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Lecture 10

The document discusses deciphering or decrypting cipher text by using the inverse of the key matrix to convert cipher text vectors back to plain text vectors. It provides examples of deciphering cipher text encoded with different key matrices by finding the inverse of the key matrix modulo 26 and then multiplying the inverse key matrix by the cipher text vector. The examples decipher cipher texts to reveal plain text messages like "HELP" and "STRIKE NOW".

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Nisar Rajpoot
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13 views

Lecture 10

The document discusses deciphering or decrypting cipher text by using the inverse of the key matrix to convert cipher text vectors back to plain text vectors. It provides examples of deciphering cipher text encoded with different key matrices by finding the inverse of the key matrix modulo 26 and then multiplying the inverse key matrix by the cipher text vector. The examples decipher cipher texts to reveal plain text messages like "HELP" and "STRIKE NOW".

Uploaded by

Nisar Rajpoot
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Linear Algebra Instructor: Barrira Jurrat

Email id: [email protected]


Lecture 10

Deciphering/Decryption
The process of converting from cipher text to plain text is called deciphering.
The following example will explain the procedure for deciphering.
3 3
Example 6. Decipher the Cipher text = MOFZ for Key matrix = [ ].
2 5
Solution: Recall the formula which we used for enciphering
C = KP (mod 26)
Formula for deciphering
P = 𝐾 −1 𝐶(mod 26)
𝐴𝑑𝑗(𝐾)
𝐾 −1 = (mod 26)
det(𝐾)

Thus each plain text vector can be recovered from ciphertext vector by multiplying
it on the left by 𝐾 −1 (mod 26).
Step 1 First find 𝐾 −1 , so
3 3
det(K) = |𝐾| = | | = 15 − 6 = 9
2 5
5 −3
[ ] 5 −3
−1 −2 3
𝐾 = = 9−1 [ ]
9 −2 3
What is the inverse of 9 modulo 26? Let it be x, then 9x = 1(mod 26)

9.1 = 9 ≠ 1(mod26)

9.2 = 18 ≠ 1(mod26)

9.3 = 27 = 1(mod26)

Hence, 9−1 = 3 (𝑚𝑜𝑑 26)


Therefore,
5 −3 5 −3 15 −9 15 17
𝐾 −1 = 9−1 [ ] = 3[ ]=[ ]=[ ] (𝑚𝑜𝑑26)
−2 3 −2 3 −6 9 20 9
Step 2 Now, we will decipher MO first, then we will decipher FZ. For this we take
𝑀 13
C=[ ]=[ ]
𝑂 15
15 17 13 450 8
P = 𝐾 −1 𝐶(mod 26) = [ ][ ] = [ ](mod 26) =[ ]
20 9 15 395 5
𝐻
Alphabets equivalent of the vector is [ ]
𝐸
𝐹 6
For FZ, C= [ ]= [ ]
𝑍 0
15 17 6 90 12
and P = 𝐾 −1 𝐶(mod 26)= [ ][ ] = [ ] (𝑚𝑜𝑑 26) = [ ]
20 9 0 120 16
𝐿
Alphabets equivalent of the vector is [ ]
𝑃
So all plain text is HELP.
Example 7. Decode the following Hill 2-cipher, which was enciphered by the
5 6
matrix 𝐾 = [ ]
2 3
GTNKGKDUSK
Solution: We first find the inverse of K (mod 26) as
3 −6 3 −6
𝐾 −1 = 3−1 [ ] = 9[ ]
−2 5 −2 5
27 −54 (𝑚𝑜𝑑26) 1 24
=[ ] =[ ]
−18 45 8 19
Next we write numerical equivalent of cipher text, which is
Which yields the message STRIKE NOW
Example 8 Decode the Hill 3-cipher XCVAFA which was enciphered by the
matrix key
1 2 0
𝐾 = [ 0 1 2]
0 1 1
Solution:
First we have to calculate the inverse of K
1 2 0 1 0 0
[0 1 2 0 1 0 ]
0 1 1 0 0 1
.
.
.
Work to do
Question 1. Determine whether the matrix is invertible modulo 26. If so, find its
inverse modulo 26 and check your work by
𝐴𝐴−1 = 𝐴−1 𝐴 = 𝐼(𝑚𝑜𝑑 26)
9 1 1 8 2 1
a) A= [ ] b) B=[ ] c) A= [ ]
7 2 1 3 1 7

Question 2.
4 1
Decode the following Hill 2-cipher which was enciphered by the matrix [ ]
3 2
SAKNOXAOJX
Question 3.
Decode the Hill 3-cipher LQVGKE which was enciphered by the matrix key
1 2 4
𝐾 = [0 −1 2 ]
0 1 −1

Important Note:

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