MEEG3311 Machine Design

Lecture 3:
Deflection

W Dornfeld
21Sep2023 Fairfield University
School of Engineering

Simple Deformations
• Axial load on P σ = PA=ε E Stiffness:
A P P AE
a uniform bar ε= k= =
E
L AE δ L
PL
δ =ε L =
AE Hamrock
Section 4.3

• Torsional load (torque) on

a uniform round bar Stiffness:
θ TL
G T θ= Radians T JG
JG k= =
L
θ L
π Nm / Radian
J= r4
2 Hamrock
Section 4.4.1

1
 Beam Flexure
• For a uniform beam in pure bending,
1
= (Eq. 4.47)

So a large Moment means a

small radius of curvature, r
r

= M
M

Because
d2y − M
=
dx 2 EI
We can integrate our way from Moment, M, to the deflection, y.

Example Beam Loading

20 inch long 80Lb/In.

beam with
w = 80lb/in
load

Slope =
(-1600Lb)/(20In.)

Shear, V
dV (Lb)
= −w
dX

Large + Large -
Slope Slope
Moment, M
dM (In.Lb.)
=V
dX

2
 Beam Deflection
Moment, M
(In.Lb.)

Θ & y depend on:

1. Material
2. Beam Section Zero High +
Slope Slope
Slope, EIθ
Zero
(Rad; EI=1) Slope
dEIθ
=M
dX
Zero
Slope
Deflection,
EIy High +
High -
(In; EI=1) Slope Slope
dEIy
= EIθ
dX

MEEG3311 Approach
1. You must be able to draw the V & M diagrams to find
the max bending and transverse shear stresses in
beams. (This is really stress, but it is the basis of deflection.)
2. Understand the slope and deflection concept, but
because it is tedious, use tables like Hamrock
Appendix D or a handbook to determine beam
deflections.
3. Use Superposition to handle combined loadings
(including loads in different planes, like Horiz & Vert).
4. Understand how to use slopes and rotations.
5. Use a program (like MDSolids or Excel etc.) to solve
the deflection.
6. For complicated structures, use Finite Element or
Castigliano.

3
 Hamrock Appendix D Beams

Hint:
What shape is See
this deflection? Slide 3

Hamrock Appendix D Beams

4
 Deflection & Slope in Excel: Beam D.2
Hamrock Appendix D.2
P
Base b 0.035 m
Height h 0.08 m
Length L 1.7 m
Modulus E 207 GPa a

MomOfInertia I 1.49333E-06 m^4 =b*h^3/12

Load P 5000 N Should be

Location a 1m straight
EI EI 309,120.0 Nm^2 Defl =IF(X<a,P*X^2/(6*EI)*(X-3*a),P*a^2/(6*EI)*(a-3*X))

X Y Defl Slope Slope =IF(X<a,(P/(EI)*(0.5*X^2-a*X)),-P*a^2/(2*EI))

0.000 0.00000 0.00000
0.085 -0.00006 -0.00132
0.170 -0.00022 -0.00252 Deflection
Title: Deflection Due to
Due to 5,000N 5,000N
Force at 1 mForce at 1 m
0.255 -0.00048 -0.00360
0.340 -0.00083 -0.00456 Deflection (m); Slope (Rad) 0.00000
0.425 -0.00125 -0.00541
0.510 -0.00175 -0.00615 -0.00200
0.595 -0.00230 -0.00676
0.680 -0.00289 -0.00726 -0.00400
0.765 -0.00353 -0.00764
0.850 -0.00419 -0.00791 -0.00600
0.935 -0.00487 -0.00805
1.000 -0.00539 -0.00809 -0.00800
1.020 -0.00555 -0.00809
1.105 -0.00624 -0.00809 -0.01000 Slope
1.190 -0.00693 -0.00809
1.275 -0.00762 -0.00809 -0.01200
1.360 -0.00830 -0.00809
1.445 -0.00899 -0.00809 0.000 0.200 0.400 0.600 0.800 1.000 1.200 1.400 1.600 1.800
1.530 -0.00968 -0.00809
1.615 -0.01037 -0.00809
Position (m)
1.700 -0.011053 -0.008087

Deflection & Slope in MDSolids: Beam D.2

P1 = 5000N

EI =
309,120Nm2

10

5
 Basic Angle Relationship
S
θ= ; S = r ×θ
r
Θ is in Radians

For small angles,

T
T≈S

How many degrees is a Radian?

11

Piece-Wise Deflection of a Crank Arm

300 LB
How much does the loaded
end of the arm deflect? 3/4 in

Breaking it into pieces and

looking at the FBD will help. 6 in
4 in
300 lb
300 lb
1200 in.lb
1800 in.lb Torque
Moment

1200 in.lb
Moment
6 in Rod 1200 in.lb
4 in Rod
Torque

300 lb
This piece bends Note that the This piece bends
300 lb moment turns
from the Moment from the Moment.
into a torque
and twists from where the arm
the Torque. bends the
corner.

