Received December 3, 2021, accepted December 30, 2021, date of publication January 11, 2022, date of current version

January 20, 2022.

Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3141977

An Industrial Cloud-Based IoT System for

Real-Time Monitoring and Controlling
of Wastewater
RANYA M. M. SALEM1,2 , M. SABRY SARAYA2 , AND AMR M. T. ALI-ELDIN 2, (Senior Member, IEEE)
1 C9Wastewater Treatment Plant, C9 Zone, Port Said 52411, Egypt
2 Computer Engineering and Control Systems Department, Faculty of Engineering, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt

Corresponding author: Amr M. T. Ali-Eldin ([email protected])

ABSTRACT Wastewater treatment is considered the most important process for reducing pollutants in
wastewater to levels that nature can cope with. At many sewages treatment plants, industrial wastes cause
more difficulties in the treatment process than any other single problem where the plant operators have to
deal with. These plants may not be designed to handle these types of wastes and the accelerated deterioration
of sewage treatment plant structures. In this paper, we propose a new industrial IoT cloud-based model for
real-time wastewater monitoring and controlling. The proposed system monitors the power of hydrogen (pH)
and temperature parameters from the wastewater inlet that will be treated in the wastewater treatment plant,
thereby avoiding impermissible industrial wastewater that the plant cannot handle. The system collects and
uploads real-time sensor readings to the cloud via an IIoT Wi-Fi Module. Additionally, it reports observed or
identified unexpected industrial wastewater inlets via SMS notifications and alarms and controls the valves
of the gates. This is needed to change the path of the water to the industrial wastewater treatment plant that
can treat this type of wastes. Experimental work shows the effectiveness of the proposed system compared
to related work.

INDEX TERMS Internet of Things (IoT), Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), industrial wastewater, sensors,
cloud-based IoT.

I. INTRODUCTION to release untreated wastewater. In addition, highly efficient

Wastewater treatment is a method of improving and purify- wastewater treatment technologies are in short supply, as are
ing water by removing some or all pollutants, allowing it water quality monitoring and control systems [3]. Biolog-
to be reused or returned to the environment. Surface water, ical treatment is now used in the majority of wastewater
such as rivers, the ocean, or groundwater are both possible treatment plants. Biological treatment is an essential part
destinations for discharge. When untreated or inadequately of any wastewater treatment system [4]. It is a technology
treated wastewater is discharged into water sources, it pol- that cleans water primarily by the use of bacteria, proto-
lutes the water degrading the quality of the water. Egyptian zoa, and maybe other specialist microorganisms. The ben-
authorities enacted Law 48 (1982) to safeguard the Nile efit of biological therapy over other treatment techniques
River and waterways from pollution. According to the law, such as chemical oxidation, thermal oxidation, and so on is
which is recognised by Decree No. 8-1983, only treated efflu- evident, both in terms of capital investment and operating
ents are permitted to enter and be released into waterways. costs. As a result, it has solidified its position in any inte-
The requirements and specifications for issuing the license, grated wastewater treatment plant. The discharge of indus-
as well as the logistics of applications, are clearly defined [1]. trial wastes into municipal sewerage systems causes some
However, due to a shortage of infrastructure, technical objectionable effects on the biological treatment operation by
and institutional expertise, as well as financial resources, affecting bacterial growth which is one of the main factors
Egypt, like many other developing countries, continues of the biological treatment success. Temperature, pH value,
oxygen, and toxic substances are the most critical elements
The associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and that influence bacterial growth rate [5]. All of these elements
approving it for publication was Xiao Liu. can be managed within a biological treatment system to

