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Tutorial 1 Topic 2 - QP

This document provides 13 questions and answers on solving differential equations using various methods like Euler equations, variation of parameters, power series, Frobenius method, and reduction of order. The questions cover finding general and specific solutions to ordinary differential equations, classifying singular points, and determining series solutions up to the first few terms.

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todlerr101
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
23 views

Tutorial 1 Topic 2 - QP

This document provides 13 questions and answers on solving differential equations using various methods like Euler equations, variation of parameters, power series, Frobenius method, and reduction of order. The questions cover finding general and specific solutions to ordinary differential equations, classifying singular points, and determining series solutions up to the first few terms.

Uploaded by

todlerr101
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Tutorial: Differential Equations and Series Solutions

Q1. Solve the following Euler equation and use your results to find 𝑦(1).

𝑥 2 𝑦" − 9𝑥𝑦′ + 25𝑦 = 0

Answer: 𝑦 = 𝑥 5 (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑙𝑛𝑥), 𝑐1 (PYQ: Jan 2015)

Q2. Solve the following Euler equations.

(a) 𝑥 2 𝑦" + 5𝑥𝑦′ + 4𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 > 0.


(b) 3𝑥 2 𝑦" + 6𝑥𝑦′ + 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 > 0.

Answer: (a) 𝑦 = 𝑥 −2 (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑙𝑛𝑥)


−1⁄ √3 √3
(b) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 (𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝑙𝑛𝑥) + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 6 𝑙𝑛𝑥))
6

Q3. Solve 𝑥 2 𝑦" − 𝑥𝑦′ + 𝑦 = 2𝑥 by using the method of variation of parameters. Then, use
your results to find 𝑦(1).

Answer: 𝑦 = 𝑥(𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑙𝑛𝑥)+𝑥(𝑙𝑛𝑥)2 , 𝑦(1) = 𝑐1 (PYQ: Jan 2016)

Q4. Solve 2𝑦" − 14𝑦′ + 24𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑥 by using the method of variation of parameters. Then, use
your results to find 𝑦(0).
1
Answer: 𝑦 = 𝑐3 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 4𝑥 − 2 𝑥𝑒 3𝑥 , 𝑐4 (PYQ: May 2017)

Q5. The following second order linear ordinary differential equation for 𝑦 as a function of 𝑥 is
given:
𝑦" + 4𝑦 = 8𝑥.

(i) Find the general solution of the above differential equation by using the method of
variation of parameters.
(ii) Find the specific solution with the initial values 𝑦(𝜋) = 1 and 𝑦′(𝜋) = −6.

Answer: (i) 𝑦 = 𝑐1 cos (2𝑥) + 𝑐2 sin (2𝑥) + 2𝑥


(ii) 𝑦 = (1 − 2𝜋) cos(2𝑥) − 4sin (2𝑥) + 2𝑥 (PYQ: Jan 2022)

Q6. Solve the following initial value problem.

(a) 𝑥 2 𝑦" + 𝑥𝑦′ + 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦(1) = 1, 𝑦′(1) = 2


(b) 𝑥𝑦" + 𝑦′ = 𝑥, 𝑦(1) = 1, 𝑦′(1) = −1/2

3 𝑥2
Answer: (a) 𝑦 = cos (𝑙𝑛𝑥) + 2sin (𝑙𝑛𝑥) (b) 𝑦 = 4 − 𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 4
Q7. Find the ordinary and singular points of the following equations.
(a) 𝑦" + 𝑥𝑦 = 0
(b) (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 6)𝑦" + (𝑥 + 3)𝑦′ + (𝑥 − 2)𝑦 = 0

Answer: (a) All points are ordinary points.


(b) Singular points: 𝑥 = 2, −3. All other points are ordinary points.

Q8. Use power series method to solve the following differential equation. Leave your answer
until the first four non-zero terms.
𝑦" + 2𝑥𝑦′ + 2𝑦 = 0

[Hint: Let y =  am x m as x = 0 is an ordinary point]
m =0
2
Answer: 𝑦 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥−𝑎0 𝑥 2 − 3 𝑎1 𝑥 3 + ⋯ (PYQ: Jan 2015)

Q9. Find the power series solution for 𝑦" − 𝑥𝑦′ + 10𝑦 = 0 about the ordinary point x = 0.
Leave your answer until the first four non-zero terms.
3
Answer: 𝑦 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥−5𝑎0 𝑥 2 − 2 𝑎1 𝑥 3 + ⋯ (PYQ: Jan 2016)

Q10. Find the power series solution for 𝑦" − 4𝑥𝑦′ − 4𝑦 = 0 about the ordinary point 𝑥 = 0.
Leave your answer until the first four non-zero terms.
4
Answer: 𝑦 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥+2𝑎0 𝑥 2 + 3 𝑎1 𝑥 3 + ⋯ (PYQ: May 2017)

Q11. Given the differential equation 𝑥 2 𝑦" + 5𝑥𝑦′ + (𝑥 + 4)𝑦 = 0.

(i) Show that 𝑥 = 0 is a regular singular point.


(ii) By using Frobenius method, determine the indicial equation, its roots, the recurrence
relation and the Frobenius solution of this differential equation.
−𝑎𝑛−1 1 1 1 𝑥
Answer: (ii) 𝑟 = −2, 𝑎𝑛 = , 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 4 − 36 + ⋯ (PYQ: Jan 2022)
𝑛2

Q12. Determine the singular points of the following differential equations. Then, classify each
singular point as regular or irregular.
(a) (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 6)𝑦" + (𝑥 + 3)𝑦′ + (𝑥 − 2)𝑦 = 0
(b) 𝑥 2 (1 − 𝑥)2 (1 + 𝑥)𝑦" + 2𝑦′ + 𝑦 = 0

Answer: (a) RSP at 𝑥 = 2, −3 (b) RSP at 𝑥 = −1, ISP at 𝑥 = 0, 1

Q13. Consider the differential equation 𝑥 2 𝑦′′ − 5𝑥𝑦′ − 2𝑥𝑦 + 9𝑦 = 0.

(i) Find one series solution by using the method of Frobenius. Leave your answer until the
first three non-zero terms.
(ii) Hence, use the reduction of order method to find a second linearly independent solution
of the differential equation. Leave your answer until the first three non-zero terms.

Answer: (i) 𝑟 = 3, 𝑦1 = 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 4 + 𝑥 5 + ⋯
(ii) 𝑦2 = 𝑦1 (𝑙𝑛𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 5𝑥 2 + ⋯ ) (PYQ: May 2021)

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