LECTURE 2

Hydrostatic Forces

Presented By
Mechanical Power
Engineering Department
Faculty of Engineering
Zagazig University
1
Applications to Hydrostatics:

2
 PRESSURE
PRESSURE P
 PRESSURE, P
 Definition: Pressure is defined as a normal force exerted by a fluid
per unit area.
 P = Force/Area = F/A

 Units: 1 Pa = 1 N/m2

3
 Pressure
 Absolute Pressure 𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 : is defined as the actual pressure at a given
position and it is measured relative to absolute vacuum (i.e., absolute
zero pressure).
 Gage Pressure 𝑃𝑔𝑎𝑔𝑒 : is defined as the difference between the
absolute pressure and the local atmospheric pressure.

 Vacuum Pressures 𝑃𝑣𝑎𝑐 : is defined as Pressures below atmospheric

pressure and are measured by vacuum gages.

𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 𝑃𝑔𝑎𝑔𝑒

𝑃𝑣𝑎𝑐 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 − 𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠

4
Absolute & Gage Pressure

5
 Pressure

 Pressure at a Point:
𝑃 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ
 Pressure at a Point 1
𝑃1 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚

 Pressure at a Point 2

𝑃2 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ

Gage Pressure:
𝑃𝑔𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ
6
Hydrostatic Pressure Distribution
8
2-4 Application To Manometry
# A Memory Device : Up Versus Down

9
 FLUID STATICS
In fluid statics:

 1-There is no relative motion between adjacent fluid layers.

 2-There are no shear (tangential) stresses in the fluid trying to deform it.
 3-The only stress in fluid statics is the normal stress, which is the
pressure.
 4-The variation of pressure is due only to the weight of the fluid.
 5-Therefore, the topic of fluid statics has significance only in gravity
fields.
 6-The force exerted on a surface by a fluid at rest is normal to the
surface at the point of contact.
10
HYDROSTATIC FORCES ON SUBMERGED PLANE SURFACES

FIGURE 11–2
When analyzing hydrostatic forces on
submerged surfaces, the atmospheric
pressure can be subtracted for
simplicity when it acts on both sides
of the structure.
11
HYDROSTATIC FORCES ON SUBMERGED PLANE SURFACES

On a plane surface:

 1-The hydrostatic forces form a system of

parallel forces.
 2-Need to determine:
 The magnitude of the force, F.
 its point of application, which is called the center
of pressure.
 3-In most cases, the other side of the plate is
open to the atmosphere (such as the dry side
of a gate).
 4-Atmospheric pressure acts on both sides of
the plate, yielding a zero resultant.
12
 Hydrostatic force on an inclined plane surface
completely submerged in a liquid.

The absolute pressure above the liquid is P0, which is the local atmospheric pressure
Patm if the liquid is open to the atmosphere (but P0 may be different than Patm if the
space above the liquid is evacuated or pressurized).
13
 Hydrostatic force on an inclined plane surface
completely submerged in a liquid.

 1-Absolute pressure at any point in the plate:

ℎ = 𝑦 sin 𝜃
𝑃𝑦 = 𝑃𝑜 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ = 𝑃𝑜 + 𝜌𝑔. 𝑦 sin 𝜃
𝑦
𝐹𝑅 = න 𝑃𝑦 . 𝑑𝐴

 2-The resultant hydrostatic force FR acting on the surface:

𝐹𝑅 = න 𝑃𝑦𝑑𝐴 = න 𝑃𝑜 + 𝜌𝑔𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑃𝑜 𝐴 + 𝜌𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 න 𝑦𝑑𝐴

 3-The y coordinate of the centroid (or center) of the surface:

1
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒: 𝑦𝐶 = න 𝑦𝑑𝐴
𝐴
14
Hydrostatic force on an inclined plane surface completely submerged in a liquid.

1
𝐹𝑅 = 𝑃𝑜 𝐴 + 𝜌𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ‫ 𝐴 𝑜𝑃= 𝐴𝑑𝑦 ׬‬+ 𝜌𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃. 𝐴. 𝐴 ‫𝐴𝑑𝑦 ׬‬
1
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒: 𝑦𝐶 = න 𝑦𝑑𝐴
𝐴
Then get,
𝐹𝑅 = (𝑃𝑜 +𝜌𝑔𝑦𝐶 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)𝐴

𝐹𝑅 = 𝑃𝑐 𝐴 = 𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝐴

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝑃𝑐 = 𝑃𝑜 + 𝜌𝑔𝑦𝐶 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃

Where: PC : is the pressure at the centroid of the surface, which is

equivalent to the average pressure on the surface.
ℎ𝐶 = 𝑦𝐶 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 : is the vertical distance of the centroid from the free surface
of the liquid.
15
Hydrostatic force on an inclined plane surface completely submerged in a liquid.

