PHYSICS Class 12th 9. Ray Optics Handwritten Notes UMESH RAJORIADUIENUE VANREER GUAUTING [Umesh Rajoria Rey optes 8 Reflection of Light Spherical Misroxs New Cartesian sqn Convention Mires formula for Concave mirror Mirror formula for Convex mirror Linco Magni fieaction of a Sphorical mix coy Practicle application of Sphoucal Mirror Refraction Serachen through a Rectangulas qwess Slab Real olipth 4 apparent olepth of a tank Total internal veflection Application of total Interna) yeflection Spherical Yefrachng Surfaces Refecction from varer Jo denser medium O Gnvex spherical refracting surface Refraction from rawr to clenter medium ot a tencave spherical Rafracting surface: Refraction from deme avo meen mediy Lenses Lens Maker's formula Lens formula Linear magnification preduced by a Lens Ceombmaton of Lewex in contact Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING ‘Voesh Rajoria Topics «| Prism +] Aispersion o}; Aight : Scodtening, of ght «| Eye ‘| Defects of Vision -| Stenple Microscope (magnifying qh) | Compound Microscope ‘| Astynomicol Telescope Refluctng type Acleacope (came ranian Tek scope ) Newtonian reflecting type telescope «| Resdlving. power. “| Very Tmportant Questions. THERE WILL BE OBSTACLES. THERE WILL BE DOUBTERS. THERE WILL BE MISTAKES. BUT WITH HARD WORK, THERE ARE NO LIMITS.SCIENCE CAREER COACHING 9. Ray Optics Ray + a Optics - of Li is the straight dine pocth foltowseal i. Ligit in ging fem one point to another. optics therefore uses the ne oat “edles “He F deocpaied macroscepie Jp! Shred Thee rectilinear es on, reflection Fepraction ete. Reflection of Light - Reflection ds the phen _ of change in the path of dint usithout any Change. in’ meclium. Umesh Rajoris aaa A Smooth ond well ae Sinks wohieh e Ss ¥: tilevel MOA 6 Seb lead dl mv dor. b the normal Ni Fyfe MiM2 34 &@ plane minor. A ray o on the mimor oy glen. Ao at LAoN*=i a ‘ae dl im ciolent ee ae is Callsol angle. of inciclencey where ON oie to the mirro} Tncicent roy is veflectect along 0B at 2NoB =Y, Tt i called veplectes ec} yoy omd” ¥ 3s Known ab angle of reflection. Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria Laws of reflection - Cid Angle of ineiclence i4 equal fo angle of replection. Gi) Trcicent A 2, zpreleank eaten) petncteel wast com> cma normal Spheicol Mirrors — A spherical mirror us a, part of a hollow sph 2 whose ene Aide is reglectmg amd “other side Opaque + There arc two types of spherical mirrors - C1 Concave mirror - Se ae, aphoko Surface Js towards -the centre of the Raich Sie mivor 4a a past As shown “in ‘Figuie ax @) Convex mirror — ————— tohose =rettecting Sweface is oS centre of the Spharne ChTth the Beebe BEM part. As Shown in figure Ce). Some Important Terms - Gi) Centre as Cunvoture (Cc) - contre of the fe PLS of which the minor owns & A oont id Centre of Cwrvecturt Th aa egacsontend by * we, Gi) Raclius of Curvature (R)- Tha wackius of thes phere “hy ohich the mirror tere poet Js" called rachis of Curvature. by ne, + oF mirrors Aerpisrenters by Re ‘Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar ‘Contact No.~ 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Gi) Vertex or Pole - Tre midklle point or centre of the spherical mirror Js Callcl vertex or pole eh the mirror: It ds Acprcrentect by P. Gv) Aperture of the mirror - The oliameter MiM2- of the sphericed mirvor Js catlecl aperture Linear apertire of the mirror: () Angular aperture - The angle MCMm, » Subtendes! at C by the by “he ameter’ of tre spherical minor 4a Cotteol aputiuree. Umesh Rajoria Wi) Paincipas axis - The Abrodatt Line joining +e pole. amd athe. cantre of Curvature of spherical mirror extendecl om beth sidles meeting the two reflected rays ot Al. ‘Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar ‘Contact No.- 8003024132, 9309068859 [06]SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria From A! draw Als! perpendicular, on the principal Axis. Theretpre Ale! is real, ‘invertesl image ef AS formed by Prep en pom +he Contavé mindr: As A ABC omd AA'ac ane similar, So thet- AB . cB aie ea —- © Again a4 A ABP amd Aa'a’p are Aimilar, So tet- Sar + Fer — © From €9.