COVER PAGE

NAME OF EXPERIMENT:
Linear Heat Conduction
STUDENT(s) NAME:
Abdullah Alturki
Mohammed Ahmed
Ziyad Al-Muayli
Muath Alwarthan

STUDENT(s) ID:
218011786
218008416
218010212
218019097

DAY, DATE&TIME:

Sunday, 5/8/2023 & 1:45 pm

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 MINOR REPORT EVALUATION SHEET

Reporting, interpreting and analyzing Grade Max.

1 Abstract 5
2 Table of measurements and results 5
3 Sample of calculations 20
4 Figures, Sources of error and validation of results 20
5 Discussion, conclusion and recommendations 20
Total 70

Writing, Editing, and Presentation Max.

1 Cover Page, evaluation sheet and table of content 5
2 Numbering of Pages, tables, figures, and organizing the report 10
3 Typing 5
4 Citations &Referencing 5
5 Language 5
Total 30

Report Grade 100

Notes:………………………………………………………………………………………
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Contents
List of Tables ...................................................................................................................... 3
List of Figures ..................................................................................................................... 3
Abstract ............................................................................................................................... 4
Table of measurements ....................................................................................................... 5
Table of results .................................................................................................................... 6
Sample of Calculations ....................................................................................................... 8
Free Convection, run 1;................................................................................................... 8
calculations (actual): ................................................................................................... 8
calculations (Theory): ................................................................................................. 8
Force Convection, run 1:................................................................................................. 9
calculations (actual): ................................................................................................... 9
Calculations (Theory): .............................................................................................. 10
Efficiency .................................................................................................................. 10
Discussion & recommendations ....................................................................................... 10
References ......................................................................................................................... 14
Appendix ........................................................................................................................... 14

List of Tables

Table 1 Heat Transfer Surface: Flat, Free ........................................................................... 5

Table 2 Heat Transfer Surface: Flat Q = 30w, Force .......................................................... 5
Table 3 Free convection calculations (actual) .................................................................... 6
Table 4 Free convection calculations (Theory) .................................................................. 6
Table 5 Forced convection calculations (actual) ................................................................ 6
Table 6 Forced convection calculations (Theory) .............................................................. 7
Table 7 Q using equation 3 and the efficiency using eq. (5) .............................................. 7

List of Figures

Figure 1 the properties of air (density, heat capacity, thermal conductivity, thermal
diffusivity, Dynamic Viscosity and Kinematic Viscosity) as a function of temperature. 12
Figure 2 ΔT VS velocity ................................................................................................... 13
Figure 3 velocity VS temperature of the heating surface ................................................. 13

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Abstract

The Objectives of this experiment was to demonstrate the relationship between power input
and surface temperature in free convection and to demonstrate the relationship between
velocity and surface temperature in forced convection. First, Free convection was
performed at three different Powers were taken. Secondly, forced convection was
performed at power 30 and four air velocities. A flat surface was used for the experiment.
It was noted that the efficiency of Force convection is better than that of free convection.

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Table of measurements
Table 1 Heat Transfer Surface: Flat, Free

Power T2 T1 Tout Difference

(W) Surface Duct Inlet Duct outlet TS-TIN(°C)
TS (°C) (ambiant)TIN(°C) (ambiant)TIN(°C)

9.9 50.4 21.4 22.4 29

19.9 78.2 21.4 23.2 56.8
29.9 105.9 21.6 24.3 84.3

Table 2 Heat Transfer Surface: Flat Q = 30w, Force

Air T2 T1 Tout Difference Tfilm

velocity TS-TIN(°C)
U(m.s-1)
Surface Duct Inlet Duct outlet
TS (°C) (ambiant)TIN(°C) (ambiant)TIN(°C)

1.000 106.300 21.700 22.000 84.600 64.150

1.500 105.500 21.600 21.700 83.900 63.600
2.000 104.100 21.500 21.800 82.600 62.950
2.500 100.000 21.300 21.500 78.700 60.750
3.000 95.900 21.300 21.400 74.600 58.650

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 Table of results
Table 3 Free convection calculations (actual)

Sample Qinput hr ̅
𝒉 Qr Qinput - Qr 𝒉𝒄
W W\m2k W\m2k W W W\m2k
1 9.9 6.183 31.569 1.939 7.961 25.386
2 19.9 7.137 32.305 4.397 15.503 25.168
3 29.9 8.189 32.716 7.484 22.416 24.527

Table 4 Free convection calculations (Theory)