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
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maintain optimal bioenvironmental conditions for microbial water (acidic or alkaline). However, wastewater monitoring
growth. Both treatment and the environment are affected by is still done manually, with site visits, samples, and lab
the acidity or alkalinity of wastewater. The pH scale is a testing, which are incapable of meeting today’s monitoring
logarithmic scale that measures the inverse concentration of criteria, which emphasize continuous monitoring of water
hydrogen ions. Lower pH readings indicate increased acid- pollution [11]. Chemical pollution of water from local and
ity, whereas a high pH indicates increased alkalinity (pH industrial wastewater become a public concern, especially in
of 7 is neutral). To maintain beneficial organisms, the pH developing nations, where only 8% of the total wastewater
of wastewater should be kept between 6 and 9 [7]. Acid, is treated [1]. As a result of the growth of IoT in indus-
cleaning chemicals, and other pH-altering substances can trial and environmental monitoring, a viable solution for
render wastewater treatment ineffective. Due to the effects dynamic, continuous, and real-time wastewater monitoring
of temperature, accurate measurement and reporting of pH has emerged. In this paper, an integrated cloud-based IoT
data have been a long-standing issue. The temperature of model is developed to monitor the inlet wastewater to the
wastewater is essential for two factors: (1) temperature affects Sewage treatment plant. The following is a breakdown of
biological processes, and (2) temperature has an impact on how the paper is organised. Section II discusses the Industrial
chemical processes, reaction proportions, and aquatic life. Internet of things (IIoT) and its Contribution to wastewater
Because of molecular dissociation, as the temperature of any management. Section III presents a review of the IoT liter-
solution rises, the viscosity reduces, the mobility of its ions in ature. Section IV describes wastewater monitoring and con-
the solution increases, and the number of ions in the solution trolling system challenges. Section V presents the proposed
rises. Since pH translates the values of the concentration of system. Section VI introduces a comparison study. Finally,
the hydrogen ion into numbers between 0 and 14, so any section VII concludes the paper and forecasts possible future
change within the temperature of wastewater causes a change work.
in pH. Most biological treatment systems operate in the 20◦ C
to 40◦ C temperature range. Aeration tanks and percolating II. INDUSTRIAL INTERNET OF THINGS (IIoT) AND ITS
filters operate at a temperature of the wastewater that ranges CONTRIBUTION IN WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT
from 12◦ C to 25◦ C, even though air temperature and airflow The Internet of Things (IoT) is predicted to be the next
rate have a major impact on heat loss in percolating filters. phase in the information revolution, ushering in the societal
The biological activity and metabolic increase as the temper- transformation that will compete with the internet. IoT has
ature increases, resulting in faster elimination of substrate. become a common word in several fields in recent years.
Increased metabolism at higher temperatures, on the other Several attempts have been made in this way [12]–[14],
hand, may cause oxygen limitations [7]. which described the IoT as a collection of interconnected
The importance of IIoT has been demonstrated by its use devices that can send, process, or receive data with or without
in mission and safety-critical systems. Because it handles the need for an Internet connection. According to Juniper
critical and sensitive data, a detailed search is required to Research [15], by 2024, the total number of Internet of Things
determine its susceptibility to security issues. In recent years, connections will have increased to 83 billion, up from 35 bil-
IIoT security has been a prominent topic in academia. Secu- lion in 2020. The industrial sector was highlighted as the
rity Goals and needs for IIoT systems have been examined main driver of this expansion in the research. The increased
by several researchers [8]–[10], and a variety of solutions use of private networks that utilize cellular network standards
have been offered to solve various security difficulties in IIoT. is expected to drive this expansion, according to the report.
As a result, we still have to develop or modify the appropriate The Internet of Things (IoT) is expected to be the latest
security solutions for IoT scenarios to match the particular technological revolution, affecting many aspects of daily life.
requirements in IIoT for the security concerns that exist in It has revolutionized the way humans and robots commu-
both IoT and IIoT. Because of the differences between IoT nicate and interact. The IoT revolution has now entered the
and IIoT, IIoT has its own set of security concerns, which industry field, ushering in the 4th industrial revolution [16].
are primarily focused on securing critical industrial control The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) has emerged because
systems. IIoT development provides traditional industry sys- of the widespread deployment and expansion of IoT devices
tems with connectivity, real-time intelligence, and scalability. in the industry, allowing organizations to reduce quality
It does, however, create new attack surfaces for industrial management costs and increase operator productivity. IIoT
systems. Existing security solutions are becoming less effec- enables previously unimagined interactions between technol-
tive and applicable as the number of interconnected networks ogy, software, and humans. Manufacturing systems become
and devices grows. To solve the security issues posed by smart with unique advantages in production agility, quality,
IIoT to traditional industry systems, new security designs and efficiency when IIoT capabilities are integrated with
and practices are required. Monitoring the wastewater inlet artificial intelligence tools.
into the plant is important to provide early detection and IIoT is a subsection of the Internet of Things that is aimed
alerts in cases of impermissible wastewater inlet to the sewage specifically at industrial applications and the development of
plant, which is not designed for industrial wastewater treat- industrial communications [17] where aspects like decentral-
ment and the workers are not qualified to deal with such ization, connectivity, and interoperability are all improved.