 The magnitude of the resultant force acting on a plane surface of a

completely submerged plate in a homogeneous (constant density) fluid is
equal to the product of the pressure PC at the centroid of the surface and
the area A of the surface.

𝐹𝑅 = 𝑃𝐶 𝐴 → (1)

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝑃𝑐 = 𝑃𝑜 + 𝜌𝑔𝑦𝐶 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 → (2)

16
Hydrostatic force on an inclined plane surface completely submerged in a liquid.

ℎ = 𝑦 sin 𝜃
𝑃𝑦 = 𝑃𝑜 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ = 𝑃𝑜 + 𝜌𝑔. 𝑦 sin 𝜃
𝑦
𝐹𝑅 = න 𝑃𝑦 . 𝑑𝐴

𝐹𝑅 = න 𝑃𝑦𝑑𝐴 = න 𝑃𝑜 + 𝜌𝑔𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑃𝑜 𝐴 + 𝜌𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 න 𝑦𝑑𝐴

1
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒: 𝑦𝐶 = න 𝑦𝑑𝐴
𝐴
1
𝐹𝑅 = 𝑃𝑜 𝐴 + 𝜌𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ‫ 𝐴 𝑜𝑃= 𝐴𝑑𝑦 ׬‬+ 𝜌𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃. 𝐴. ‫𝐴𝑑𝑦 ׬‬
𝐴

𝐹𝑅 = 𝑃𝑜 𝐴 + 𝜌𝑔𝑦𝐶 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃. 𝐴

𝐹𝑅 = (𝑃𝑜 +𝜌𝑔𝑦𝐶 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)𝐴

𝐹𝑅 = 𝑃𝑐 𝐴 = 𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝐴
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝑃𝑐 = 𝑃𝑜 + 𝜌𝑔𝑦𝐶 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
ℎ𝐶 = 𝑦𝐶 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
17
 Hydrostatic force on an inclined plane surface completely submerged in a liquid.

Line of action of the Resultant Force FR

 Two parallel force systems are equivalent if
they have the same magnitude and the same
moment about any point.
 Line of action lies underneath the Centroid
where the pressure is higher.
 Center of pressure: The point of intersection of
the line of action of the resultant force and the
surface.

 Equating the moment of the resultant force to the moment of the

distributed pressure force about the x-axis, it gives

𝑀𝑜 = 𝑦𝑃 . 𝐹𝑅 = න 𝑦. 𝑃𝑦𝑑𝐴 = න 𝑦. 𝑃𝑜 + 𝜌𝑔𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑃𝑜 න 𝑦𝑑𝐴 + 𝜌𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 න 𝑦 2 𝑑𝐴

18
Line of action of the Resultant Force FR

𝐹𝑅 = 𝑃𝐶 𝐴 → (1) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝑃𝑐 = 𝑃𝑜 + 𝜌𝑔𝑦𝐶 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 → (2)

𝑀𝑜 = 𝑦𝑃 . 𝐹𝑅 = න 𝑦. 𝑃𝑦𝑑𝐴 = න 𝑦. 𝑃𝑜 + 𝜌𝑔𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑃𝑜 න 𝑦𝑑𝐴 + 𝜌𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 න 𝑦 2 𝑑𝐴

𝑀𝑜 = 𝑦𝑃 . 𝐹𝑅 = 𝑃𝑜 න 𝑦𝑑𝐴 + 𝜌𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 න 𝑦 2 𝑑𝐴

𝑦𝑃 . 𝐹𝑅 = 𝑃𝑂 . 𝑦𝐶 . 𝐴 + 𝜌𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝐼𝑥𝑥,𝑂

𝐼𝑥𝑥,𝑂 = න 𝑦 2 . 𝑑𝐴
𝐴

𝐼𝑥𝑥,𝐶
𝑦𝑃 = 𝑦𝐶 +
𝑦𝐶 + 𝑃𝑂 /(𝜌𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃) 𝐴

