MOTOR CONTROL

SYSTEM
What is motor control??
▪ Motor control is about the way how we design
and construct the circuit to control an
induction motor in terms of beginning/start the
operation and stop the operation.

▪ There are two types of circuits that we have to

design and construct: power circuit and control
circuit.
What is Induction Motor?
▪ An induction motor or asynchronous motor is a type
of alternating current motor where power is supplied
to the rotor by means of electromagnetic induction
▪ Due to their simplicity, robustness and cost-
effectiveness, induction motors are the preferred
choice of industry.
WHY WE NEED TO CONTROL?
Induction Motor Issues
▪ During start-up, they develop currents of up to approximately eight
times the rated current and the high starting torque linked to this.
▪ The high starting currents often lead to unwelcome voltage drops in
the supply network and the high starting torque put the mechanical
elements under considerable strain.
HOW TO CONTROL THE MOTOR?
Limit the values for the motor starting currents in relation to the rated
operational currents using the following method:

➢ Full-Voltage (Apply full supply voltage to the motor during start)

i) Direct-On-Line (DOL)
ii) Forward/Reverse

➢ Reduced-Voltage(Apply reduced supply voltage to the motor during

start)
i) Star-Delta
ii) Autotransformer
MOTOR CONSTRUCTION
i) Stator

▪ The stator is the stationary part of the motor.

▪ Stator laminations are stacked together forming a hollow

cylinder. Coils of insulated wire are inserted into slots of
the stator core.

▪ The stator windings are connected directly to the power

source. Each grouping of coils, together with the steel
core it surrounds, becomes an electromagnet when
current is applied
▪ The Stator is made up of a number of stampings
with slots to carry three phase windings. It is
wound for a definite number of poles.

▪ The windings are geometrically spaced 120

degrees apart. Two types of rotors are used in
Induction motors - Squirrel-cage rotor and
Wound rotor.
ii) Rotor
▪ The rotor is the rotating part of the electromagnetic
circuit.
▪ The most common type of rotor is the "squirrel cage"
rotor.
▪ The construction of the squirrel cage rotor is
reminiscent of rotating exercise wheels found in cages
of pet rodents.
▪ The rotor consists of a stack of steel laminations with
evenly spaced conductor bars around the
circumference.
▪ The laminations are stacked together to form a rotor
core.
▪ Aluminum is die cast in the slots of the rotor core to form
a series of conductors around the perimeter of the rotor.
▪ Current flow through the conductors form the
electromagnet.
▪ The conductor bars are mechanically and electrically
connected with end rings.
▪ The rotor core mounts on a steel shaft to form a rotor
assembly.
iii) Enclosure
▪ The enclosure consists of a frame (or yoke) and two
end brackets (or bearing housings).
▪ The stator is mounted inside the frame. The rotor fits
inside the stator with a slight air gap separating it
from the stator.
▪ There is no direct physical connection between the
rotor and the stator.
▪ The enclosure protects the internal parts of the
motor from water and other environmental elements
▪ Bearings, mounted on the shaft, support the rotor and
allow it to turn.
▪ Fan, also mounted on the rotor shaft, to cool the
motor when the shaft is rotating.
 Connection Box/
Terminal Box
Stator Core

Stator Winding

Bearing

Nameplate

Base

Squirrel-cage Rotor
HOW MOTOR WORKS?
Power Supply

▪ The stator is connected to a 3-phase AC power supply. In the

following illustration phase A is connected to phase A of the power
supply.

▪ Phase B and C would also be connected to phases B and C of the

power supply respectively.
▪ Six windings are used, two for each of the three phases.
▪ The coils are wound around the soft iron core material of the stator.
▪ When current is applied, each winding becomes an electromagnet, with the two
windings for each phase operating as the opposite ends of one magnet.
▪ One winding is a north pole and the other is a south pole
▪ The stator is connected to a three-phase AC power source.
▪ Windings A1 and A2 connected to phase A of the power supply. When the connections
are completed, B1 and B2 will be connected to phase B, and C1 and C2 will be
connected to phase C.
▪ Coils A1, B1, and C1 are 120° apart. windings A2, B2, and C2 also are 120° apart. This
corresponds to the 120° separation between each electrical phase
60° Rotation
▪ Start: phase A has no current flow and its associated coils have no magnetic field.
Phase B has current flow in the negative direction and phase C has current flow in the
positive direction. Based on the previous chart, B1 and C2 are south poles and B2 and
C1 are north poles. Magnetic lines of flux leave the B2 north pole and enter the nearest
south pole, C2. Magnetic lines of flux also leave the C1 north pole and enter the
nearest south pole, B1. The vector sum of the magnetic fields is indicated by the arrow.
▪ Time 1:The following chart shows the progress of the magnetic field vector as each
phase has advanced 60°. Note that at time 1 phase C has no current flow and no
magnetic field is developed in C1 and C2. Phase A has current flow in the positive
direction and phase B has current flow in the negative direction. As the previous chart
shows, windings A1 and B2 are north poles and windings A2 and B1 are south poles.
The resultant magnetic field vector has rotated 60° in the clockwise direction.
▪ Time 2: At time 2, phase B has no current flow and windings B1 and B2 have no
magnetic field. Current in phase A is flowing in the positive direction, but phase C
current is now flowing in the negative direction. The resultant magnetic field vector has
rotated another 60°.
▪ End: At the end of six such time intervals, the magnetic field will have rotated one full
revolution or 360°. This process repeats 60 times a second for a 60 Hz power source.
MOTOR NAME PLATE & TERMINAL
BLOCK
 1. Manufacturer name and manufacturer-specific
ordering code. This code will typically contain
information about frame size and mounting
arrangement.
2. Rated volts - The voltage at which the motor is
designed to operates and give optimum
performance.
3. Full load amps –.used to facilitate cable sizing,
starter selection and motor protection.

4. Rated frequency in Hertz, and rated full load speed in revs/minute at that
frequency.
5. Rated temp rise or insulation class
6. Rated power (kW).
7. Electrical connection and associated operating parameters – i.e. three phase
motors can be connected in a ‘star’ (Υ) or ‘delta’ (Δ) configuration.
8. Power factor for the motor.
9. Efficiency class – IEC nameplates quote EFF ratings at full load. It is a
measure of how well the motor converts electrical energy to mechanical power.
MOTOR MAINTENANCE
▪ Induction motors by their very nature require very
little maintenance.

▪ However a regular regime of inspection is

recommended to ensure minor problems do not
escalate to breakdowns.

▪ Typical intervals would be 2000 hours of

operation or 3 months, whichever is the sooner.
Motor Maintenance Checklist
▪ no visible damage ie; fans cracked, fan cowls bent, foot cracked etc.
▪ no accumulation of dust or fibers on the frame or around the fan inlet
▪ no significant corrosion of the lifting lugs/eyebolts
▪ no excessive vibration
▪ no loose fasteners
▪ cables and earths are sound
▪ sealing of the motor and gland plate in good condition
▪ insulation resistance adequate
FAULT FINDING & RECOGNITION
THANK YOU