I Ane arrangement vecomes compiicateu unu euious, woen 4 vollage vauue OL more thaf(4¥ is required Voltage Multiplier Circuit/Cockcroft Walton‘ Voltage Multiplier Circult [Dec ‘16, ‘14, May ‘12, 16 Marks] In 1932, Cockeroft and Walton developed a circuit providing high DC voltages. Fig 3.8 shows a multi stage single phase cascade circuit of Cockcroft Walton type. CB camscanHigh Voltage Engineering 3.8 BNE ane AC input , Figure 3.8 Cockcroft walton voltage multiplier circuit poaiant inte Cascaded circuit voltage multiplicr circuits for higher voltages are cumbersome and require too many supply and isolating transformers. It is possible to generate very high D.C voltages from single supply transformers by extending the simple voltage doubler circuit ‘Thi Simple and compuct circuit is used when the load current r less than_one.nnilliampere (like cathode ray tube). A DC power supply of about 500V applied.to pulse generator is sufficient to generate a high voltage DC of 50 to 100 KV with suitable number of stages Working: At the first stage D,, D,, C,, C, and the transformer T are identical as in the voltage double shown in fig 3.8 for lighter output voltage of 4, 6... 2n of the input Voltage V, the cireuit is updated with cascaded or series connection. Thus the capacitor C, is charged to AV, and C, to 2nV__. But the voltage across ony individual capacitor or rectifier is only 2". Schematic current waveforms #0055 ihe first and the last capacitors of the cascaded voltage multiplier cireuit shown in fig 3.9 and the voltage waveforms are shown in fig 3.10Generation of High Voltages and High Curr 3.9 The rectifiers , Dy Day os Dy, shown in fig, 3.8, conducts during the posliiyss “half ovale while the reotifigr Sno Cont | Current Qo co Time i Figure 3.9 Current waveforms across first capacitor and last capacitor ‘Mean value i Figure 3.10 Voltage waveforms across first and'last capacitor BA camscannerRipple in cascaded voltage multipler circuit: The ripple and the voltage regulation of the rectifier is calculated as follows, Let n =number of stages, f =supply frequency, 1, = load current from the rectifier, t, = conduction period of the rectifiers, t, =non—conduction period of rectifiers, and 8V= ripple voltage (peak to peak) Load current I, flows from the capacitor C, to the load RL, during the non conducting period. q = is the charge transferred per cycle from the capacitor C, to the load during the non conduction ail t, aq pe at“ “ t tthe 7 the period of the a.c supply voltage) 1 : ie are Gs) oe Charge, can also be written as, 4 =0,38V -foie2 So ak Ben OV own tae 3 a sit Let us assume ¢, = 6, = ¢, = ++* =o, =cand q be the charge transferred from ¢,, to the load per cycle. ae tol -. Ripple at capacitor C,, = % Similarly C,,_, transfers change q to load and C, »» C,q-4 transfers charge 4 to load, C. “a2 rng ANE Coy grGeneration of HI; igh Voltages and High Currents 3.11 en eeiges and High Currents LD Therefore, | Ripple at capacitance Cana = ai < me fe Ripple at capacitance Cong = a f . Cc Ripple at capacitance CQ, atl + fo For n stages, the total ripple, SV (peak to peak) J, 5 Veotat Slt 243 4] Wolfe@my) | aa 7[2e | \ Sum of n natural number = @es ) ere nis the number of capacitors (no of capacitors = 2 x no, of stages) Average ripple = Row - I, = il Vea ape at ) T, Total ripple = 2 fi when, n is the number of stages from the above derivation fe: - it is clear that major. contribution to the ripple is from the lowest Or ground end capacitors ‘ WRipple= Fy —*100 Voltage drop and regulation: Regulation: Regulation is defined as the average across the load from no lond to full load expressed as a percentage of'no load voltage The voltage drop ‘ AV’ is caused due to the ripple ‘sy’, ani The capacitor C,, is charged to 2. aa> 3.12 High Voltage Engineering ty OD lhond fe fe Similarly, enpacitor C,,__ is charged 10 2Ving an-D,. 