus1:C (t) = Ccap:t · (27)
dt
Ibus1:A (t) + Ibus2:A (t) = 0 (28)
Ibus1:B (t) + Ibus2:B (t) = 0 (29)
Ibus1:C (t) + Ibus2:C (t) = 0 (30)

5.1 Signals

The signals available in EMT simulation are presented in Table 5.1.

Table 5.1: ElmSfilt Signals (EMT-Simulation)

Parameter Unit IN/OUT Description Symbol

U ca kV STATE Voltage Across Capacitor, Phase A Uc:A
U cb kV STATE Voltage Across Capacitor, Phase B Uc:B
U cc kV STATE Voltage Across Capacitor, Phase C Uc:C

6 Harmonics/Power Quality

The equations for voltage and current are the same as those described in Section 2, with the
parameters calculated as described below.

Series Filter (ElmSfilt) 7

6 Harmonics/Power Quality

6.1 Balanced Calculation

The parameters are as follows:

Z rl = Rrea + Xrea · h (31)

1
Xcap = ·h (32)
Bcap
Z = Z rl − Xcap (33)

Where h is the harmonic order.

6.2 Unbalanced Calculation

The equations for impedance for each phase are the same as those described in equations 31
to 33.

Series Filter (ElmSfilt) 8

List of Figures

List of Figures

1.1 Series Filter element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2.1 Balanced Load Flow Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2.2 Unbalanced Load Flow Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

5.1 EMT Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Series Filter (ElmSfilt) 9

List of Tables

List of Tables

1.1 General input parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2.1 Input parameters for balanced load flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

2.2 Calculation parameters for balanced load flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

5.1 ElmSfilt Signals (EMT-Simulation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Series Filter (ElmSfilt) 10

List of Tables

Series Filter (ElmSfilt) 11