Sample hc Qc Qc/Qinput
W\m2k W -
1 11.496 3.605 36.42%
2 12.498 7.699 38.69%
3 12.959 11.843 39.61%

Table 5 Forced convection calculations (actual)

Qinput
Q
input
Pr  K   β Gr hr Qr - h̅ hcv
Sample Qr
W - m2/s W/m.k kg/m3 N.s/m2 1/T --- W/m2k W W W/m2k W/m2k
1 30 0.723 1.64E-05 0.0280905 1.05660 2.257E-05 1.559E-02 2.178E+07 8.3974 7.928 22.072 31.774 23.377

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2 30 0.723 1.64E-05 0.028052 1.05822 2.254E-05 1.572E-02 2.183E+07 8.3553 7.842 22.158 31.964 23.609
3 30 0.723 1.63E-05 0.0280065 1.06015 2.252E-05 1.589E-02 2.177E+07 8.3030 7.653 22.347 32.546 24.243
4 30 0.723 1.61E-05 0.0278525 1.06673 2.243E-05 1.646E-02 2.166E+07 8.1316 7.149 22.851 34.122 25.990
5 30 0.724 1.59E-05 0.0277055 1.07308 2.235E-05 1.705E-02 2.142E+07 7.9696 6.650 23.350 35.954 27.984

Table 6 Forced convection calculations (Theory)

Hcv
Sample Re Nu
W/m2k
1 6.46E+03 47.914 12.693
2 9.72E+03 58.765 15.550
3 1.30E+04 68.014 17.963
4 1.65E+04 76.557 20.111
5 2.01E+04 84.412 22.060

Table 7 Q using equation 3 and the efficiency using eq. (5)

M (Q) ̇ Efficiency η
Sample
g/s W -
1 11.834 4.132 13.77%
2 17.778 2.069 6.90%
3 23.747 8.293 27.64%
4 29.868 6.953 23.18%
5 36.056 4.197 13.99%

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Sample of Calculations
Free Convection, run 1;
calculations (actual):
𝑇𝑠 + 𝑇𝑎
𝑇𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑚 = , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑇𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑇2
2
50.4 + 22.4 1 1
𝑇𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑚 = = 36.4 𝐶, 𝛽= = = 2.75 ∗ 10−2 𝐶 −1
2 𝑇𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑚 36.4
To find heat transfer coefficient of radiation:

(𝑇𝑠4 − 𝑇𝑎4 ) −8 ((50.4 + 273.15)4 − (22.4 + 273.15)4 )

ℎ𝑟 = 𝜀𝐹𝜎 = 5.67 x 10 ∗ 1 ∗ 0.95 ∗
(𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑎 ) ((50.4 + 273.15) − (22.4 + 273.15))

hr = 6.183 𝑤 ⁄𝑚2 . 𝑘

𝑄𝑟 = ℎ𝑟 ∗ 𝐴𝑠 ∗ (𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇2 ) = 6.183 ∗ 0.0112 ∗ (50.4 − 22.4) = 1.939 𝑤

Assuming that there is no moving air, thus it is safe to assume the there is no heat transfer
of heat via convection. 𝑄convection = 0

𝑄𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 + 𝑄𝑟 + 𝑄convection → 𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 = 𝑄𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 − 𝑄𝑟 − 𝑄convection

𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 = 𝑄𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 − 𝑄𝑟 − 𝑄convection = 9.9 − 1.939 − 0 = 7.961 𝑤

To find heat transfer coefficient of condition:

𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 7.961 𝑤
ℎ𝑐 = = = 25.386 𝑤 ⁄𝑚2 𝑘
𝐴𝑠 𝜟𝑻 0.0112 𝑚2 ∗ (50.4 − 22.4) 𝑘

The average heat transfer coefficient:

𝑸̇ 9.9 𝑤
̅ =
𝒉 = = 31.569 𝑤 ⁄𝑚2 . 𝑘
2
𝑨 𝜟𝑻 0.0112 𝑚 ∗ (50.4 − 22.4) 𝑘

calculations (Theory):

𝑔𝛽(𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑎 )𝐷 3
𝑅𝑎 = (𝐺𝑟 𝑃𝑟) = ( ) . 𝑃𝑟
𝑣2

At 𝑇𝑀 = 21.9 𝐶 , 𝑃𝑟 = 0.72731. 𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝑚2 ⁄𝑠) = 1.22 ∗ 10−5 . 𝑘 = 0.02514,

