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Solved problems..TE

Transportation Engineering (APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University)

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Example 4.2 n c e fo r d e s ig n s p e e d
d is ta
te th e sa fe s to p p in g s ig h t a tw o Ja n e ro a d
C a lc u la a ff ic o n
fo r (a ) tw o -w a y tr
o f 50 k m p h n a si n g le Ja n e ro a d .
a y tr a ff ic o
(b ) tw o -w re a c ti o n ti m e o f
.3 7 a n d
c o e ff ic ie n t o f fr ic ti o n a s 0
Assume
onds
driver as 2.5 sec

Solution ra k in g d is ta n c e
e (E q . 4.4) = la g d is ta n c e + b
p in g d is ta n c
S to p
v2
== Vt + 2gf

- 50 ec
= 50 k m p o r v
h = 3 _6 = 13.9 m /s
V
g = 9.8, f = 0.37
t = 2.5, 2
nce = 13.9 x 2 .5 + 13.9
2 X 9.8 X 0 .3 7
S to p p in g d is ta
= 34.8 + 26.6
= 6 J .4 m
m a y a ls o b e c a lc u la te d
v e ly , th e s to p p in g d is ta n c e_
Alternati . s fo ll ows : ..
fr o m E q u a ti o n 4 2 a

S D = 0.278 Vt
V2/254 f + 2

= 0.278 X 50 X 2.5
5 0 +
254 X 0 .3 7
= 61 _4 m
p p in g s ig h t d is ta n c e } g d is ta n c e = 6 1 .d m
(a) S to
e re a re tw o Ja n e s = s to p p in
w h e n th '

p in g s· - h t a· . two-way traffic with

S to p ist~nce fo r .8. s in g le
(b)
la n e = tg .
nce] = 2 X 6 1 .4 = 1 2 2
2 [s to p p m g d is ta

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Examp le 4.J
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Ca lcul utc th e mm1mum sight di stance requi red to avoid a

head-o n co lli sion o f tw o ca rs approa chin g from the o pposite
directions at 90 and 60 kmph . Assume a reaction tim e of 2.5
seconds, coefficient of friction of 0 .7 and a brake effici ency of
50 percent, in either case.

Solution
Stopping distance for one of the cars (Eq . 4, 1) .
vi
SD . metres = vt + -2gf
90
V1 = 90 kmph, v = . = 25 m!sec.
36
60
V2 = 60 kmph, v = _ = 16.67 m/sec.
36
As the brake efficiency is 50%, the wheels will skid through
50% of the braking distance and rotate through the remaining
distance. Therefore, the value of coefficient of friction
developed f may be taken as 50% of the coefficient of friction,
i.e., f = 0.5 X 0.7 = 0.35.
The stopping distance for the first car SD1
25 2
= 25 X 2 · 5 + 2X 9.8 X o'}s
= 153.6 m
2
For second car, SD2 = 16.67 X 2.5 + 2 x 19 _6.67
8
X .
0 35
= 82.2 m.
Sight distance to avoid head-on collision of the two
approaching cars = SD1 + SD2 = 153.6 + 82.2 = 235 .8 m.

E:xample 4.4
Calculate the stopping sight distance on a highway at a
descending gradient of 2% for a design speed of 80 kmph.
Assume other data as per IRC recommendations.

Solution
To tal reaction time t ma-y be taken as 2.5 seconds and design
coefficient o f fr iction as f = 0.35 .

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r H IG H W A Y E
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N G i N E E. R IN G
V = 80 k m p h ; n = - 2 0;/o = - 0 .0 2
g = 9.8 m/sec1 .
V =
80~ = 22.2 ro
/sec.
3 .b
S S D l"n ro a d w . .
it h g ra d,e
' . given ,n
a t ,s E q . 4. 3 a n d 4 . 4
2 .
Fron1 E q n . 4.3 V
'
, SSD = vt + 2
g ( f ± n¾ )

22. 2 X 2 .5 + 2
w: :i
22. 2 2
)( 9.8 ( 0 .3 5 - 0 .0
2)
-= 55 .5 -\- 7 6 .2
s: s \3 \. 7
Alternatively, u m say 1 3 2 m
si n g E q n . 4.4

SSD = 0.278 V. t + 254 ( f ±v• 0.01 n)

= 0.278 X 80 X 2.5 80 2
-r- 254 ( 0 .3 5 - 0 .0
2)
= 55 .6 + 76.4 = 132 m .
Example 4.5
C a lc u la te the
v a lu e s o f (i)
(ii) Interm ed ia H e a d li g h t s ig
te si g h t d is ta n h t d is ta n c e a
speed o f 65 k m c e fo r a high nd
p h . A ss u m e s w a y w it h a d e s ig n
u it a b ly a\\ th e
d a ta re q u ir e d
Solution .