@D omd eq. (2) we get- SS * 42 ® By muasuring al distanus fom P 5 we have - cB = PB— Pe ond cB = Pc- Pe . - ce = eS eee ee Using new cortesion sign Conventions , we get - P@=-U, pe = -R ond PB = -v Se we get twm 29-@, Hot - =-u+R 2 eh =—R+V -v or UR =UvV = UV= VR or UR +VvVR = 2uv by oleni cling. boty siole Ps UVR wwe ged— 1 1 Vituwt® ae v 7c + As $s It 4s the requires! mirror formula. (6) Virtual Image - tohen the object is held in fort ob a Concave. mivror between the pole pond principal focus F of He mirror, je formecl Gas virduod, erect and magaifiel a Gidea hes figure: (Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar ‘Contact No,- 8003024131, 9309068859 [07ue —— —— As A ABC omd AA'ale ane similar, So that ~ AB _ cB ale! ca —- © Again 2% AaAap and dala! p are Aimilar, $0 ted- Ae = PB aia! Po ®S From eg-@D omd eq, (2) we get- cm . pe car Pal ® By measuring alt clistanes dom Pp, we gut- ¢R = Pl- PR and cel = Pe - Pa Pc-— PB = PB Pe + Pe Pe! Using new Contesion sign Convenhons - PB = -uU > pa setv , pos -R then =Reu . -u RAV vw or uR — uv = -VR + uv UR+ VR = 2UV Dividing both sides by UVR , we get- bythe e vt R 141 L Tat WB the vequi Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859 [68SCIENCE CAREER COACHING aca ied Mirror Formula fov Convex Mirror - The | wmed } conve: wor ws ali sladiiell Gr Geet wikakieo. "Ca dna’ poction op ha aged Lat P be the le, F Gs the inciped CL and c va the Centre oh Chavodtince of alex Ebi of 4malt aperturt, Let PF =f Js the focol length ond PC eR, the ra dius of Curvature. Sb the mirror. . ry perpendicular so Shs Pp AB Us an ebject held in mncipad axis front of mire A of Le starting fom A omd incident on the riaerat eink avd in a diveEtion paral to the principal axis « veplectel adeong DE- On producing back, DE appews +o Come F. Another vt A incident the minor along “AP is veficlr bi Gong PG such that ZAPR= Li = 4RBPG= LY orn, prodluciny back , PG meds DF at Al. Thercfpre Ai ik virduald tmoge ‘ok a. A +hisel Incident OM +he minor along ac falls normally on the mirror ond wetmes Ube pug om reflection’ This also appears ato Come pom al. pPraw Als perpendicular to p&incipal axis. Theretore APR! Ok vtech eI" the object AG oer often reflection at cohver mirror As A aac and Aaleic ane Aimilor, So -thed - A® _ ce —_@© ale) ~ ea ‘Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859 [095]SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Agein as AABP omd Alsip are similar , So ~ AB . PB As” pat © fem 29° @ ond G) we gt- <@ = PB. — cal Pe ® measuring the all distances fm =the pole P, we can Woreicte - cB = PR+ PC cel = pe — Pa So b : 7 PB+ PC) - _PB _ ga @ Pc - PB! Pe © ing Nevo Cartesian sige) Conventions - PB: -U, pol= +V and pc = +R © prem <3 GD we get - tutR 2 Uw R-v v —-UuV+VR = -UR + UV oY VR +UR = 2uUv Aivicling both sides by uvR swe get- VR 4 UR uve uve = 2uv uve, i+ u ql SUBSCRIBE NOW e 2f) Image — Between F and C — Real — Inverted — Small in size —m<-i1 (3) When object is placed at centre of curvature (i.e. u = 2f) Image — ALC — Real — Inverted — Equal in size —me=-1 (4) When object is placed between centre of curvature and focus (i.e. f < u < 2f) Image — Between 2f and « — Real — Inverted — Large in size — m>-1 (5) When object is placed at focus (i.e. u = f) Image — Ato — Real — Inverted — Very large in size — m>>-1 ‘Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859 izSCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria When, image formed ss virtual as shoven In figure then, vag Teae sign Converutions . fi e Alo! = +r 5 AB= +0 PR oz4+Vv , Pez-u m=: As! . pp! AG “Pe c FB rT tev so m da Positive. Im Cour of Convex mirror as shown tn fine ; using. new Cartesian Sign Conventions — ald =o +r , AG= +0 pal = +v 5, P@=-u m <1 e tv ° 7 u ef me Tos ° u So ™m 4 Positive. Note - G) When mri, imoge formed Js enlorgect. Gi) when m I= - Sem. Minus sign Inclicedtes that image is invertecl. When the Candle is moved closer to mirror, the screen how do be moved a awory the minor. However dohen Candle is at a “distance Less than 13 Gm the mirror , image med would be virtud anol sckeen us not vequived, aS the virtual j mage con not be taken ae Screen. g Sa Use +e minor equation 40 Show tet — Se (a) An ekject placed between f and af wes Concave mirror produus a real imag: i onl 2f- (b) A Convex mirror al broctucs E Q dba imege inclpenolent of te locodion of He object. ({) An ebject placa behween the pole and focus of A Concave mirror product a virtual 4 enlarged imoge . ‘Contact No.