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IIoT devices collect a large amount of exchanged information III. LITERATURE REVIEW
that has grown in volume, diversity, and complication [18]. The application of IoT and IIoT in environmental remote
As a result, the data volume that IIoT devices must manage monitoring and controlling, especially in water and wastew-
is typically substantially more than that of normal IoT appli- ater quality systems has been discussed in many research
cations. The properties and restrictions of IoT and IIoT have papers. The following shows other existing IoT and IIoT
been analyzed by several researchers [14], [19], [17], [20]. middleware solutions for remote monitoring and controlling
In industrial environments, features like wireless com- water and wastewater quality. In [22], a low-cost IoT-based
munication methods such as Wireless HART, Zigbee, water level monitoring system was presented in real-time.
Wi-Fi, Trusted Wireless, and Bluetooth are becoming more The water data collected from ultrasonic sensors were stored
widespread [21]. When WLANs or cellular networks are on a cloud server (bespoke). A web-based remote dashboard
inaccessible, WiFi Direct (WFD), WiFi Hotspot (WFH), and displays the results of the water measurements, also the pre-
Bluetooth (BT) are three widely used techniques that could sented system used a buzzer alarm and a Twitter handle as
enable wireless connections and communications for IIoT a part of the alerts system. The presented system monitors
devices. The protocols of the application layer which runs the level of the tank of water and alerts users without auto-
on top of them must be minimal and take into account the controlling the water follow into the tank and the reading of
constraints of IIoT devices. As a result, security solutions and the ultrasonic sensors may not give high accuracy of water
protocols developed for the IoT might be used in the IIoT. level.
Wastewater treatment is a complicated process that In [23], a smart water system was developed to prevent
involves a variety of technologies and processes. As a result, water overflow or leakage with auto water pump on/off. The
a wastewater management system typically necessitates a authors used laser sensors for water level detection and the
great deal of upkeep and updates to remain effective. They sensors values transmitted through HC12 [24] to the Adar-
also go through changes when they come into contact with fruit cloud platform via a Wi-Fi module. The cloud platform
water that has varied chemical compositions. Some of the was designed in such a way that would show the graphical
major issues that water treatment system faces are the inabil- representation of water level and instantaneous value of the
ity to automatically optimize processes for varying water con- current status of water. Another work is exposed in [25],
tamination and flow, modifying processes for specific water an implementation of IoT technology to overcome the com-
requirements, and variations in chemical volume adjustments plexity and the high cost of the existing systems by using a
and water chemistry needs. The Industrial Internet of Things Wi-Fi module to send the water parameter data to the server,
creates a network of physical things by using various sen- which can then be displayed on a webserver. The presented
sors as endpoints, allowing for large-scale remote monitor- system reduced power consumption depending on the time
ing. This network enables the responsible authorities to pay interval of sense. However, this approach displays the data on
attention to various operations at a wastewater treatment the webserver and LCD without a graphical representation of
plant. A network of sensors allows for the monitoring of these data by time. In [26], a complete smart monitoring water
various water characteristics such as pH, temperature, pres- quality detecting system is presented. The system is floated
sure, chemical composition, TDS, and so on. This data can and tested at ‘‘Tasik UTeM’’ and the data was collected in
be synthesized into actionable insights using a centralized both offline and online measurements in two assessments.
platform with automation and analytics. Water flow rates A ‘‘WeMos D1’’ Wi-Fi module is used to transmit the col-
throughout the entire treatment facility can also be measured lected sensing data to the ‘‘ubidots’’ platform database for
with smart water flow meters. Using IIoT in water treat- the online assessment. However, their presented system is
ment and management systems allows authorities to track based on two methods for recording the data in the database
water composition and establish an enterprise asset manage- via the ubidots platform and a graphical representation via
ment (EAM) system as well as a computerized maintenance another platform ‘‘Wix Webpage’’ for only two parameters
management system (CMMS). Both systems, in conjunction using pH and turbidity sensors. The work in [27] applies
with IIoT, enable the collection of performance and operating cloud computing in industrial environments. ‘‘Raspberry pi’’,
data for the entire treatment plant. This improves data gather- as a communication module for remote monitoring and con-
ing capabilities and provides real infrastructure monitoring. trol, is used to develop a smart industrial system to detect
Performance characteristics of machines can be monitored abnormal behaviour and equipment failure. Their proposed
utilizing real-time data collected from various embedded architecture is flexible to extend to a wide range of IoT-based
sensors, resulting in increased equipment productivity and applications in which the analysis of collected data sets could
a reduction in maintenance tasks. The Industrial Internet of enable fast and precise decision-making. In [28], the authors
Things (IIoT) in wastewater management can also be utilized proposed a new SCADA system for real-time water quality
to determine residual chemicals after treatment. This data can monitoring that integrates with IoT technology. The data
also be used to determine the efficacy of the treatment process analytics is handled by the SCADA server, which then gen-
and ensure that water quality requirements are fulfilled before erates reports for the web and a mobile app. Meanwhile, they
it is discharged into a body of water. aimed to overcome the disadvantages of the current SCADA

