Angular MeasurementIntroduction The angle is defined as the opening between two lines which meet at a point. Circle is divided into 360 parts, each part is called a degree (°). Each degree is divided in 60 minutes ( ') and each minute into 60 Seconds ( “) Unit of angle derived from _ theoretical considerations is the radian, defined as the angle subtended at the centre of a circle by an are length equal to radius of circle.Angle Measurement Instrument ) Line Standard Angular Measuring Devices * Protractors * Universal Bevel Protractors ) Face Standard Angular Measuring Devices * Sine bar * Sine Center CO) Measurement of Inclines « Spirit Level + Clinometer Q Angle Comparators * AutocollimatorsVernier Bevel ,, protractor * The simplest instrument for measuring the angle between two faces of component. * Main scale on the protractor is divided into degrees from 0 to 90 each way. Pini than (0) with vente angle etuchment —‘ Vermer Bevel protrac Vernier Bével protractor * Applications of the vernier bevel protractor Fig 3.4 showsthe various applications of vernier bevel protractors. (a) Use af bevel protractor for checking (b) Use of bevel protractor for checking inside beveled face of a ground surface “V" Block (c) Use of bevel protractor for measuring acute angleMeasuring AcuteAngl|Vernier Bevel:protractor cio! Main Seale oo As shown in the main scale is graduated in degrees ofare. The Verier seale has 12 Divisions each side of the centre zero. These are marked 0-60 minutes of arc, so that each division equals 1/12 of 60, that is 5 minutes of arc. These 12 divisions occupy the same space as 23 degrees on the main scale. Therefore, each division of the Vernier is equal to 22, 12 Gh of 28° or 1Vernier Bevel protractor faestea $5150 oo fs 0 15.9 15 30 45 / Vernier Scale _/ Reading oP Thus the reading of the vernier bevel protractor equals : ‘The largest ‘whole’ degree on the main scale + the reading on the vernier scale in line witha main seale division = Main scale reading, 51° + Vernier 45 mark in line with main scale = 51945"Vernier Bével protractor qu 40 : \ ® tt wy 4 is | Wy &% I 5 4 by M,Vernier PovalanraOptical bexeh« protractor * Acircle divided at 1.0 minutes intervals throughout the circle is fitted inside the body. * Small microscope is fitted through which the circle graduations can be viewed. * Adjustable blade is clamped to a rotating member which carries its microscope. VCl prow CLOI = N, 7 ae e | NON eee Min ChampCombination SetCombination:Set S$Combination Set ey by Faq bad + BA Hy Ms He eS He Sy bed i Ba r4 Hd Ho BA Py ou es oS PEE 48 19 2021 BAS 24 25 28 27 28 20Sine bars * Aprecision angle measuring instrument used along with slip gauges Upper Surface hy Relief Holes moO 0 4 Setting Rollers Lower L: Surface a } - @ o ! -)@ @ er, End FaceSine bars eS 2 ey ZZ | ee a) Zo 6 > Use of sine bar : ED OR RT RE ims ig L. locating any work toa given angle : ‘, we As we have discussed in the working principle of sine bar, N\A geo Measuring angle of smelt size component iz where, /tbe the height of slip gauge combination, Lis the distance between the centre of the rollers, and @ isangle to be set, ‘Thus knowing @, /ican be found out and any work could be set at this angle; as the top face of the sine baris inclined at angle @ to the surface plate. For better results, both the rollers could also be placed on slip gauges of height /t, and A, respectively. ah, sind = faaSine bars leof sine bar, ee Measuring angle of xmall size component bars inherently become inereasingly impractical and inaccurate as the angle exceeds 45° because of following reasons —The sine bar is physically clumsy to hold in position —The besly of the sine bar obstructs the gauge block stack, even if relieved Slight errors of the sine bar cause lange ans —Lony piugo stacks ase not blocks, A differénce in defiernation oceuis atthe point of roller eam o the support sutface andl to the gauge Blocks, because at higher the weight load is shifted more tawaed the fulcrum roller. The size of gauges, instruments or pusts that a sie bar ean inspect is limited, since it isnot designed to support lange or heavy objectsRL LL Fig. 3.10 Measuring angle of large size component. + Height over the rollers can be measured by a vernier height gauge; using a dial test gauge mounted on the anvil of height gauge to ensure constant measuring pressure. * This is achieved by adjusting the height gauge until the dial gauge shows the same zero reading cach time R-R sin@ =——=. £Fiducial dialindicatorSine bars + Advantages of sine bar 1. It is precise and accurate angle measuring device. 