-. 8003024131, 9309068859 [15 ‘Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, SikarSCIENCE CAREER COACHING Tnssd Reporte Sol. for a miner fe bad cay for concave mirror f<° amd uxlut vIfl > HK Vv lul >tfl or ae < qin < i a whe - 4 ay] T3T “Bal Hence image form beyond 2f on +e same sicle ek object. Qh) for convex mirror f>0 ond U + -$+m fox foamed lul ao be positive + >o Hence V>G Hence A virtual Image oh object ~s form. Cod For Gncave mivvor feo, Uu TET 4 4 > ye or Vireo Here tHe Image ds formecl on RHS of Minn be. viwtued image et = 4 rs Alsoby —F Som > mm STH Iw} - 1G, 7 > mri Hence Image ds enlongect - Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.: 8003024132, 9309068859 (16)SCIENCE CAREER COACHING REFRACTION whan @ beam $b, Light travelling in one toms parent Jpetum Ff Ze anothes. Jane ponent mucliumn, a past ed back | He fiat mectium ba Fine aE “3 Li eves pnt Othes_ tum. The clivection op propagedion ob ary obliquely incddent voy of Li thot enters” the other mectium merh Rajorin chem ot the” fade face of tee media: THis phenomeg 4s O vepraction ‘of Light. " 1 eo, ae ep wt Se aw pe i Ss Refractive Index - The yotio of speed ob Light im vacuum | air ao the speed Of Light in the medium Ja Cablid the vepracti ve Imolex (CU) of a medium. Wh = Speed of Light in _vacuum/aiy CC) Speed of Light in the meclium Cv) When the porses ene medium 1 4o another medium 25 the refractive inelex of meolium 2 with vespect to mecium 1 us waitten as 42 ancl du Gwe relative refractive inclex- = Speed of light in medion 1 speed of Hight fy medium 2 * A meclium with hi vepractive index i tcl Av be opte enser? Cermnj fo the medline with Lower Yepretive index. ‘Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859 iSCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria * Refractive index Wa -chorocterlstic property. ok thet mectium » whose -vedue clepencls upon nature Of material “of the mecium and the Color or wavelength of hight Laws of Refraction - G) Lohenever Lit Fok fom one meclium to another; the frequenty 0 di amd phase of Light olo not change - However the velocity of ght oma the wovetenath of digit charge Gi) The incident ray, the vepracteol veuy and normal bo Ye terface ab! ne pom of ieisenery alt hie im the Same plone. Gi) The product of vefractive inckx amd sine of angle of incidence / ¥ cH at a point ina medium is’ constant. HM Ssin x tek omol ir = % 5 then AySint = AQSinr Consatomt a AySin ty = AQsini ov Me . Sint - tu My sin ¥ » tohere 1, Ga refractive inctex of medium 2 wait wesbect 4o medium 2. fe b * This Law us also Catltcl Snell's Lav. For the Same value ob angle op indounee, the ese, le of refraction in three meolia 4,8 and C are wer 1s, uS* and as* reapecti + Tn which meotivm would the velodty of di be winimum? Sol Fem snell's lao su = Sint 2 Sint v > vasiny for given i Hence velocity of Li 33 minimum m meolium A as angle oh Yefraction is minimum Lis*). ‘Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.~ 8003024131, 9309068859 1BSCIENCE CAREER COACHING mesh Rajoria Re fraction through a rectangular Glass Slab Let in ABCD usa mechan lass Slab. wey of gl Ls ba ciclent oo: the fae AB kbfoat Li). It sw re chal along tM ab LY. The repractet Lm fells on face cp at Li and ae ore long! mn ff an: . 0 grin fom o waver meclium to a denser mediums Bends towards the normal and in i ete! b yarer medium, the co ei ON, “ my Applying snell's Law of L~ Ma Sin ty = 4g Sin x, Sint) 2 Mg __ Sin FF Ma @ Again applying snell's Law at m - we ae . Hs = Sine — Mg Sinig = Ua Sinv. Te Sat @ ¥ According to the ot ut Feverribi lity of Light when fined Voth at afters. any number epics oma Papehediona 1? ia? Bae gt the tery Lae itS entive path: Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoia Wwe Know that Say = he Hence fr0m ©F ®D ard @ we ye. Sin li = _Sinre Sin v) Sin ta @ From Figure - ine So Sjnig = Sinyy Hence prom. eq @ - Sim v2 = Simii ov # Hence the emergence