2h Cy = 2V mx A. “|G "RF Therefore, I Te wotage drop a2 Cay AV an= a c. AVon-1 = Hien +(n-1)) 2n-V? Cy, V2 =n +2(n- Neer 2-0 Total voltage drop AV, AV = AV, + 5 Von-24 4 Vans +77" te] B20 : i] fe n=l n=l ae 2 n(n +1) Go| re For larger values of n(n > a and “ terms are neglected as they become very small ie ” tor n> 5] >I ois.High Voltage Engineering 3.2.5.1 (l) Van de Graff Generators [May ‘17, ‘13, ‘12 Dec "46, ‘11, ‘09, ‘06, 16 Marks] Construction ‘The schematic diagram of a van de graft generation is shown in fig 3.12. The generator is enclosed in an earthed metallic cylindrical vessel which is operated under pressure or in vacuum It consist of a large spherical conducting shell of few meters radius, which is support at a height of several meters alone the ground on an insulating column A narrow belt (few meters width) made of insulating materials like rubber or silk is wound around two pullys, one pully on the ground and the other one at the centre of the shell as shown in the figure. The belt is kept continuously moving bya motor at a speed of 1000 to 2000 meters per minute. It continuously carries positive charge, sprayed on it by a brush, This machine is capable of building up a potential difference of few million volts, which may be very close to the breakdown strength of air (3 «10° V/m). Thus the generator is normally worked in a high pressure gaseous medium, the pressure ranging from 5 to 15 atm. The gasmay benitrogen, ar, ar feron (CCL, F,) mixture a sulphur hexafluoride in an earthed metal tank filled with insulating compressed gases as mentioned above. For simple applications, the metal tank can be omitted, so the insulation is provided by atmospheric air only. _ Applications of Van de Graff Generator Y It isuseful for very high voltage and low current applications ¥ The output voltage is easily controlled by controlling the corona source voltage and rate of charging. ¥ The voltage can be stabilized by 0.01%. V__Itis flexible and precise machine for voltage control. Principle and working: In electrostatic machines charged bodies are moved in an electric field against an electrostatic field in which mechanical energy is connected into electrical energy AcamscannerGeneration of High Voltages and High Currents 3.19 Initially change is sprayed into an insulating moving belt from corona points 2t i a potential of 10 to 100 KV above earth or ground potential. These charges r= i collected from the belt connected to the inside of an insulated metal electrode, through 4 which the belt moves. i ‘The charging of the belt is done by the fuwer spray points which are sharp needles and connected to a DC source (10 to 100kV), so that corona is maintained ; between the moving belt and the needles. The charge from the corona points is | collected by the collecting needles from the belt and is transferred on to the high voltage electrode as the belt enters into the high voltage electrode. ‘The belt returns ‘which the charge dropped, and fresh charge is sprayed onto it as it passes through the lower corona point IE 1. Lower spray post a = B 2. Motor driven pulley | = 4, 3.lnsulated belt 4. High voltoge terminal 5. Collector 6. Upper pulley insulated from F terminal 7. Upper spray point 8, Barth enclosure tafe ee re ety Figure 3.12 Van de craft generator In order to make the charging more effective and to utilize the return path of the belt for charging purpose, 4 self inducing arrangement (second corona point) is employed, This neutralizes any charge on the belt and leaves opposite polarity, thas for a piven belt the rate of changing is doubled 4 The insulated belt moves with a change density ‘§ "and electric field ‘EGxy y With separation's’ then, inner a3.20 High Voltage Engineering The change on the strip of belt at a distance dy is d dq = & bdx Where, bis the width of the belt and § is the density in columbs/m? Force on the belt, F is -F = PEG) ay = [6.0.8 (de 0 0 ‘ Mechanical power, P = Fv = 6.b.v = JE (x) de - 0 Where, v is the velocity The current, | in the system is given as dg a& l= =5b—=8, hear ae And the potential difference, V, between the electrodes is ~ ‘ V=JE (de _ Oo Mechanical power required to more the belt at a velocity v is p=Fv S* rs AY Which is converted ical power, carta P= VI Advantages of van de graft generator: f i) Very high DC voltage can be obtained ii) The output voltage-can be-easily controlled iti) The voltage can be stabilized to 0.01% iv) They are extremely flexible _ Limitations: ; i) — Low current output ii) The velocity of the belt is limited due to vibration iii) Maintenance is necessary due to mechanically stressed part FB camseanner™W, wer. y3_ GENERATION OF HIGH ALTERNATING VOLTAGES (AC) lectric power transmission and distribution system may