2. Itis simple in design and construction. 3. It is easily available * Disadvantages 1. Itis fairly reliable at angles less than 15 but become increasingly inaccurate as the angle increases. It is impractical to use sine bar for angle above 45 . It is difficult to handle and position the slip gauges 3. The sine bar is physically clumsy to hold in position. The application is limited for a fixed center distance between two rollers. 5. Slight errors of the sine bar cause larger angular error:Sine Centre * Sine center is basically a sine bar with block holding centers which can be adjusted and rigidly clamped in any position. used for the testing of conical work, centered at each end as shown, + Extremely useful since the alignment accuracy of the centers ensures that the correct line of measurement is made along the workpiece. * The centers can also be adjusted depending on the length of the conical work piece, to be hold between centers. Block x ey’ eS — TOO ORR: / Rollers + 200/300 mm Sine ——=} ‘CenterSine Centre — Measurement of included angle of taper plug gauge using sine cenAngle Gauge + Angle gauges are made of hardened steel and seasoned carefully to ensure permanence of angular accuracy, and the measuring faces are lapped and polished to a high degree of accuracy and flatnAngle Gauge + Like linear gauge blocks, angle gauge blocks can also be wrung together to build up a desired angle. * In addition, they can also be subtracted to form a smaller angle as a difference of two larger angles as shown in Figure. * The plus and minus ends of each block are marked. ae so ‘ADDITION SUBSTRACTIONAngle Gauge blocks provide a range of 0 to 90° — 59’ — 59” in steps of one second . 13 piece set of angle gauge blocks has the following gauges. Degree blocks : 1,3, 9, 27, 41° Minute blocks : 1,3, 9, and 27° Second blocks : 3,6, 18 and 30” (a) Die insert (b) All gauges added. Total angle (c) Angle set up = 27° minus = 87° 9 18" (Not to scale) 9’ 80" = 26° 51" 30"Angle Gauge blocks provide a range of 0 to 90° — 59’ — 59” in steps of one second . 13 piece set of angle gauge blocks has the following gauges. Degree blocks : 1,3, 9,27, 41° Minute blocks : 1, 3,9, and 27’ Second blocks : 3, 6, 18 and 30” * Angle gauge blocks are commonly made of cil hardening tool steels, hardened to Rockwell C65| or Chrome stee! with 85% chrome carbide and 15% nickel binder. . ‘They are available in two grades namely laboratory muster grade and tool room grade. ‘The characteristics of the two grades are as follows Deviation from marked angle Flatness across width 0.00005 mm 0.0001 mm Flatness along length 0.00005 mm 0.00015 mm Parallelism of sides 0,00025 mm. 0.00025 mm Minimum surface finish RMS 0.000015 mm 0.000015 - 0.00002 mmSpiritiLevel kn“ Sa low viscosity fluids. the vial is graduated in linear unitsClinometersClinometers Clinometers The clinometer is a special case of the application of the spirit level. [tis an instrument used for measuring angle relative to the horizontal plane. The various types of clinometers are: (1) Vernierclinometer, (2) Micrometer clinometer, (3)Dialclinometer. (4) Optical clinometer.Clinometers Circular Scale Housing‘The clinometers is a special case of the application of the spirit level. Itis an instrument used — for measuring angle relative tothe horizontal plane. It consists of a spirit level mounted on a totary member carried in a housing. One face of the housing forms the base of the instrument. A circular e is provided on the housing. A circular scale is used to measure the angle of inclination of the rotary member relative to the base. The scale may cover the whole circle or only part of it. The base of the instrument is placed on the surface and rotary member is adjusted till zero reading of the bubble is obtained as shown in Fig. The angle of rotation is then noted on the circular scale against an index.Clinomete Circular ScaleClinometers+ Micrometer clinometers is shown in Fig. In this type, one end of spirit level is attached at end of the barrel of amicrometer + The other end of the spirit level is hinged on the base. The base is placed on the surface whose inclination is ta be measured. * The micrometer is adjusted Till the level is horizontal, This type of clinometers is suitable for measuring small angles. * The most commonly used clinometers is of the Hilger and Walts type in which circular, scale is totally enclosed and is divided from 0 to 360 at (0' interval. For observation of 10'-subdivision optical micrometer is provided.3 = — a Clinometers Mec _| Base Hinge