roy mn sd patalkef to the incident roy KL- Expression fe Lectered Sisple: cement — Fro M, drm mn! perpenciicilar to. KL produud the Locterol cduplacement ine so vgn ae pla Se ab way on Pausing Let ZLMLN' = S = ocleviction on firat refraction - , Lun! Sing = MIN mm A . “mM .. MN! = LM sing -@O In A ttim Cosy = ul “LM tm = be = —t_ Cost, Coby, where t= LL = thickness of gor diab s ; ae: _ re tig 2 fem 27 © gu MN cory, S08 tsin Ciy CoAr, TH 4s the expression for Lateral olisplacemet, *® Loterotl cbasplacement a4 propaational to the thickness (4) ob the Slab and angle of incidene L,. m) ‘Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859 [270SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoia Real Depth and prent Depth of a Tank A wodter tank eon& Less ocleep than whed aA actually in. This aa tae +o refractim ok Higtt- Proof - Suppose © Ub & point object at an actuod depth oA below the surface of Water XY ‘im @ tank. A roy of Light incident on xy, normally along OA posses Ahrens oAAl. Anothb. roy of Li © inciclent ot Li om xy» along oB devi away trem the normel- Tt Gs regractest at “£Yr along Bc. Om producing back, BC meets OA ot L- Treredove® Z is +hre virtuell image of O- CWhen sean theo woter ,o Appeor& at 1)< Therefore spparent dept, = AL (Less them oA) LAB = LoBN' = b emd Lata = LNBC = ¥ In Aone Smi +22 In A TAB Sin x = AS re As the Yi is teovelling grom censor meolium (water) to Yar eeiuda Cair). d a = Sin¥ 2 AB,~OB = O8 Mes sinc TS AB S Wher angle ee Amal, B id Close 40 A. So \Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859 [2.1SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria farce. ee fees # for airy and water Wy = 4/3 30 TA = BOA Total Internal Reflection Suppose Gn imtertace Xy Separates A rar meclium (a) ais fom a es medium (b) sey woder + WATER (b) ° © Gs @ point object in the clenser meolium. A voy Lait stonting © amd inciclent normally aleng loa on™ xy pames “strouht odeng AG. Another inciclent ate 0A, Aeviates away from normol omd +s refrhedcal edong ah,. ch angle. ob vefraction Js greater thon fhe omgle of incidence ond it Tncreases with increase in the angle of inciclence - Fow partion volue of bac, the critical angle, the Incident yoy of, Js refracted at Lr = 90 oma gos along the interface, along AsB2. Wohin 6 > © OW for the Irciclenth veuy OAa, the rou goes along AsBa, as st is replected from intertace ~ x¥- TR phenomenon Js C Total Internal Reflection - Tote) Interno) Reflection - It is the phenomenon of reflection of ight info a censer mecium $M AN interface of His clenser medium and a rarer “medium. ‘Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859 [22SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria Esse Conclithiors total Taternal lection — Go Light show travel fom a denser medium to Q Forth medium. Gid Angle of incielence in clenser meclium shoud be greater than the critical omale for the pair of media in Contact. Critical Amgie - CC) - The ample. of inciclence in the clerser meciinm Corresponcling 30 which angle of refracton Im the wore meclium [s 30° 5 Us Cotled Eriticeal om@le for the Pair of meclium iM certact. It ws represertec| by 'c' and st< value clepends on the noduac ef mediurn in Contact. Relation between Refractive index & Critical Arogle. when L= Cc > re ao Applying Snell's Law at Az, HeSine = Ma Sin 80) Mp = _1 Ma sinc Qa = TORR a s i Me sinc b = clewse As LU ckpencls on wavelength , therefre Critical amele bor the Same pair of medium in Contact will be clilgerunt for olifferert Colors. Applications of Total Internal Reflection (1) The brilliance of diamond - The, brilliance of cliamond is clue to total intemot redlecton of Light JU for oliamond Js 2u2, So ther cridicod Fer Aiarmonal aie interface a4 Calcot ect frm fay = A/sine ds 2U-u" Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8008024131, 9309068859 = [2.3SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria toda) intunal reflection s useon da Cut Suirtobl ‘ote wade the camo: ma@ at am 4 ee te amu, Tne oe tas fe multiple to inteanod reflection s au vanious fates and remain within the cliamona does not Come out. Hence the diamond spukles. (@) Mirage - Miroge is em optical illusion _ OCCURS WALL in cleseat On hot ne Nour TR aA ik objects Such a4 a tree ie rete ba he, ae Se) es on a het summer alo > tem perotire of adr neak +e surface of eorty Js maximum. The upper lowers of; aly have. rqclually ofecrersin derek hasae: b cone sepactive frelex of J of ts on incr€asin: slit with height above Maes face a aty “ee __ (DenverSCIENCE CAREER COACHING ‘Umesh Rajoria A bgt top 0 a tree gee Seek dened sash poleling successively amo from normal. At a particular layer, when one ie eet becomes arent, than the Crticel an interned Tepe che io) Occurs amd Fhe od Foy reac hes observer along AE, ee come fom oo imoge op TOU invertect frnge— of “Sh be Creates the impvexsions ok reflection) prem o pond of water. (3) Tetally veflecting glass prisms - TRease oS ~ omy led pAdsms which turn the Li US oF Igo’. are boreal on the ny a eh of tote interned reflection of A a a ds 15 Se that critical angle for sis - aos PH oe us ur’ ne totally ve ecting paisms 5 le of Incidence is made 45° kote us tons the Criticed Gage of of the ane. Hence the dig Suffers total tence reple Bion : (u) Optical Fibers - ee fibers consist of Several i oe bers I wy” thane EE PS, de Je Sy Bran ye wee of 1 Wem with repractive ty tex In pode node oe tne onder ols 15+ Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859 25SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umest The fibers ane Coatecl with a dain doves of material ok lower vefractive index of the order of tus. = cover Cladding —. = oN Light ray | Total internal reflection Li Ineiclent on ene end bd the fiber ot a small le enters the fiber. ion and. undergo: pote ss tote “internal nighection® srsite the It [ es, oe en the otto aber ip Jake ital wa Lena, © or twistecl in » Anal Ae 4s pos aes no loss * hight tndoigh the Sicks of the fiber. Applications of optical Fibers - C1) Opticed fibers Ae used in fransmission anol reciption /of electrical Signeds by Converting Hum piest into hight Signals. GA A bundle Opticed fibers is Calkol iat pipe- pipe Cort tansmit am image. Hence St is useol in ie Oe ol and optical examinatons of even the Mmaccesrsible ports off human becky, ars in endloscopy- ) Optical fibers ane useol in telephone anal other_ tanimitting cebles- Each fiber Com ¢ upto 2000 telephone "evsrges without “much Loss oF entensity: Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria Spherical Refracting Surfaces - A vefrach Surface which forms & part of & Sphene of tanbparind refracting materiod a Called a sp cal refracting SUASace s TRere Are twd types of spherical refracting Sur ferces — (iy Convex Sphericod refracting suaace - It 4s convex -towaros rarer meolium Siole. Gi) Concave sphericod refracting Surface - Tt 4&4 Concave towards the rarer medium Side. x Rarer / Denser Rarer\\ Denser wt He Lal He x PRINCIPAL AXIS Y CONVEX Y CONCAVE ° © Lmportant Terms - Lid Pele CP) a pee of Spherical refracting Surface Gi) Centre of curvature (¢)- Tae Centre oh the sphere & which tHe Sphericod refracting Surface is a part, ds Collect the “Centre of” Curvature CC)- lilt) Raclius of Curvature (R)- Raclius of the Sphere of which the Spherical palate Surface “is & Part is Calle| veolius of cUrvetute, of He Sweface. It va represercles| by R- ‘Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria (iv) Principal axis - TRe Line Posing through the pole and the cevetre off curvature of Spherical refract Surface ere earth jhe FS Called TsoS ons,” New Cartesian Sign Conventions - Gd All tdtances are measureol the pole of the sphoric.ol refracting Surface + @) The elutances measturtd im the olivection of inclolence of Light ane taken at positive omol the Uatances measurecl in a clrecton opposite to the direction of inciclence of Light ane taken os negotive. Assumptions - GY) The object consists only of & Point Aayin ™m the palneipal ans ob the sphunieed ve fra ing. Surface : Gi) Tre Aperture of Spherical refracting Surface small. - iii Incident anol refreact make small On) ee, Toith the Se axis off the sunfac- So thal - @Qq SUBSCRIBE NOW ‘Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859 © [2.8]SCIENCE CAREER COACHING ‘Umesh Rajoria Refraction frm Rarer to Denser Meelium at Qa conver