19
Centroid and Moment of Inertia

20
Example:
A rectangular gate AB in a pressurized water tank (p = 5 kPa gage) is hinged at A, as
shown in the figure. The gate is 1.5 m long, 2.5 m wide into the paper and is at an angle
of 60° with the horizontal. The specific weight of water is 9807 N/m3. Find the
necessary force F (in N) applied at the bottom B of the gate to keep it closed.
SOLUTION:

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 Hydrostatic Forces on Curved Surfaces
• Forces are analyzed into two components, horizontal and
Vertical as shown in Figure.
• The horizontal component of force on a curved surface equals
the force on the plane area formed by the projection of the
curved surface onto a vertical plane normal to the component.
FH = ghcgAp
• where Ap= Projection Area

• The vertical component calculated by the summation of the

vertical forces. From the free body diagram of the fluid column.

Fv = Wair + W1 + W2
• where, W = g V = mg and V = volume

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Hydrostatic Forces on Curved Surfaces

 FV 
F  F F
2 2   tan 1  
H V  FH 

23
Hydrostatic Forces on Curved Surfaces
Problem
The homogeneous gate OAB shown in the figure consists of one quarter of a circular
cylinder of radius 1 m and is used to maintain a water depth of 4 m. That is, when the
water depth exceeds 4 m, the gate opens slightly and lets the water flow under it. If the
width of the gate (normal to the paper) is 2 m, calculate:
a. The resultant hydrostatic force (magnitude, FR and inclination, ), and
b. The weight of the gate.

24
Hydrostatic Forces on Curved Surfaces

25
 Buoyancy And Stability

 1-An object feels lighter and weighs

less in a liquid than it does in air.
 2-objects made of wood or other light
materials float on water.
 3-A fluid exerts an upward force on a
body immersed in it.
 4-This force that tends to lift the body
is called the buoyant force and is
denoted by 𝐹𝐵 .

26
 Buoyancy And Stability
 A flat plate of thickness ℎ submerged in a liquid whose density is 𝜌𝑓 parallel to the free
surface, as shown. The area of the top (and also bottom) surface of the plate is 𝐴, and its
distance to the free surface is 𝑠.
 1-The hydrostatic force on top :
𝐹𝑡𝑜𝑝 = 𝜌𝑓 . 𝑔. 𝑠. 𝐴

 2-The hydrostatic force on 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚:

𝐹𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 = 𝜌𝑓 . 𝑔. (𝑠 + ℎ). 𝐴

 3-Buoyant force 𝐹𝐵 : This force tends to lift the body.

𝐹𝐵 = 𝐹𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 − 𝐹𝑡𝑜𝑝 = 𝜌𝑓 . 𝑔. 𝑠 + ℎ . 𝐴 − 𝜌𝑓 . 𝑔. 𝑠. 𝐴

𝐹𝐵 = 𝜌𝑓 . 𝑔. 𝑉

 The buoyant force is caused by the increase of pressure in a fluid with depth.
27
 Buoyancy And Stability
 1- Archimedes’ principle, the buoyant force (𝐹𝐵 ) acting on a body of
uniform density immersed in a fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid
displaced by the body, and it acts upward through the centroid of the
displaced volume.
𝐹𝐵 = 𝜌𝑓 . 𝑔. 𝑉
𝐹𝐵 = 𝑓(𝜌𝑓 , 𝑉)

 2-The buoyant force is independent of the

distance of the body from the free surface.
𝐹𝐵 ≠ 𝑓(𝑠)
 3-It is also independent of the density of the
solid body. 𝐹𝐵 = 𝜌𝑓 . 𝑔. 𝑉
𝐹𝐵 ≠ 𝑓(𝜌𝑏 )
Archimedes (287–212 bc)
28
 Buoyancy And Stability

𝐹𝐵 = 𝜌𝑓 . 𝑔. 𝑉

 1-This relation is valid for any body regardless of its

shape.
 2-Arbitrarily shaped solid body submerged in a fluid at
rest
 3-A body of fluid of the same shape indicated by
dotted lines at the same distance from the free surface.
 4-Pressure distributions depend only on depth  same
at the boundaries of both bodies  buoyant forces
acting on these two bodies are the same.
 5-The imaginary fluid body is in static equilibrium  𝐹𝐵 = 𝑊 = 𝜌𝑓 . 𝑔. 𝑉
The net force and net moment acting on it are zero.
 6-Weight and the buoyant force must have the same
line of action to have a zero moment.
29
 Archimedes’ principle

 Archimedes’ principle, the buoyant force (𝐹𝐵 ) acting on a body of

uniform density immersed in a fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid
displaced by the body, and it acts upward through the centroid of the
displaced volume.
𝐹𝐵 = 𝜌𝑓 . 𝑔. 𝑉
𝐹𝐵 = 𝑓(𝜌𝑓 , 𝑉)

𝐹𝐵 = 𝑊 = 𝜌𝑓 . 𝑔. 𝑉

30
 Floating Bodies
 1-The weight of the entire body must be equal to the buoyant force, which is the
weight of the fluid whose volume is equal to the volume of the submerged portion of
the floating body.