12

6
 Piece-Wise Deflection of a Crank Arm

300 LB
Deflection of the loaded end point is the sum of
3/4 in
three deflections:

1. Bending of the 6” Rod due to the 300 lb load. 6 in

3 4 in
Fl
y1 =
3EI
2. Twisting of the 6” Rod due to the 1200 in.lb
y1
torque, with rotation of the 4” Rod. θ y2
Tl y3
θ= , y2 = rθ
JG
3. Bending of the 4” Rod due to the 300 lb load.

Fl 3
y3 =
3EI

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Piece-Wise Deflection of a Crank Arm

πr 4
r = 0.375" I= = 0.01553in 4
4
πr 4
J= = 2 I = 0.03106in 4
2
E = 30 × 106 psi, G = 11.5 × 106 psi θ
y1
y2
y3

Fl 3 (300)(6)3
y1 = = = 0.0464in Long arm bending
3EI 3(30 × 10 6 )(0.01553)
rTl (4)(1200)(6) Short arm sweeping
y 2 = rθ = = = 0.0806in
JG (0.03106)(11.5 × 106 ) as long arm twists
Fl 3 (300)(4)3
y3 = = = 0.0137in Short arm bending
3EI 3(30 × 10 6 )(0.01553)

ytotal = y1 + y2 + y3 = 0.1407in

14

7
 Crank Arm Deflection by FEA

15

Traffic Light Pole - Deflection

L1 = 100 in. L2 = 120 in.

What’s going on Here

From U of
Arkansas FEMur

16

8
 Traffic Light Calculations
M=340lbx(100+120)in
Simplified Case With One Beam Size + 220lbx120in

Use Appendix
Formulas and
Superposition F=560lb

17

Traffic Light Calculations

Simplified Case With One Beam Size
M
Assume the support
beam is AISC Standard
Shape 6” Steel Pipe F=560lb

OD = 6.625”
ID = 6.103”
(0.261” wall)
which has an Area
Moment of Inertia
I = 26.4in4
E = 29 x 106 PSI

Tip:

Mid:

18

9
 How Did We Do? Compare with MDSolids:

What if we
changed to a 5”
Pipe, with I =
13.70 in4 ?

What if we
changed to a 6”
Aluminum Pipe,
with
E = 10.5MSI ?

19

Traffic Light Calculations

Real Case With Two Beam Sizes
M=340lbx100in M=340lbx100in +
560lbx120in
M=340lbx100in

F=340lb F=560lb
F=340lb

Slope @ Tip due to F:

dy 3Fx 2 2 Fx3l Fx 2 Fxl
= − = −
dx 6 EI 6 EI 2 EI EI
dy Fx x
= ( − l)
dx EI 2
Slope @ Tip due to M:
dy 2M B x M B x
= =
dx 2 EI EI

Deflection at tip due to slope is θ x L1

20

10
 Traffic Light Calculations
Even More Real Case With Two Beam Sizes and
Including the Weight of the Beams M=340lbx100in
M=340lbx100in + 560lbx120in
M=340lbx100in

F=340lb F=560lb
F=340lb

The 6” Steel tube weighs 19lb/ft = 1.58lb/in.

Plus, calculate all the

end slopes/rotations!

21

Castigliano’s Theorem

“ ... the partial derivative of the strain energy, considered as a

function of the applied forces acting on a linearly elastic
structure, with respect to one of these forces, is equal to the
displacement in the direction of the force at its point of
application."

From intota: The deflection of an elastic material subjected to a

load in the direction of each load equals the partial derivative of
the work of deformation with respect to the component of the
force in that direction. This theorem is related to the principle of
virtual work, and it applies for elastic material obeying Hooke's
law.
This should vaguely make sense, because for a spring,
F
the stored energy is the integrated area under the force
vs deflection curve. So it is plausible that differentiating X
that could get you to the deflection.

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11
 Castigliano, Continued
1. You write an expression for
the total strain energy in your
structure, based on each type
of loading (see table).
2. If you want to know a
deflection where there isn’t a
load applied, just stick a
“fictitious” load, Q, there.
3. Then take partial derivatives
of the energy wrt the loads.
4. Then set Q=0 and voilà!

Hamrock
Table 5.2

23

Castigliano, Concluded
1. The MEEG3311 web site has an
analysis of the Crank Arm by
Castigliano (shown here).
2. Hamrock has several examples in
section 5.6.
3. All of the formulas for deflection in
handbooks and Beer & Johnston
were figured out by using
Castigliano’s theorem.
4. Carlo Alberto Castigliano (1847 –
1884) figured it out when he was
25 years old.
5. There will be no homework or
exam problems on using
Castigliano’s theorem, but maybe a
question.

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