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systems such as the difficulty of adding a new sensor due to IV. EXISTING WASTEWATER MONITORING AND
the wired network between the SCADA and the Plc controller. CONTROLLING SYSTEM
Arduino ‘‘Atmega 328’’ microcontroller and GSM modem Traditional methods of inlet wastewater monitoring involve
were used. The system is small in size, lightweight, and low the manual collection of water samples and the manual read-
in cost, but it could be more effective if it could automate ing of the sensors, followed by laboratory analytical tech-
controlling activities through the system. In [29], the authors niques to enable early detection and warning in the event
provided a MATLAB analysis of a ThingSpeak-based sensing of impermissible inlet wastewater to the sewage plant. Such
and monitoring system for IoT. To implement the IoT opera- methods take a while to execute and are no longer considered
tions, the project used five different types of sensors to sense efficient.
and monitor temperature, light intensity, air quality, humidity,
heat, rain-sensing, sea level pressure, and barometric pressure A. EXISTING SYSTEM COMPONENTS
in the surrounding area. An ESP-8266 Wi-Fi module with The current system for monitoring industrial wastewater dis-
a ThingSpeak cloud configuration enabled the system’s IoT charged into the wastewater treatment plant consists of the
capability. With the ability to execute MATLAB code in the following components:
ThingSpeak channel, the data was read from the ThingSpeak
1. Analog pH electrode: This electrode is used to monitor the
channel for analysis or visualization in MATLAB. Also, data
pH of the wastewater inflow.
could be written to the ThingSpeak channel from MATLAB
2. pH transmitter with display: this device is used to display
and visualized on the channel.
pH readings.
In [30], they presented real-time pH monitoring and con-
3. SCADA system screen: utilized to monitor all instrument
trol system of local wastewater using IoT for gardening and
measurements in real-time.
agriculture applications. The system was programmed to
use a solenoid valve that operates automatically. For online The system works as follows:
monitoring of water pH and temperature, the Arduino Mega Throughout his shift, the worker checks the display num-
2560 and a Wi-Fi transceiver (Wi-Fi shield) were utilized, bers to determine whether they are less than 6.5 or greater
as well as an android app. The microcontroller and Wi-Fi than 9, indicating the presence of industrial effluent. As a
module can transmit and receive and instructions within a result, he will manually close the intake entrance gates to
100-foot interior limit and 300-foot LOS communication prevent this type of water from entering the treatment facility,
range if needed. Locally, the work in [31], to monitor param- redirecting it to industrial wastewater treatment plants. The
eters of wastewater discharged into water sources in the worker records information in his daily report (time, pH read-
Nduruma sub-watersheds, real-time online monitoring inte- ing, action taken), and then notifies supervisors to take action
grated IoT was proposed. The proposed prototype’s IoT capa- by notifying the responsibility. They will monitor the pH level
bility was enabled by a ThingSpeak API cloud to upload until it returns to normal.
sensor data via GPRS internet connectivity. The telerivet The SCADA operator checks the operational status of all
messaging platform was utilized in this prototype to provide equipment as well as the measurements transmitted by all
local communities with a way to send SMS warnings on water devices via the SCADA screen. If he discovers pH values
pollution that has been seen or detected. that indicate industrial wastewater discharge during his mon-
In [32], using IoT, a smart wastewater online monitoring itoring, he will take action by remotely controlling and clos-
system was built to remotely monitor wastewater information ing the gates, and then instructing the personnel to visually
and identify harmful effects. The authors used five smart sen- monitor until the pH values return to normal. The operator
sors to measure the primary five water parameters of heating will produce the SCADA report, which will include the time
value, acidity or alkalinity percentage, total suspended parti- stamp, the reading, the action, and the time stamp for the
cle (TSP), turbidity, and total dissolved solids (TSS). Besides, action.
microcontroller technology involving a GSM-GPRS module The preceding control procedures are not instantaneous,
was used to send the collected data to the webserver through which often results in the discharge of industrial waste
a modem together with a specific website for monitoring going unreported. The existing technology is incapable of
wastewater data. autonomously closing and opening the entrance gates and
To our knowledge, the majority of past research on real- does not include an audible alarm, SMS notification, or alerts.
time monitoring of wastewater parameters using low-cost The major flaws in the current system are listed below.
IoT devices lacks clarity on how to make decisions and
control based on sensor data. Additionally, they employed B. EXISTING SYSTEM LIMITATIONS
pre-existing third-party cloud platforms for data monitoring 1) POOR SPATIO-TEMPORAL COVERAGE
and analysis rather than developing their own. Addition- When we need to collect data generated by various items
ally, there were no additional options for data transmission at the same time and location, a Spatio-temporal covering
in the event of a Wi-Fi connection failure, and there was is particularly effective. The analysis of wastewater quality
no configurable dashboard, custom reporting, or warning data, which must be densely analyzed from both spatial and
services. temporal viewpoints has a significant impact on the efficacy