𝐹𝐵 = 𝜌𝑓 . 𝑔. 𝑉𝑠𝑢𝑏

𝑊 = 𝜌𝑎𝑣𝑔, 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 . 𝑔. 𝑉𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙

𝐹𝐵 = 𝑊

𝜌𝑓 . 𝑔. 𝑉𝑠𝑢𝑏 = 𝜌𝑎𝑣𝑔, 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 . 𝑔. 𝑉𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙

𝑉𝑠𝑢𝑏 𝜌𝑎𝑣𝑔, 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦
=
𝑉𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝜌𝑓
 Submerged volume fraction of a floating body is equal to the ratio of the
average density of the body to the density of the fluid. 31
 Floating Bodies
 1-When the density ratio is equal to or greater than one, the floating body becomes
completely submerged.
Floating body ‫الجسم العائم‬
𝑉𝑠𝑢𝑏 𝜌𝑎𝑣𝑔, 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 Suspended body ‫الجسم المعلق‬
=
𝑉𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝜌𝑓 Sinking body ‫الجسم الغاطس‬

A body immersed in a fluid:

 1-Rises to the surface of the fluid and floats
when the density of the body is less than the
density of the fluid.
 2-Remains at rest at any point in the fluid when
its density is equal to the density of the fluid.
 3-Sinks to the bottom when its density is greater
than the density of the fluid.
32
EXAMPLE 11–4
A crane is used to lower weights into the sea (density = 1025 kg/𝑚3 ) for an underwater
construction project (Fig. 11–21). Determine the tension in the rope of the crane due to a
rectangular 0.4 m x 0.4 m x 3 m concrete block (density = 2300 kg/𝑚3 ) when it is:
(a) Suspended in the air.
(b) Completely immersed in water.

33
34
Stability of Immersed and Floating Bodies

Stability is easily understood by

analyzing a ball on the floor.
35
 Stability of Immersed Bodies

 1-The rotational stability of an immersed body

depends on the relative locations of the center of
gravity G of the body and the center of buoyancy
B, which is the centroid of the displaced volume.
 2-An immersed body is stable if the body is
bottom-heavy and thus point G is directly below
point B.
 3-A rotational disturbance of the body in such cases
produces a restoring moment to return the body to
its original stable position.

36
 Stability of Immersed Bodies

 1-An immersed body whose center of gravity G is

directly above point B is unstable.
 2-Any disturbance will cause this body to turn
upside down.
 3-A body for which G and B coincide is neutrally
stable.
 4-For such bodies, there is no tendency to
overturn.

37
 Stability of Immersed Bodies
 What about a case where the center of gravity is not vertically aligned with the
center of buoyancy?
 1-The body is not in a state of equilibrium.
 2-It cannot be at rest, and would rotate towards its
stable state even without any disturbance.
 3-There may be some oscillation, but eventually
the body settles down at its stable equilibrium
state.
 4-The rotational stability criteria are similar for
floating bodies.
 5-if the floating body is bottom-heavy and thus
the center of gravity G is directly below the center
of buoyancy B, the body is always stable.
38
 Stability of Floating Bodies
 (a) Unlike immersed bodies, a floating body may still be stable when G is directly
above B.
 (b) Because the centroid of the displaced volume shifts to the side to a point 𝐵′ during
a rotational disturbance while the center of gravity G of the body remains unchanged.
 (b) If point 𝐵′ is sufficiently far, these two forces create a restoring moment and
return the body to the original position.