spherical Refracting Surface - C1) When the image is Real - Let @ sphwricol refracting Sweface XY ea rarer mecium of refractive index Mi tom a olensera meoclium o refractive. index Ma. Suppose the surface wu" conver towards rarer medliun aide. Lt P be the poleb, C be the contre of Curvature and Re PC be the raclius of Curvature - A of Li startin fem © ome) inciclent normally on yh sturjate XY, along OP parser straight, froth ray of Light Sinciclent on xy atong oA ot Li id refractéol ‘allen Al ot Ly, benelin: towards the normal CAN. The two refracted rauys actully meet at LT 5 which ws the seal imoge of oO. From Ay draw AM perpencliculaa to O21. bet ZAM amel Lacm AS external 2 "Egat | meat 4s esual do sum of 4 : Lam = B ie uu internal opposite. es» therefore in ALAC yrr+s or ree ¥-B } Similady in A oac t= a+y¥ —O Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859 [25]SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Accowding to snell's Law - MSint = Masint yi = er (+ omgles xe Aral) Using 29, A) we yet - MAM, CA++) = AM (r-B) AS omngles X > Band x art small so using @~ tanB we - AM AM mM a (fie + ie) = a(t ~ AS rtire of the spheucal surface is Small, m is Close. Ps Therc; - Mo 2 PO; MIS PL Mc & PC So oe 1 1 My +32) = Ma(de ~ Fi) “ Mi 4 M2 2 Ma- My PO PT pr Using new Cartesian Sign Conventions we get _ Po=-U >» PIL=tVv 4 PO=R Ay Me My -u Vv R This is the requirest relation veaning refraction rem yortr do clensea meclium Qa Convex sPhericod refracting Surface + Get PHYSICS « CHEMISTRYSCIENCE CAREER COACHING baa @) When the image is Virtual - Tre point object © in this coye dies on Me princi axis close do the pole. of the refmectin sunfeen ie oF di oA Stenting fom oO selyou J refraction at “A,” beds towards * the normal” CAN arel is refracted along AB. Anotha of Li op falling normally om the vedracting Bee ites alen: re undewiated . The refractec| ¥ AG ema Bc elo not meet actually af on int but sto Come Q point L. Ths i Doe Virtuod eine the pot eel oO: Frm Snell's Law - AMiSimt = Mysinr or Mylo o= Mar — ® Draw AM perpendicular to or amd Let- LAmM = , LaIm=p ond Lacm= ¥ In Aoac teyte and in Atac r= V+B by putting He vals of i omd r in in €9.@, we gu AiCr+a] = a.(Cr+e) As an nt well , using extane >» we gut Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar ‘Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859 [31SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria __ AM. AM.) _ aa [ae + Bro] = + [Ath + a os Ay ft 1 = ) | [me + mo] = +>[ke +t) As aperture a4 Ama, M ws Close to P 2 ) at] = os a Mf +45] ae PC +t] or p AME Me el Po PI PC Using Neto Cartesian Sign Converttions — Po = -U , PIT=-v 4, PEF +R Abo LW Mea = Het) =u —v R or — A yy Me 2 Me) a Vv R Note thot +s relation is the same as equation, Gohan image formed 4s reat, Refraction from Raver to Denser medium ata Concave Spherical Refracting Surface - a © be a point chyect laying on the INCH Qxis @ Spherical Yefracti s ce x eonich us Concave towards anes varer medibon A roy of Light of starting fom o suffers vefracHon at A, bends towards phe Onormal CAN amd is” vefracted) along AB. Another of Li op, falling nossrally on the Pe feacting ouljact Suppers no tiene orn Pome al ng * The two ve fractect AB ond PD co not meet at any point on the right ice but appear to Come fom & point Lon the | Side. Thus TL is virtued image of the poimt ckject o- Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING ‘Umesh Rajorts T RARER-Hy —v +#——__-u In Aoac , L=Y¥-K amd in AIAC reY-B Pudting Here vodues of tance r in the relation - Al = Mor ov My CY-%) = Me (Y-B) As ants ane Amal using extano, we get— AM. — AM _ AM — _AM A re mo | = A, st ML mee hee 7 L L or an [ae xe | S Ma) oe - 7a | As mM 4s close fo P because of Small aperture - wy fo ~ 7 L 1 ‘LPpe Be | . An [$e - Fa] bad Me A dt My PL PO PO Using new cartesian Sign Conventions — Po=-u , PLE -v 4, PO=-R Me — Mt = Ae—Ay my: au “RK or -~H51 M2 Ma- at + aa TA 4% the cAutved relot{on. Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859 33 Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, SikarSCIENCE CAREER COACHING [Umesh Rajoria Refraction From Denser +o Rarer Meclium re G) AT & Convex Sphirical Surface - Let P be the Pole omel c be the Cenbe Of Curvature of a sphericod refracting surfact xy. This Swefoce Us Convex tywards the rawr medium and Separotes a clerser meclium of refractve inex Ma from a varer meclium of refractive index MU) - Cleonly Ma > My - oN ¢ DENSER-»,/ | RARER-H, . Let o be @ point object laying om the prind Axis of the Spherical surface. of Ligtct OA start tL the repractin sung cw = A. On refracti U mas a n AN om moves olor eel oh shen Se leg ly 0 ee °, i op i No} on the refracting si fat, ad andidhea “Gaon pt. The two refractes voys AL ond pr actually meet at T, Which As therefore the real image of the point object o- It bomd yx are the omgler ok inciclence amel refraction, then from sretl’s Law, we have - or MgSint = U)Siny As tomd y ae Amall So Simiul od Smruy so Mat = MY In AoAc, t= y-a In 4 2ac, rroyt+e Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar ‘Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859 [34SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria or MaSini = U)Siny As tomd y ae Amal So Simial amd Smray¥ so Mat = MY In Aoac, i= ¥-a In 4 Tac, r=¥yt+e So that Me (¥=a) = 4) (4+) From A draw AM perpendiculan to or - As omgiles anu small, So using extane >we get- Me{AM — AMD = 24 Am 4 Am *lme Mo [Aa + MI or “4, ~ 1 - 1 Me ( ime Mo = a [se * mt | Since eatire of the refracting Surface is Amall m as cee to pcb ee a uw . “MOR PO 7 MO RPO ad MIN PL :. 1 oo : tL «J An [ge = | = AM tH) Applying. new Caatesion shy Convent ons — PO = -uU >PI=v > Po =-R L Ma + M cs Ab-M =u v =R — M2 + A= Mo u Vv Ths is the velotion ago ay chon from chenter to yarer meclium at @ Vex SPhiricel reficicting surface. Link fs in diseription Bax &> Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar ‘Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859 35SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria @) At a Concave spherical refracting Surface , Let © be © point object wife yy onion Es axis ob Q spherical vefrocti Swe yorer ‘medium, X¥, which is concave towarols the. A 9 Hight oP falling nowmlly on the Suey sic 7 elas d e - ng ry another OA, repel a wal and proceeds edong. AB after vepr& cht ne re. ine, Pe omd AB do not actually meet at any poi > but opens, a0 carne prom a point T. Thiow L ds the virtual image. of the paint object oO: In A oAc b= +a and in A TAC Y= ¥ +A Puthing thee values ef i and x in the velotion Aygi= a7 we get Ma ¥+a) = My (¥+P) As omgles one mall , using ox tan® » we get. AM A Me [+ Bi — +e " ox Ma [> + 1. “1 [ ae mc mc AT Since aperture us Amall, mM dds Close to P , So +Het— i 1 = L +. Ae [4 +45] Auf te + dz} Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859 [36]SCIENCE CAREER COACHING nee oe Ke Me te May) PO PT PC PC Pe Using new Sign Conventionyy we get — Po= -u » PL=ea-v , Pe =R Lenses A lense 4s a trarsparent refracting meclium bound by two spherical surfaces one pherical surfaw ond the” other plane Surface. Lenses ere olevicleel into tro clauses — Gd Convex or Converging Lenses - A convex lense is that, which 4s thicker tn the micelle omd thing af the ealges- These ane of threa Aypes - Double-Convex Ptano-Corwex ‘Concavo-Convex Lens: Lens Lens Gid Concave ov Diverging Lenses - . A Concave Lense GA +hinner in the micldle ome thicker at the edges. These Llensep are of three types - 4d Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859 [37] Convexo-Concave LensSCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria Important terms rvelatecl to Lenses - CG) Principal axis - It wes 3 by a shai povesing through the centres Said of Y+wo een of Q lem. (2) Optical centre - It +8 taken ab a point [gin om the PAincipel axis So that a roy of AU Powin trig at dees not Sutin, ond deviad on ot qu undevi wt Phout omy el . (@) Principal Focus - . ee Sm dee ae ett SA lens m & ative tion do the principe axis ont the Lens , roy rage ve; fection Theos the Coat ry ¢ Contes Lens)” yy bboy do cliverge (Yin Case of Coen Lens) ive on, the Principal axis. This point Fj Kann os he princi pol focus of the Lens. CF =f fe a dre For refrachon at the second surface XPrY, we Can yegarol I) as a virtual object, whose reol image is folmect at I. Therefore. Cle Pty =v 5, Mkt CLIYRIcvV omd Lit