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of wastewater treatment management strategy. The current which increases the efficiency of the system, (5) adding a
system provides temporally monitoring (hourly) via individ- warning system with notifications such as email, voice alarm
uals with sparse coverage due to a limited number of sensors. and SMS.
Sensors can only be installed at a limited number of locations
due to the high capital cost of installation, especially within A. SYSTEM OVERVIEW
an urban area, as well as maintenance costs. This results in Fig. 1 depicts an overview of the proposed framework
limited Spatio-temporal resolution, which is insufficient to for monitoring and controlling industrial wastewater dis-
understand the exposure of discharged industrial wastewater charged into wastewater treatment plants by collecting data
to the wastewater plant’s inlet and can lead to inaccuracies on wastewater parameters such as temperature and pH. The
in wastewater pollution estimation. The proposed system collected data is uploaded to the webserver which can be
requires high spatio-temporal coverage, auto-monitoring, and retrieved from anywhere in the world. As industrial wastew-
controlling to be more efficient than the current system. ater is detected, an SMS warning is triggered and sent to the
monitoring centre. At the same time, the IoT Module can reg-
2) LIMITED SCALABILITY ulate the solenoid valves to close the inlet gates and redirect
It’s difficult to add additional sensors to the existing system the water to a treatment plant for industrial wastewater. The
because PLC controllers with Analog/Digital modules were collected data for wastewater parameters (temperature and
used in most of them, and the installation and connection pH) from wastewater pumping stations to wastewater treat-
would be expensive. The proposed system requires scalability ment plants is sent to a database server. The server aids in the
to add more sensors in the same location without increasing prediction of the time of discharge of industrial wastewater to
the cost. the treatment plant as well as the region where the wastewater
is discharged, and this is where the government steps in to
3) MISSING WARNING METHODS FOR THE IMPERMISSIBLE take action against this infraction.
WASTEWATER AND A LACK OF CRITICAL DECISION-MAKING
The current system depends on human monitoring and con-
trolling, however, if the monitored individual is not noticed
this can lead to making harmful in the treatment process and
for the equipment. There are no other warning methods that
can lead to warning the labourers to take immediate action to
avoid harm.

4) LOW EFFICIENCY
The current system needs continuous monitoring and quick
decision-making in the event of discharging industrial
wastewater. In the current system, traditionally used methods
need a large number of workers qualified for dealing with
various types of water for continuous monitoring and con-
trolling, which requires high cost for this number of work- FIGURE 1. Proposed system overview.
ers. High accuracy and high-cost equipment and measuring
instruments, as well as an automatic control system, are Fig. 2 shows the proposed system’s general environment,
required if an automatic control option is chosen to monitor which includes three parts: an IoT sensing device, an IoT
and control the discharging gates and manage the measured gateway device, and an IoT cloud platform. The sensor’s data
data. Moreover, there is no data analysis, daily/weekly report- will be sent to the IoT gateway. After receiving the data, the
ing, or prediction of the industrial wastewater discharge at the IoT gateway device sends it to the IoT cloud platform over
entrance of the treatment plant. a wireless or cellular network connection. Finally, the IoT
cloud platform receives the sensor data and stores it in its
V. THE PROPOSED SYSTEM database for advanced processing of data or built application.
As discussed above, the current system suffers from several With the help of an IoT gateway, the IoT cloud could receive
limitations that harm the efficiency of the Sewage treatment a specific command from users via an application program-
station. To overcome these limitations, our proposed system ming interface (API) and transfer it to an IoT device.
should cover the following requirements: (1) scalability by Fig. 3 shows the building block of the proposed system.
adding several additional sensors as needed at the lowest cost, The system consists of five main components: Power Source,
(2) providing temporal and spatial coverage by monitoring Sensing Devices, IoT-Device to the cloud, Data management,
data in real-time, monitoring more parameters at the same and cloud-to-user interface. The data storage component col-
station and managing and monitoring several stations at the lects the received sensor data that has arrived in the cloud sys-
same time, (3) adding more security options to protect the tem. The data processing component can analyze any stored
system from attacks, (4) analyzing data and preparing reports, data. A web interface allows users to access the collected data.

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FIGURE 2. General environment of the IoT proposed system.

FIGURE 4. Proposed system follow chart.

FIGURE 3. Functional block diagram of the proposed system.

B. SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
Fig.4 shows the flow of the activities of the system. The
architecture of the system is shown in Fig. 5 which consists of
various sensors, communication modules, and a centralized
server. In this architecture, sensors are fitted in the Wastew-
ater plant inlet and used to measure the pH and temperature.
The sensed data is then sent to the IoT Module, which sends
it to the server, where we can monitor all of the data in real-
time, also we can view the data on LCD beside the Location.
The IoT module will control the plant’s inlet valves based on
sensors data to prevent industrial wastewater from entering FIGURE 5. System architecture.

when the sensors readings exceed the setpoint, an alarm

message is sent to the phone using a GSM module, and a
sound alarm is played in the Plant. The valves will return to
their normal mode, which is to open the way for wastewater to
enter until the sensor readings return to normal. When the user
detects warnings from one of the pumping stations, he can FIGURE 6. Nodemcu Esp8266.

control the inlet valves remotely by sending a command to

the server via the monitoring screen, which is received by The NodeMcu Esp8266 module is programmed to check
the IoT module, and the user can predict when the industrial the Wi-Fi connection.
wastewater will arrive at the treatment station. Data collected
on the server helps in the preparation of different reports for
the appropriate authorities.

C. THE HARDWARE PARTS FIGURE 7. SIM 800L.

1) NodeMcu Esp8266 [33]
The proposed system uses NodeMcu Esp8266 to send data 3) DS18B20 TEMPERATURE SENSOR [36]
to the cloud via Wi-Fi connection and it is programmed The proposed system uses DS 18B20 sensor to measure
via Arduino IDE to handle the process of controlling the the temperature of the wastewater at the treatment plant’s
measured data. inlet and pumping stations, the NodeMcu Esp8266 module
is programmed to receive the measured temperature data.
2) GSM MODULE SIM 800L [34], [35]
The proposed system uses SIM 800L to send data to the cloud 4) ANALOG pH SENSOR [37]
via GPRS connection in case of the Wi-Fi connection is lost, The pH of a solution is measured using an analog pH meter,
as well as to send SMS warning alarms to the user. which reflects the acidity or alkalinity. It’s commonly utilized

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the system’s programming code, then compiles and uploads

the program to the NodeMcu Esp8266 module.

2) VISUAL STUDIO
FIGURE 8. DS18B20.
Visual Studio is a useful tool for writing, debugging, and cre-
ating code, and also publishing apps. Beyond the basic editor
in aquaponics, aquaculture, and environmental water testing.
and debugger included in most IDEs, Visual Studio includes
The data from the pH sensor is collected on the analog pin of
compilers, code completion tools, graphical designers, and
the NodeMcu using the BNC adaptor.
a variety of additional capabilities to make the software
This analog signal is converted into a digital signal using
development process easier. The proposed system uses the
the ADS1115 16-Bit Analog to Digital Converter (ADC).
Visual Studio platform to develop a web form for monitoring
real-time data and controlling the equipment remotely via the
cloud, as well as building reports for data analysis.

E. IoT CLOUD
Integration of the Internet of Things (IoT) and cloud comput-
ing has the potential to maximize the use of both. Because IoT
FIGURE 9. Analog pH sensor.
systems are mostly made up of interconnected widespread
and constrained devices, they can take advantage of essen-
tially unlimited cloud entity resources, such as storage and
5) ADS1115 4-CHANNEL 16-BIT ADC MODULE [38], [39] compute capabilities, to store and process their sensed data.
Adafruit Industries made a 4- Channel ADC board based IoT could improve cloud computing by broadening its reach
on IC ADS1115 which is suitable for microcontrollers that to include real-world applications. To put this concept into
require ADC with high resolution, Over I2C, the ADS1115 practice, and to provide an interaction layer between IoT
provides 16-bit precision at 860 samples per second. and cloud computing those accounts for a wide range of
network communication protocols as well as security and
data management challenges, a cloud software platform is
required. We were aware of certain IoT cloud services, such
as Blynk, Thingspeak, Google Cloud Platform, Exosite IoT
Platform, Ayla IoT Platform. These have two major draw-
FIGURE 10. ADS1115 ADC.
backs: cost and complexity. One has to pay for those services,
and also needs to learn how to implement all of their services,
It runs on 2V to 5V power/logic, measures a wide range of as well as their APIs and possibly a bunch of other stuff that
signals, and is extremely simple to use. doesn’t seem required by us to be able to just interchange
The proposed system uses an Analog pH meter sensor to bytes between devices. We just want something a little eas-
measure the pH of the wastewater at the treatment plant’s ier, something we can handle ourselves. The main reason is
inlet and pumping stations as an Analog signal, ADS1115 that we want to do it ourselves, we don’t want to rely on
module used to convert the Analog signal to a digital signal, a third party to connect our devices, and because we’ll be
the NodeMcu Esp8266 module is programmed to receive the designing the code and hardware for our devices, it seems
measured pH data as a digital signal. like a good idea to establish our ways of connecting them as
IoT devices as well. The second reason is that it is important
D. THE SOFTWARE COMPONENTS to learn how to do it. We will have a better knowledge of
1) ARDUINO IDE the IoT world if we know everything we need to know to
The Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is a get there. Also, because we are quite familiar with php, C#,
Java-based cross-platform framework for programming lan- and Asp.net, we are unafraid to implement anything in C#
guage processing and wiring projects derived from the IDE. or other programming languages for our embedded devices,
It is aimed at teaching programming to artists and other begin- or to implement whatever is required to meet our goals.
ners in the field of software development. It provides a code We built a simple IoT dashboard that can accept various
editor that includes syntax highlighting, brace matching, and IoT device connections, display a list of active devices, and
automatic indentation, as well as the ability to compile and chart the data. Also, the processed data collected from the
publish programs to the board with just one click. A ‘‘sketch’’ sensors were stored in a database. It will also be used for data
is a program or code developed for Arduino. Arduino pro- analysis, data visualization, and data prediction.
grams can be written in C or C++. The Arduino IDE includes We tested this by registering a free hosting account and
‘‘Wiring,’’ a software library derived from the original Wiring creating php pages to receive data from an IoT module via
project that simplifies some common input/output functions. Wi-Fi or GSM module and store it in a database. Dynamic
The proposed system uses the Arduino IDE platform to write web pages in the asp.net language have been developed to