39
 Stability of Floating Bodies
 1-Metacenter M: the intersection point
of the lines of action of the buoyant
force before and after rotation.
 2-Metacentric height GM
 3-The distance between the center of
gravity G and the metacenter M.
 4-A measure of stability for floating
Typical values of metacentric height are:
bodies.
 5-The metacenter may be considered 0.3–0.7 m for cruise ships, ‫لسفن الرحالت البحرية‬

to be a fixed point for most hull 0.9–1.5 m for sailboats, ‫للمراكب الشراعية‬

shapes for small rolling angles up to 0.6–0.9 m for cargo ships, ‫سفن الشحن‬

about 20o. and 0.75–1.3 m for warships ‫للسفن الحربية‬

40
 Stability of Floating Bodies
 A floating body is:
 (b) stable if point M is above point G, and thus GM is positive
 (c) unstable if point M is below point G, and thus GM is negative.
o The weight and the buoyant force acting on the tilted body generate an overturning
moment instead of a restoring moment.
 The length of the metacentric height GM above G is a measure of the stability  the
larger it is, the more stable is the floating body.

 A boat can tilt to some

maximum angle without
capsizing, but beyond that
angle it overturns (and sinks).

41
 Problem 11.34

11–34 Consider a large cubic ice block floating in seawater. The specific
gravities of ice and seawater are 0.92 and 1.025, respectively. If a 25
− cm − high portion of the ice block extends above the surface of the
water, determine:
1-The height of the ice block below the surface.

42
 Problem 11.34
 Solution: Properties The specific gravities of ice and seawater are given to be 0.92 and
1.025, respectively, and thus the corresponding densities are 920 kg/m3 and 1025 kg/m3.
𝐹𝐵 = 𝑊 𝑉 = 𝐴. 𝐻
𝜌𝑓 . 𝑔. 𝑉𝑠𝑢𝑏 = 𝜌𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 . 𝑔. 𝑉𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑠𝑢𝑏 = 𝐴. ℎ
𝑉𝑠𝑢𝑏 𝜌𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦
= 𝑉𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝐴.(ℎ +0.25)
𝑉𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝜌𝑓
 The cross-sectional of a cube is constant, and thus the
“volume ratio” can be replaced by “height ratio”.
Then,
ℎ𝑠𝑢𝑏 𝜌𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 ℎ 𝜌𝑖𝑐𝑒 ℎ 920
= = =
ℎ𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝜌𝑓 ℎ + 0.25 𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ℎ + 0.25 1025

where h : is the height of the ice block below the surface.

Solving for h gives:
ℎ = 2.19 m
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 Problem 11.40
11–40 The hull of a boat has a volume of 𝑉 = 150𝑚3 , and the total mass of the
boat when empty is 𝑚 = 8560 𝑘g. Determine how much load this boat can carry
without sinking:
(a) in a lake and
(b) in seawater with a specific gravity of 1.03.
Solution: The density of sea water is given to be 1.03 x 1000 = 1030 kg/m3.
We take the density of water to be 1000 kg/m3.
Analysis: The weight of the unloaded boat is:
𝑊𝑏𝑜𝑎𝑡 = 𝑚. 𝑔 = 8650 𝑥 9.81 = 84 𝑘𝑁

The buoyancy force becomes a maximum when

the entire hull of the boat is submerged in water,
and is determined to be:

𝐹𝐵,𝑠𝑒𝑎 = 𝜌𝑠𝑒𝑎 𝑔𝑉 = 1030 𝑥 9.81 𝑥 150 = 1516𝑘𝑁

𝐹𝐵,𝐿𝑎𝑘𝑒 = 𝜌𝐿𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑔𝑉 = 1000 𝑥 9.81 𝑥 150 = 1472𝑘𝑁

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The total weight of a floating boat (load + boat itself) is equal to the buoyancy force.
Therefore, the weight of the maximum load is:

𝑊𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑, 𝐿𝑎𝑘𝑒 = 𝐹𝐵,𝐿𝑎𝑘𝑒 − 𝑊𝐵𝑜𝑎𝑡 = 1472 − 84 = 1388 𝑘𝑁

𝑊𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑, 𝑠𝑒𝑎 = 𝐹𝐵,𝑠𝑒𝑎 − 𝑊𝐵𝑜𝑎𝑡 = 1516 − 84 = 1432 𝑘𝑁

The corresponding masses of load are:

𝑊𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑, 𝐿𝑎𝑘𝑒 1388𝑥1000
𝑚𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑, 𝐿𝑎𝑘𝑒 = = = 141488 𝑘𝑔
𝑔 9.81

𝑊𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑, 𝑠𝑒𝑎 1432𝑥1000

𝑚𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑, 𝑠𝑒𝑎 = = = 1415973 𝑘𝑔
𝑔 9.81

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Thank you

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