V = 65 kmph;
Assume f = 0
.36,
t = 2 .5 secs.
(i) Head li g h t si g h
t di st a n c e = S S D = 0 .2 7 8
V t +- V"'
254 f
= 0.278 X 65 X 2
5+ 651
• 2 5 4 X 0 .} 6
(ii) = 91 .4 m
ln ic rm e d ia te s
ig h t d is ta n c e =
2 SSD = 2 x 9
433 1 ;4 = 182.8 m
· · O,ertaking S ig
ht DisbytaNicole
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If all 1h ~n,
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Example 4.6
The speed of ove rtak ing and ove rtak en vehicle
s arc 70 and
roa d. If the
40 kmph, respectively on a two way traffic9
acceleration of ove rtak ing vehicle is 0.9 9 m/s ec
•

(a) calculate safe overtaking sight dis tan ce

mention the minimum length of overtaking zon
e and
(b)
sho w
{c) draw a neat-sketch of the ove rtak ing zone and
the positions of the sign posts.

Solution
(a) Overtaking sight distance for two way traffic
= d1 + d2 + ds (Eq. 4.5)
veh icle A
Assume the design speed as the speed of ove rtak ing
V = 70 kmph
70
v = j] = 19.4 m/sec.
40
Vb = 3.6 11. I m/sec.
::::z:

Acceleration, a = 0 .99 m/ sec per sec.

d1 = Vb t
=2 secs) .
. (Adopt t
= I 1. I
X 2 = 22.2 m
d2 = vb.T + 2.s
S = (0. 7 Vb + 6) - (
T= ~
--
J4 = V{4--~ -
>< ,-3 8-
0.7 X
II. I+ 6) = 13 . 8 m
a
0.99 = 7.47 secs
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.LJL.:,Jl\JL"'t 1q~

d9 = 11.l X 7.47 +2 X 13.8 = 110.5 m

d.s = v. T
= 19.4 X 7.47 = 144.9 m
0.S.D. = d1 + d2 + ds
= 22.2 + 110.5 + 144.9
= 277 .6 m, say 278 m
(b) Minimum length of overtaking zone = 3 (OSD)
= 3 (d1 +d2 +ds) for two-way traffic = 3 x i78
= 834 metres
Desirable length of overtaking zone = 5 x (OSD)
=5 X 278= 1390m
(c) The details of the overtaking zone are shown 10
Figure 4.16.

SlJ1 • SISN F)OST , .. OVEIHAl.tN, ZONE lHEAO •

Pl . Sig,, POST, •. ENO OF OVUTAalNS ?ONE"

Figure 4.16 Overtaking Zone (Example 4.6)

Example 4.7
Calculate the safe overtaking sight distance for a design speed
of 96 kmph . Assume all other data suitably.

Solution
O.S.D. = (d1 + d2) for one-way traffic
= (d1 + d2 + da) for two-way traffic
V = 96 kmph
Assume Vb = V - 16 = 80 kmph and
A = 2.5 kmph/sec. (from Table 4.7); t = 2 secs.
d1 = Downloaded
0.28 Vb t = 0.28 X 80 X 2 = 44.8
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150 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING

s = (0.2 Vb + 6) = 0.2 x 80 +6= 22 m

T -- ✓ 14.s A __
'\J[14.42 _X5 22 = ll 3
. secs.

d2 = 0.28 X 80 X 11.3 +2 X 22
== 297 m
ci3 = 0.28 V T = 0.28 X 96 X 11.3
= 303.7 m
O.S.D. on one-way traffic road = d1 + d2
= 341.8 m; say 342 m
O.S.D. on two-way traffic road = d1 + d2 + da
= 645.5 m; say 646 m
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