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Chapter 4 (Week 15) - Machines (AC Machines) - HM

The document discusses AC machines, specifically synchronous and induction machines. Synchronous machines have a rotor that rotates at the same speed as the rotating magnetic field, making them suitable for use as generators. Induction machines have both stator and rotor windings that carry AC and have a squirrel cage or wound rotor. The induction motor is powered by electromagnetic induction from the stator magnetic field onto the rotor, causing its rotation and making it the most widely used motor in industry.

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Roshan Jawad Zafir
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37 views23 pages

Chapter 4 (Week 15) - Machines (AC Machines) - HM

The document discusses AC machines, specifically synchronous and induction machines. Synchronous machines have a rotor that rotates at the same speed as the rotating magnetic field, making them suitable for use as generators. Induction machines have both stator and rotor windings that carry AC and have a squirrel cage or wound rotor. The induction motor is powered by electromagnetic induction from the stator magnetic field onto the rotor, causing its rotation and making it the most widely used motor in industry.

Uploaded by

Roshan Jawad Zafir
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 4

AC Machines

Faculty of Electrical Engineering


Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Contents of Chapter 4
 Basic construction and principles
 DC machines
 AC Machines - Synchronous machines
 AC Machines - Induction machines
Topics for today!

 AC Machines - Synchronous machines


 AC Machines - Induction machines
Classification to AC Machines
Synchronous Machines:
 Synchronous Generators: A primary source of
electrical energy.
 Synchronous Motors: Used as motors as well as power
factor compensators (synchronous condensers).
Asynchronous (Induction) Machines:
 Induction Motors: Most widely used electrical
motors in both domestic and industrial applications.
 Induction Generators: Due to lack of a separate field
excitation, these machines are rarely used as generators.
Synchronous Machine
 Unlike induction machines, the rotating air gap field
and the rotor rotate at the same speed, called the
synchronous speed.
 Synchronous machines are used primarily as
generators of electrical power, called synchronous
generators or alternators.
 They are usually large machines generating electrical
power at hydro, nuclear, or thermal power stations.
 Application as a motor: pumps in generating stations,
electric clocks, timers, and so forth where constant
speed is desired.
Synchronous Machines

Generator

Exciter

View of a two-pole round rotor generator and exciter


1. Round Rotor Machine

• The stator is a ring shaped


laminated iron-core with
slots.
• Three phase windings are
placed in the slots.
• Round solid iron rotor
with slots.
• A single winding is placed
in the slots. DC current is
supplied through slip
rings.
Round Rotor Machine
2. Salient Rotor Machine

• The stator has a laminated


iron-core with slots and three
phase windings placed in the
slots.
• The rotor has salient poles
excited by dc current.
• DC current is supplied to the
rotor through slip-rings and
brushes.
Salient Rotor Machine
Synchronous Generator
Principle of Operation 3) The rotating magnetic field
1) From an external source, the produced by the field current
field winding is supplied with induces voltages in the outer
a DC current -> excitation. stator (armature) winding. The
2) Rotor (field) winding is frequency of these voltages is in
mechanically turned (rotated) synchronism with the rotor speed.
at synchronous speed.
Parallel Operation of
Synchronous Generator
 Generators are rarely used in isolated situations. More
commonly, generators are used in parallel, often
massively in parallel, such as in the power grid.
 When adding a generator to an existing power grid:
1) RMS line voltages of the two generators must be the
same.
2) Phase sequence must be the same.
3) Phase angles of the corresponding phases must be the
same.
4) Frequency must be the same.
Topics for today!

 AC Machines - Synchronous machines


 AC Machines - Induction machines
Induction Machine
■ The induction machine is the most rugged and the most
widely used machine in industry.
■ Both stator and rotor winding carry alternating currents.
■ The alternating current (ac) is supplied to the stator
winding directly and to the rotor winding by induction –
hence the name induction machine.
■ Applications:
■ 1-phase: washing machines, refrigerators, blenders, juice
mixers, stereo turntables, etc.
■ 2-phase: servomotors in a control system.
■ 3-phase: pumps, fans, compressors, paper mills, textile mills.
Basic Principles of Induction Motor
 An AC current is applied in the
stator armature which generates
flux in the stator magnetic circuit.
 This flux induces an emf in the
conducting bars of rotor as they
are “cut” by the flux while the
magnet is being moved (E = BVL,
Faraday’s Law)
 A current flows in the rotor
circuit due to the induced emf,
Induction motor components
which in term produces a force,
(F = BIL ) can be changed to the
torque as the output.
 An outside stationary stator having coils supplied
with AC current to produce a rotating magnetic
field.
 An inside rotor attached to the output shaft that is
given a torque by the rotating field.
Single-phase stator with windings

 The stator of an induction motor is laminated iron core


with slots similar to a stator of a synchronous machine
 Coils are placed in the slots to form a three or single
phase winding.
Induction Motors Cross-Sectional
Rotor construction
1. Squirrel-cage Rotor
– Rotor is from laminated iron
core with slots.
– Metal (Aluminum) bars are
molded in the slots instead
of a winding.
– Two rings short circuits the
bars.–Most of single phase
induction motors have
Squirrel-Cage rotor.
– One or 2 fans are attached
to the shaft in the sides of
rotor to cool the circuit.
2. Wound Rotor

It is usually for large 3 phase induction Compared to squirrel cage rotors, wound
motors. rotor motors are expensive and require
maintenance of the slip rings and
•Rotor has a winding the same as stator brushes, so it is not so common in
and the end of each phase is industry applications.
connected to a slip ring.
•Wound rotor induction motor was the
•Three brushes contact the three slip- standard form for variable speed
rings to three connected resistances control before the advent of motor
(3-phase Y) for reduction of starting
current and speed control.

Rotor of a large induction


motor. (Courtesy Siemens).
Application of Induction Motors

 The single-phase
induction motor is the
most frequently used
motor in the world.
 Most appliances, such
as washing machines
and refrigerators, use
a single-phase
induction motor.
 Highly reliable and
economical.
Single-phase induction motor
 For industrial
applications, the three-
phase induction motor is
used to drive machines. Housing
 Large three-phase
induction motor. Motor
(Courtesy Siemens).

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