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FIGURE 11. RESTful interface design.

TABLE 1. Request and response of sensor data transmission.

FIGURE 12. Checking the status of IoT modules.

FIGURE 13. A web page for pH reports.

transferred to the cloud, the communication interface contacts

the authentication component to confirm that the relevant IoT
device is legitimate. The identification, sensing, connectivity,
computing, services, and semantics are the parts of the IoT
building block that are all covered in [40].

F. RESTful HTTP INTERFACE

Fig. 11 shows the RESTful HTTP design which is used in
display all data from the database as well as all activated IoT the proposed system. Three main actors are used to design a
devices. New Devices can be added with their details and RESTful HTTP interface: an IoT gateway device acting as an
location of implantation. Daily and weekly reports feature HTTP client, a RESTful HTTP server, and a Database.
have been added for all stored data, including sensor reading First, the IoT devices send the sensor data they have col-
reports, fault reports, and the time of their occurrence. It is lected in the form of an HTTP request. The HTTP server then
also possible to remotely control all IoT devices via the web stores the sensor data in the database and returns a response
server by sending the command to the database and then indicating that the operation was completed successfully.
receiving the command via an IoT device from the database, To send control commands, the user sends the command
this is performed by programming the IoT module using the through the monitoring dashboard, then is uploaded to the
Arduino program. database, and the IoT device will receive it via RESTful
We can further customize it to make it a good fit for HTTP requests. Table 1 shows the request and response
our business. Everything is ours to change, integrate, and formats in detail. The Request code shown below is the
maintain, from data collecting to the end-user experience. The programming code of the IoT module using Arduino IDE.
main concern is always security, this is the riskiest part in
our opinion and we will get over that. The cloud-to-device G. SMS SERVICE
interface, authentication, data management, and cloud-to- The SMS service of the proposed system provides a tool
user interface are the five main components of the proposed for reporting aberrant values and problems. This service is
system. The cloud-to-device interface connects the cloud implemented using the SIM800L module.
platform system to its IoT device counterpart, acting as a data The proposed SMS service handles three types of SMS
transmission endpoint. Before permitting sensor data to be notifications:

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FIGURE 14. Monthly reports of pH values for two different locations.

FIGURE 15. Daily report of pH values.

FIGURE 17. Hardware implementation of the system testing the

developed prototype.

FIGURE 16. All values of selected date.

• Detection of industrial Wastewater discharged into the

wastewater resources and into the treatment plants
which are being detected by sensors. The GSM mod-
ule will send the following SMS notification to the
Control Center: ‘‘Industrial Wastewater Detected in
Location . . . .’’.
FIGURE 18. Installation of the sensors at the test site and IoT module
• The Disconnection of Wi-Fi of any IoT modules. The taking measurements at the test site.
GSM module will send the following SMS notification
to the Control Center: ‘‘Check Wi-Fi Connection of the • No response from any of the IoT modules that the server
Location . . . .’’, then the GSM module will upload the module can detect. The GSM module will send the fol-
data to the Database using HTTP request according to lowing SMS notification to the Control Center: ‘‘Check
the programming of the IoT module. the Power of the Location . . . .’’ (see Fig. 12).