From Fig.1

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 −2
9.81 ∗ 2.75 ∗ 10 ∗ (50.4 − 22.4) ∗ 0.1063 𝑚3
𝑅𝑎 = ( ) ∗ 0.72731 = 4.56 ∗ 107
(1.22 ∗ 10−5 )2

Since the value of Ra is between 104 − 109 , a good approximation is:

ℎ𝑐 𝐿𝑐 ⁄𝑘 = 𝑁𝑢 = 0.59 ∗ 𝑅𝑎 1⁄4 = 0.59 ∗ (4.56 ∗ 107 )1⁄4 = 48.473

ℎ𝑐 = 𝑁𝑢 𝑘⁄𝐿𝑐 = (48.743 ∗ 0.02514)⁄0.106 = 11.496 𝑤 ⁄𝑚2 . 𝑘

𝑄𝑐 = ℎ𝐶 ∗ 𝐴𝑠 ∗ (𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇2 ) = 11.496 ∗ 0.0112 ∗ (50.4 − 22.4) = 3.605 𝑤

𝑸̇ 3.605
𝜂 = = = 36.42 %
𝑷 9.9

Force Convection, run 1:

calculations (actual):
𝑇𝑠 + 𝑇𝑎
𝑇𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑚 = , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑇𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑇2
2
106.3 + 22 1 1
𝑇𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑚 = = 64.15 𝐶, 𝛽= = = 1.559 ∗ 10−2 𝐶 −1
2 𝑇𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑚 64.15
To find heat transfer coefficient of radiation:

(𝑇𝑠4 − 𝑇𝑎4 ) −8 ((106.3 + 273.15)4 − (22 + 273.15)4 )

ℎ𝑟 = 𝜀𝐹𝜎 = 5.67 x 10 ∗ 1 ∗ 0.95 ∗
(𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑎 ) ((106.3 + 273.15) − (22 + 273.15))

hr = 8.3974 𝑤 ⁄𝑚2 . 𝑘

𝑄𝑟 = ℎ𝑟 ∗ 𝐴𝑠 ∗ (𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇2 ) = 8.3974 ∗ 0.0112 ∗ (106.3 − 22) = 7.928 𝑤

Assuming that there is moving air, thus it is safe to assume the there is no heat transfer of
heat via convection. 𝑄conduction = 0

𝑄𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 + 𝑄𝑟 + 𝑄convection → 𝑄convection = 𝑄𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 − 𝑄𝑟 − 𝑄conduction

𝑄convection = 𝑄𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 − 𝑄𝑟 − 𝑄conduction = 30 − 7.928 − 0 = 22.072 𝑤

To find heat transfer coefficient of convection:

𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 22.072 𝑤
ℎ𝑐𝑣 = = = 23.3766 𝑤 ⁄𝑚2 𝑘
𝐴𝑠 𝜟𝑻 0.0112 𝑚2 ∗ (106.3 − 22) 𝑘

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The average heat transfer coefficient:

𝑸̇ 30 𝑤
̅ =
𝒉 = = 31.774 𝑤 ⁄𝑚2 . 𝑘
𝑨 𝜟𝑻 0.0112 𝑚2 ∗ (106.3 − 22) 𝑘

Calculations (Theory):
𝒖 𝑳𝒄
𝑅𝑒 =
𝝂
At 𝑇𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑚 = 64.15 𝐶 , 𝑃𝑟 = 0.72309. 𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝑚2 ⁄𝑠) = 1.64 ∗ 10−5 . 𝑘 = 0.02809
from Fig.1.

𝒖𝑳𝒄 1 𝑚𝑠 −1 ∗ 0.106 𝑚
𝑅𝑒 = = = 6.46 ∗ 103
𝝂 1.64 ∗ 10−5 𝑚2 𝑠−1

Since the value of Re is less than 5 ∗ 105 , thus it would behaves like Laminar flow, and a
good approximation for Nu is:

𝑁𝑢 = 𝒉 𝑳𝒄 ⁄𝒌 = 0.664 𝑅𝑒 0.5 Pr1/3

𝑁𝑢 = 𝒉 𝑳𝒄 ⁄𝒌 = 0.664 (6.46 ∗ 103 )0.5 0.723091/3 = 47.892

ℎ𝑐 = 𝑁𝑢 𝑘⁄𝐿𝑐 = 47.892 ∗ 0.02809⁄0.106 = 12.692 𝑤 ⁄𝑚2 . 𝑘

Efficiency

𝑚̇ = 𝑢 ∗ 𝜌 ∗ 𝐴𝑠 = 1 𝑚⁄𝑠 ∗ 1056.6 𝑔⁄𝑚3 ∗ 0.0112𝑚2 = 11.834 𝑔⁄𝑠

𝑄𝑐 = 𝑚̇ ∗ 𝐶𝑝 ∗ (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ) = 11.834 𝑔⁄𝑠 ∗ 1.164 𝑗⁄𝑔 𝑘 ∗ (21.7 − 22) 𝑘 = 4.132 𝑤