experience over voltages at rated power frequency for a short duration due to abnormal fault cucies rated short duration power frequency withstand voltage is different for differer{t equipment. The high voltage equipment is subjected to the rated power frequency over voltage for a short duration in the test laboratory to determine the withstand capacity ofits insulation a es AC voltage tests are performed on all equipment at the working l frequeiicy. However, tests on potential transformers need to be carried out at higher frequencies to avoid saturation of the core. When the test voltage requirements are less thah 300 kV, a single transformer can be-used for test purpose. The impedance of such transformers should be less than 5% and depending upon the design it must be capable of giving the short circuit current for one minute or more. In these types of transformers, in addition to the normal windings (low and high voltage windings) a third winding known as meter winding is provided for measuring the output voltage. A camscanneGeneration of High Voltages and High Currents 3.23 Drawbacks of using single unit transformers When the voltage requirement increases beyond 300kV, a single unit construction becomes difficult due to the following reasons i) The construction becomes costly as the insulation problem arises ii) ‘Transportation and erection of large transformers becomes very difficult ‘To overcome the above mentioned drawbacks several identical units of transformers are connected in series connection or cascaded, where in the high voltage .vindings of all the units are effectively connected in series. The detail construction and working of such an transformer below 3.3.1, Cascaded eet [May 2013, 8 Marks] For voltages greater-than 300kY, say for example, for 400KY, it is desired to cascade two a more transformers depending upon the voltage requirements. Thus the weight of the whole unit is sub divided into single units and therefore, transport and erection becomes easier Also, with this, the transformer cost fora given voltage may be reduced as expensive and heavy insulation is not required) * The basie schematic diagram of 3 stage cascading transformer unit is shown in fig3.14 Stage IIT aner Ac3.24 High Voltage Engineering The primary of the first stage transformer is connected to a low voltage supply, The tertiary winding (excitation winding) of first stage C has the same number of turns as the primary winding and feeds the primary of the second stage transformer, Al. The potential of the secondary is fixed to V for the first stage as shown in the figure. The secondary winding of the second stage transformer is connected in series with the secondary winding of the first stage transformer, thus a voltage of 2V is available at the terminals of secondary of second stage transformer, Similarly, the third stage transfer is connected in series with the second stage transformer. Thus now, the output voltage transformer, thus now output voltage between ground and third stage transformer Secondary is 3V. It is to be noted that the individual stages expect the upper most must have three winding transformers. The upper most transformer will be a two winding transformer. The supply to the units can be obtained from a motor generator set or though an induction regulator for variation of output voltage. The rating of the primary of the low voltage winding is usually 230 or-400V for small units upto 100 kVA. For larger outputs, the rating of low voltage winding may be 3.3 KV, 6.6 kV or 11kV, The main disadvantage of cascading transformer is that the lowef stage of the primaries are loaded more as compared with the upper stages. Cascaded transformers with isolating transformers for excitation: Instead of using tertiary winding for excitation, a second scheme for providing the excitation to the second and third stage Isolating transformers IS,, IS,, IS, as shown in figure 3.15 are used, These are 1:1 ratios transformers insulated to their respective tank potentials and are ment for supplying excitation for the second and third stage. Power supply to the isolating transformers is also fed from the same AC input.Generation of High Volta; ges and High Currents 3.25 3% TL, T, 73 - Cascade transformer units sy, Isq,, 153. - Isolation transformer units C1,Cp,C3_~ Capacitance voltage dividers fori. measurement. 