DATA INTREPRETATION

Data Interpretation?

Data interpretation is that the method of reviewing given info through some already

defined processes which can facilitate assign some aiming to the info and attain a

relevant conclusion. It involves using the results of data analysis, creating conclusions

on the studied relations.

Therefore, before talk about data interpretation, initially they have to be analysed.

What is then, data analysis?

Data analysis is that the method of categorizing, ordering, manipulating, and

summarizing information to get answers to research problems. it's typically the

primary measures taken towards data interpretation. it's evident that the

interpretation of data is incredibly vital, and as needs must be done properly.

Data Interpretation - Visualization Techniques

One of the most effective way of data interpretation is that the dataset visualization.

it makes it simple for an analyst to grasp the info, and conjointly encourages folks to

look at the info, because it provides a visually pleasing outline of the info.

For data visualization, it has different techniques like bar chart, Pie diagram, Line

diagram, Venn's diagram, table etc.

Basics concepts

1. Growth and Growth rate

2. Percentage

3. Average
 4. Frequency

5. Proportion

6. Average and decadal growth

7. Availability per person

8. Negative growth

9. Future growth

10. Conversions

Growth and Growth rate

The formula for growth rate can be calculated by deducting the initial value of the

metric under consideration from its final value and then divide the result by the initial

value. Mathematically, the growth rate is represented as,

Growth Rate = (Final Value – Initial Value) / Initial Value

Percentage

Percentage means a number or a ratio expressed in terms of fractions of 100.

Percentage, % = (Given Value × 100) / Total Value

Average

The average is defined as the mean value which is equal to the ratio of the sum
of the number of a given set of values to the total number of values present in
the set.
Frequency

Frequency is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit of time.

Proportion

Proportion is an equation that defines that the two given ratios are equivalent to

each other. In other words, the proportion states the equality of the two fractions or

the ratios

For example,

⅘ is a ratio and the proportion statement is 20/25 = ⅘. If we solve this proportional

statement, we get:

20/25 = ⅘

20 x 5 = 25 x 4

100 = 100

Average and decadal growth

Growth rate in given years is called average growth rate and growth rate in each 10

years is called decadal growth rate.

Availability per person

It is also known as Per capita. Per capita means the average per person and is often

used in place of "per person" in statistical observances. The phrase is used with
economic data or reporting but is also applied to almost any other occurrence of

population description.

Negative growth

Negative growth is typically expressed as a negative percentage rate. That is it is a

decline in growth.

Future growth

It is Growth in future. It is finding by comparing the previous growth.

Conversions

It is the process of changing or causing something to change from one form to

another. That is in data interpretation we need to change all the terms in to same

units if they are given in different units

For example,

If distance travelled in m/s and we need the answer in km/hr, then we need to

convert the answer in m/s to km/hr by multiplying with 18/5.

Some of the data visualization techniques which are highlighted below.

Bar Graphs

Bar graphs are graphs that interpret the relationship between 2 or more variables

using rectangular bars. These rectangular bars can be drawn either vertically or

horizontally, but they are mostly drawn vertically. it is also known as column graph or

bar diagram.
The graph contains the horizontal axis (x) and the vertical axis (y), with the former

representing the independent variable while the latter is the dependent variable. It is

basically a pictorial representation of data.

Example

Study the following graph carefully and answer questions.

1. In which year the both quantity and value of engineering goods' exports was

maximum?

(A) 2005

(B) 2006

(C) 2007

(D) 2004

Answer: B

Explanation: Both quantity and value of engineering goods' exports was maximum in

the year 2006.

2. In which of the years value of engineering goods are stable?

(B) 2004 & 2007

(C) 2003 & 2004

(D) 2005 & 2007

Answer: A

Explanation: The values of engineering goods’ are same in 2005 & 2006 = 50%

3. In which year the quantity of engineering goods’ increased by 50 percent

compared to the previous year?

(A) 2004

(B) 2006

(C) 2007

(D) 2003

Answer: B

Explanation: In 2006, the quantity of engineering goods increased by 50% compared

to 2005.

4. In which year the quantity of engineering goods' exports was minimum?

(A) 2006

(B) 2005

(C) 2004

(D) 2003

Answer: D
Explanation: The quantity of engineering goods' exports is minimum in 2003 = 15%

5. In which of the years both quantity and value increased by the same percent?

(A) 2003 & 2005

(B) 2003 & 2004

(C) 2004 & 2007

(D) 2003 & 2007

Answer: C

Explanation: In 2004, the quantity and value are 25% and 15% and In 2007, the

quantity and value are 35% and 25.

Question Set 1

Data in respect of Demand and Production of Computers of five companies, A - E are

in the figure. Based on the data, answer questions that follow

1.The difference between average demand and average production of computers of

all companies combined together is

(A) 950

(B) 190
 (C) 180

(D) 850

2. The demand of computers of Company D is more than that of the demand of the

computers of Company B by

(A) 1.5 times

(B) 2 times

(C) 2.5 times

(D) 3 time

3. The demand for computers is less than the production of computers in how many

companies?

(A) 4

(B) 3

(C) 1

(D) 2

4. The ratio of the number of companies having more production than demand to

that of companies having more demand than production is

(A) 3:2

(B) 1:4

(C) 4:1

(D) 2:3

5. Which company bas minimum demand to production ratio?

(A) B

(B) C

(C) D
 (D) E

Pie Chart

A pie chart is a circular graph used to represent the percentage of occurrence of a

variable using sectors. The size of each sector is dependent on the frequency or

percentage of the corresponding variables.