Re be the radius of Crrvoture oh second Surface of the Lens. As xefracti¢n us now takin place from clenser to Yaver meolium 5 therefore - 4 —Me 4 ML = Mima @ Vv Ro Adding e5:(D ome @ we get - ay Mis Hes (nem) (4-4) Led = a 2 ad aa [+ +] = We Mi) ($e, t:) 1.2141 2 /Ane De wre R-YA-4 Put M2 = ky = Vefroctive. inolex of material wit a redpect Ao Sweroimeling mecteried Re "3 When object on the left of Lens ws at infinity y image aa formed at the principal bee of the lens . we when UuU=6 , ve f = focal length of the lens, Fw = a(&, - ea) ‘Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859 [4SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria Lens Maker's formula for Concave Lens - Tt is the same @s the lens maker's formula for convex lens - Lens Formula - Tt 48 @ veletion behveen focal | 4 lens iA olistonces bject ond i} BG Leng ora alahegaat oh ebjech onal ite dro (A) Convex Lens - . The imoge formed m be veal or virtual epending on the Pe sition of the Sbject. Gi) Real Image - \ Let C be the optical centre and F be the prmcpal focus eh 2 Convex lens of faced length CFe=f. AB 3s an Pblect held perpendicular to the Rangtit op the ° by lens at’ a! cistance bespond focal As pA aAide ond A Ase are Aimilar , so a's! _ cpl AB eB ® agin 2 ABIF and A CDF ane similar , So - as! . eta! eb cr Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859 42SCIENCE CAREER COACHING ial Ain! = eal _ @) But cD = AB So - AG cr from e5.OD ond @ ve ge ce! - Fo! = ¢@- cr ca cr cr Using New Cartesian Sign Conve ntivms _ let epB= -u , cok Y4+v 5, cr= +f vf = -UV +uUF or uv = uf — vf Divide. bath sicles by Uvf ,we get— 1 f This is the Lent formula. (Gi) Virtual Image - bohen the object AGB ds held Close to the lens, between Comd F, the imoge A'@ fowmeol by Convex lens is virtual, erect and mogni feck . AABC ond A ABC Aare Aimilar , So uthat- als! — coal oa eer — © Agein on A alalr onl cpr aac similar (ge thot. Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859 As ‘Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, SikarSCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria aio! - oF cD cr Gut cD= AB Se- Als) -eF ~ © Ba cr from 9 D4 ®@ we pt- ce! = ge = col+er cB cr CF Using New sig Conventions , we pat — cB = -u , cea = -v >» CF = +F : -/ = -v+ 7 _ ~~ ee o =6uv = uf - vF ctevicting both Siolea by uvf swe get - 1 H 1 * Lens formula is the same whether Imoge is real oy virtual. A Convex duns of refractive index bs has a * b i Caleutot. @ 4 1BCm, mM oik + the charge Set fra” gt when St is immersed refrac Icke 4/2. Sol. Give that - Ages Mw = A/a F, = 18¢m. w, = Fh els = LS Now My a ayy mp 404“) v = ("My -1) = (vs -1) (ay 1) (42 -1) : 4 > fF. = ot cso dlnisls i giaGiption-BonZ). ‘Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859 ay ete ofp a,SCIENCE CAREER COACHING (B> Concave Lens - In this Core, the imoge formeol w ali virtual, whotever be the podition of the object. J Lat C be the optical centre ond F be the principal focus ob a concave Lens of focol length f. AB is an object hele maiculaa to the principal axis of the lens. a Vivtued 2 rerkek and smoauler Pn e Ala! Gs formed olue to. refraction Heros h Conca lens. Umesh Rajoria As DB adc andaase are Similan oso ted_ ala! 2 ce! wee (8) AB C@za-v , cr = -f ‘Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar ‘Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859 [45]SCIENCE CAREER COACHING ‘Umesh Rajeria -M 2-4 " =f vf = uf —uv uv = Uf ~ vf ctewide beth sicks by uvf, we get I a_4 = vow Lt 4s the requireol Lens formula *% Note thot Leng mula ws same whepwr the lens 4s Convex or Concave- A double convex Jens o ob refractive Zee index 1.5 has Ste both swefacs ela equal radius oe ef cunsetiine a 39 on each: An object Goh i toe. nee 12-5 Cm eae a tHe Bice °%, en of the image formed Seb Given thet - RR, = 300m, Ry = ~ 30cm 5 ELS Using Lens maker's mula + = Gre, -*& = (es- o(4,+% eT > 7° Sf = B0em. Given 5 U=-12.sem f Using Lens equation +e 4-4 > A 2-t 4 i. = AL, > 3 v* ps > Vi Be Ins 3 4 = 125-30 = 7 v IDS xBo iso > V = -1S2 Gm. 7 iticoti - I.sy But magni ficatisn (mz £=¥ ° ov re¥xo = sett) xs Io: £2 = Bs cm. iy m Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859 [46 ]