𝑸̇ 4.132
𝜂 = = = 13.77%
𝑷 30

Discussion & recommendations

The theoretical value in the free convection is lower than the actual value by a factor
of 1/2. A similar observance is noticed for the forced convection. This behavior may be
caused by poor isolation used in the device.
From fig.2 and fig.3, both results do behave close to the theoretical predictions. (1-
3) according to M.A.Mitchell (2), the correlation between the air velocity and the
temperatures difference is negative correlation (4). The higher the velocity of the air, the
lower the temperatures difference. Which indicate the increase in the convection term and
the cooling efficiency.
Recommendations:
 Start the experiment earlier to let the system reach steady state condition.

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 Since the device shut-down at a power higher than 30 watt while we are doing
the experiment, it is recommended to check the Device.
 Start the experiment at lower powers such as 5 watt instead of 10 watt. To get
more accurate results.

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Figure 1 the properties of air (density, heat capacity, thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, Dynamic Viscosity and Kinematic Viscosity) as a function of temperature.

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 85.000

80.000
Ts-Tin (k)

75.000

70.000
0.500 1.000 1.500 2.000 2.500 3.000 3.500
U (m/s)

Figure 2 ΔT VS velocity

3.500

3.000

2.500

2.000
U(m/s)

1.500

1.000

0.500

0.000
95.000 97.000 99.000 101.000 103.000 105.000 107.000
Ts(C)

Figure 3 velocity VS temperature of the heating surface

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References

1. ÇENGEL, Y. A. (2002). Heat transfer: a practical approach. Boston, Mass, WBC McGraw-Hill.
2. Mitchell, M. A. (1985, July). Effects of air velocity on convective and radiant heat
transfer from domestic fowls at environmental temperatures of 20° and 30°c. British
Poultry Science, 26(3), 413–423. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668508416830
3. Cho, Y. H., & Liu, M. (2010, July). Correlation between minimum airflow and discharge
air temperature. Building and Environment, 45(7), 1601–1611.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2010.01.008
4. Correlation - Correlation Coefficient, Types, Formulas & Example. (2019, November
24). BYJUS. Retrieved May 15, 2023, from https://byjus.com/maths/correlation/

Appendix
Item
Details

Duct Nominal internal cross section:128mmx75mm= 0.0096 m2Approximate length:

850mm
Nominal air velocity: Greater than 3.8 m/swith flat plate. Normal experiment
-1
velocity:3.5m.s or less.
Probe positions (away from heat transfer surface):
7.5 mm,19.5 mm,31.5 mm, 43.5 mm, 55.5 mm and 67.5 mm

Heater output and Maximum power approximately 100W Displayed resolution 0.1 W
display

Flat Plate Net Dimensions:160 mmx140 mm x 55 mm and 810 g

Plate materiall:3mm thick Aluminum
Total surface area:106 mm x 106 mm=0.0112m2
K-type thermocouple on back side of plate surface.

Finned Surface Net Dimensions:160mmx140mmx125mm and 1227 g

Flat plate with six fins at right angles to the plate.
Plate material:3mmthick Aluminum 106mm x106 mm

Fin material: Stainless Steel

Fin dimensions
Fin material: Stainless
:90mm x73mmSteel x1.5 mm thick.
Fin dimensions
Total : 90mm2 x(including
surfacearea:0.092m 73 mm x ends
1.5 mm thick. Totalsurfacearea:0.092m2
of fins)
(including
K-type endscouple
thermo of fins)
on backside of plate surface.
Pinned Surface K-type thermocouple on backside of plate surface.
Net Dimensions:160mmx140mmx125mmand1836g

Flat plate with18 pin straight angles to the plate.

Plate material: 3 mm thick Aluminum106 mm x106 mm

Pin material: Stainless Steel

Pin Dimensions:12 mm diameter x73 mm
Total surfacearea:0.027m2 (including ends of pins)
K-type thermocouple on backside of plate surface.

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