In such representation, the total quantity in question is distributed over a total angle

of 360 degree. While using pie chart to find the ratios of various sectors, there is no

need to find the amounts each sector received and then the ratio of the amounts.

Find the ratio of precents, which is much easier.

Example

Question: Study the pie chart below and answer the questions that follow:

The above pie chart shows the sales of four different types of articles in a shop.

1) What is the central angle of type A?

(A) 124
 (B) 135

(C) 126

(D) 100

Answer: C

Explanation: Central angle of A = Percentage of A x 360 degrees = (35 / 100) x 360

= 126 degrees

2) If the total sale is 1200, what is the sale of B ?

(A) 120

(B) 240

(C) 360

(D) 480

Answer: B

Explanation: Sales of B = 20 % of 1200 = 240

3) What is the difference between the central angle of C and D ?

(A) 98

(B) 112

(C) 126

(D) 210

Answer: C

Explanation: Difference between the central angle of C and D = 40 % of 360 – 5 %

of 360 = 35 % of 360 = 126 degrees

Pie chart shows the percentage of money spent by family on various items during

1999. Study the graph and answer these questions

1. If the total amount spent during the year 1999 was Rs. 46000, the amount spent

on food was :

A. Rs. 2000

B. Rs. 10580

C. Rs. 23000

D. Rs. 2300

2. If the total amount spent was Rs. 46,000, how much money was spent on clothing

and housing together?

A. Rs. 11500

B. Rs. 1150

C. Rs. 10000
 D. Rs. 15000

3. The ratio of the total amount of money spent on housing to that spent on

education was

A. 5:2

B. 2:5

C. 4:5

D. 5:4

4. Graph shows that the maximum amount was spent on

A. Food

B. Housing

C. Clothing

D. Others

5. If the total expenditure of the family for the year 1999 was Rs. 46,000, the family

saved during the year

A. Rs. 1500

B. Rs. 15000

C. Rs. 6900

D. Rs. 3067 approx.

Tables are used to represent statistical data by placing them in rows and columns.

They are one of the most common statistical visualization techniques. The purpose of

tabulation is to present the data in such a way that it becomes more meaningful and

can be easily understood by common people.

Example

Consider the following table that shows the production of fertilizers by a company

(in10000 tonnes) during the year 2011 to 2018. Answer the questions based on the

data contained in the table:

1. What was the approximate percentage increase in production of fertilizers in 2017

compared to that in 2010?

(A) 125%

(B) 55%

(C) 50%

(D) 100%

Answer: A

Explanation: The production of fertilizers in 2017 = 90,

The production in 2010 = 40, and the difference is = 90 – 40 = 50

to 2010

= (50/40) x 100 = 125%

2. The average production of 2011 and 2012 was exactly equal to the average

production of which of the following pairs of years?

(A) 2010 and 2011

(B) 2010 and 2016

(C) 2011 and 2013

(D) 2014 and 2015

Answer: B

Explanation: The average production of 2011 and 2012 = (50+70)/2 = 60

And the average production of 2010 and 2016 = (40+80)/2 = 60

3. What was the percentage decline in the production of fertilizers from 2012 to

2013?

(A) 27.2%

(B) 21.4%

(C) 24.2%

(D) 15%

Answer: B

Explanation: The production of fertilizers in 2012 = 70, and the production of

fertilizers in 2013 = 55

The difference is = 70 – 55 = 15, then

100 = 21.4%

4. In how many of the given years was the production of fertilizers more than the

average production of the given years?

(A) 3

(B) 2

(C) 4

(D) 5

Answer: C

Explanation: The average production of the given years

= (40+50+70+55+75+60+80+90)/8 = 65

5. In which year, the percentage increase in production as compared to the previous

year was maximum?

(A) 2012

(B) 2014

(C) 2016

(D) 2017

Answer: A

Explanation:

The production of fertilizers in 2012 = 70, and The production in the previous year

(2011) = 50, the difference is = 70 – 50 = 20, then The percentage increase in

production as compared to the previous year = (20/50) x 100 = 40%

The table below embodies data on the sales revenue (Rs. in Lakhs) generated by a

publishing house during the years 2010-13 while selling books, magazines and

journals as three categories of items. Answer questions based on the data contained

in the table.

1. The number of years in which there was an increase in revenue from at least two

categories of items, is

(A) 2

(B) 3

(C) 0

(D) 1

2. If the year 2014 were to show the same growth in terms of total sales revenue as

the year 2013 over the year 2012, then the revenue in the year 2014 must be

approximately:

(A) Rs. 150 Lakhs

(B) Rs. 146 Lakhs

(C) Rs. 153 Lakhs

3. In 2013, approximately what percent of total revenue came from Journals?

(A) 74.1%

(B) 26.2%

(C) 47.9%

(D) 70%

4. What is the percentage increase in total sales revenue in 2013 as compared to the

previous year?

(A) 5%

(B) 6.5%

(C) 6%

(D) 7%

5. What is the total sales revenue of Magazines over all the four years?

(A) 410

(B) 131

(C) 134

(D) 541
ANSWERS

Question Set 1

1.B 2.B 3.D 4.D 5.B

Question Set 2

1.B 2.A 3.D 4.A 5.C

Question Set 3

1.B 2.C 3.C 4.A 5.B