2nd and 3rd stages ° of he V1,¥2,¥3 - For metering afler Ist,2nd and 3rd stages {Primary (I.v.winding),2.b.v.winding,3,Excitation ion winding. Figure 3.15 Cascaded transformer with isolating transformers for excitation Advantages: i) Natural cooling is sufficient. ii) Transformers are light and compact. ii) Transportation and assembly is easy iv) Construction js identical for isolating transformers. Disadvantages: i) This scheme is expensive ii) Requires more space ner BicanscancesRec High Voltage Engineering 3.26 o* jec 2011, 8 Marks] 3.3.2. Resonant Transformer: [Dec 2 a ircuits (series or High A.C voltages can also be generated by using resonant circuits ( ith capacitive parallel), The equivalent circuit of a single stage test transformer with cap; load is shown in fig 3.16. 1 In LOTN SOON L xe Figure 3.16 Equivalent circuit of a single stage loaded transformer Where, : L, is the inductance of the voltage regulator and the transformer primary Lis the exciting inductance of the transformer L, is the inductance of the transformer secondary Cis the capacitance of the load Normally L>>L, and L, and hence its shunting effects can be neglected Series resonance: Generally, the load capacitances is variable and it is possible that for certain loading, resonance may occur suddenly and the current will be limited by the resistance of the circuit and the voltage across the test specimen may go up as high as 20 to 40 times the desired value. Similarly the presence of harmonics due to saturation of iron core of transformer may also result in resonance, out of which third harmonic frequencies have been found to be disastrous with serious resonance, the resonance is controlled at fundamental frequency and hence no unwanted Fesonancé occurs. Series resonance circuit for testing purpose has be the cable industry. Fig 3.17 shows a continuously variable reactor connecte winding of the step up transformer whose Secondary is rated for the test voltage: Cis the load capacitance. en very widely welcome by din the low voltage © FB camseannerGeneration of High Voltages and High Curr Main transformer J G 3 G Se 26 C et 3 8 Feed fens LA AC supply Rigure 3.17 Single transformer/reactor series resonance circult TEN is the transformation ratio and L is the inductance on the lower side of the transformer, then it is reflected with a value of NL on the secondary side of the transformer (load side) For certain settings of the reactor, the inductive reactance may equal the Ve reactance of the circuit, hence resonance will take place. The inductors are designed for high Q — factors (Quality factors) Q=oU/R The Q fhetor of the citeuit, gives magnitude of the voltage multiplication across the test objects under resonance conditions, cap: Under resonance conditions, the output voltage will be, wc Where, V is the supply voltage, C is the lond capacitance oL= a (Resonance) . iv, u Vo = qrol = VQ A camseannerEES q 3.28 High Voltage Engineering Q various between 40 and 80. This means that which Q= 40, the output voltage is 40 times the supply voltage. It also means that the reactive power requirements of the load capacitance in KVA is 40 times the power to be provided by the feed transformer is KW. This results in a relatively small power rating for feed transformer, Advantages of series resonance circuit i) It gives an output of pure sinc wave ii) Power requirement are less No —high power arcing and heavy current surges iti) Cascading is also possible for very high voltages iv) ¥) Simple and compact test arrangement and vi) No repeated flashovers occur Disadvantages ‘The requirement of additional variable chokes capable of withstanding the full test voltage and the full current rating Voltage LN V2eNVy regulator Figure 3.18 Parallel resonance circuit Parallel resonant systems: Fig 3.18 shows the schematic of a typical parallel resonant system. In this nsformer by introducing a variable reactor is incorporated into the his variable air gap in the core of the transformer. With this connection, variation in load capacitance sses cause variation in input current only Advantages: i) The output voltage remains practically constant Within the units of single stage design, the parallel resonant method offers ii) optimum testing performance j