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H. DATA ANALYSIS AND REPORTING SERVICE

Data analysis and the development of reports related to var-
ious data are two of the most critical criteria for follow-
ing up on the efficiency of the system’s workflow and the
continuity of performance. In this proposed system, the data
from linked devices must be processed, and sensor readings
must be reviewed and matched with laboratory reports to
determine the effectiveness of the devices and the validity
of the data according to reality, Also, by analyzing the data
and reviewing the graph of different values at different times,
we can predict future events.
The proposed system provides a set of reports based on a
set of criteria that will facilitate the search and make data anal-
ysis easier and faster, as well as determine the extent to which
they are beneficial. For example, the user can create a Report
for pH data based on the location, the date selected, daily
and monthly data (see Fig. 13). Fig. 14 shows the monthly
report of Average (pH values/day) of two different locations.
Fig. 15 and Fig. 16 show the daily report of (pH values/day)
of the WWTPC9 Location and All data of selected date.
FIGURE 19. Overview of the dashboard at C9 wastewater treatment plant.

• The reading value of any sensor equal Zero, The GSM I. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
module will send the following SMS notification to Sensors are used to collect measurements from wastewater
the Control Center: ‘‘Check the Connection on the at 15-minute intervals. The sensors collect data on the mon-
Sensor . . . . . . . . . of the Location . . . .’’. itoring parameters and send it to the IoT module. The data

FIGURE 20. Live graph of uploaded data.

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from the sensors is processed by the IoT module, as indicated TABLE 2. Comparison between the proposed and existing IoT systems.
in the flowchart (Fig. 4). Fig. 17 shows the hardware imple-
mentation of the proposed system. The system’s functionality
and practical application were verified by testing it at ‘‘C9
Wastewater treatment Plant, Port said, Egypt ‘‘as shown in
Fig. 18. Overview of the monitoring and controlling Dash-
board is shown in Fig. 19.
The Web Server is used to visualize the uploaded sensor
data. Because the system is configured in continuous mode,
it is refreshed every 5 seconds, the data is monitored often
and displayed on every action. The sensing period has been
set at fifteen minutes; however, the monitoring interval can
be modified as needed. As shown in Fig. 20. The obtained
values will be graphed and stored for future use. Web server
live graphs plot live pH and Temperature sensors data as they
are being uploaded to the database via IoT device.
The variations of the sensor’s measurements of the mon-
itored parameters (pH and Temperature) with time for the
pumping stations may be seen in Fig. 20. Also, the monitoring
person can control the gates (OFF/ON the inlet gates) of the
wastewater treatment plant to change the path of the industrial
wastewater to the industrial wastewater treatment plant (see
Fig. 21). Fig. 22 shows the measurements of the monitored
parameters for the Treatment Plant. For example, in Fig. 21,
taking a record of July 28, 2021, the measure of Pumping
station (1), the pH in water decreased from 7.82 at 4:20 pm to
5.18 at 4:36 pm, at 5:05 pm, the pH value decreased from
7.92 to 5.42 at the treatment plant, this variation occurred
about 30 minutes indicating that the industrial wastewater
which discharged into the pumping station (1), the water was
pumped to the treatment plant at the same time and it was
the nearest station to the treatment plant. Because of the high
follow of the discharged industrial wastewater, the sensors in
the treatment plant detected it and the actions were taken as a
result (OFF gates, Buzzer alarm, Red Led, SMS notification b) New sensors can be easily added to the proposed IoT
to the supervisor, alarm notification on the dashboard for system, which increases the reliability and the scalability
the monitoring person). The notification alarms (SMS, web and of the system.
notification) from Pumping stations can allow the supervisor c) The replacing of GPRS-based communication with
to predict the time of the arriving water depending on the WIFI/GPRS-based communication,
follow and the distance between the pumping station and d) communication overhead, and network speed are greatly
the treatment plant, so he can monitor the inlet water by reduced when data rates are high.
visual and detecting the color of water which can tell us by e) Network management enables users to connect to any
experience the type of industrial water. available WIFI network for flexibility of use in different
locations, rather than being restricted to a fixed WIFI
network in the current location.
VI. COMPARATIVE STUDY f) Communication management supports auto transfer mode
In this section, we compare our proposed system to those between WIFI and GPRS connections in the case of WIFI
proposed in [28] and [31] and the outcome of the comparison disconnection to ensure continuous data transfer.
is represented in Table 2. g) The primary advantage of any system is that the operators
The proposed system improves the existing works in the in each station have fast access to various reports to make
following ways: decisions.
a) Using IoT, an integrated sensor is used to analyze h) The proposed system has the advantage of enabling
the accuracy of data in real-time. These sensors remote ON/OFF Control in different wastewater stations.
could share data among various wastewater sta- i) The proposed system provides various alert options.
tions in the city because they are connected to IoT The proposed system can provide an efficient IoT-based
networks. dynamic, continuous, and real-time online monitoring of the

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devices, and more than two sensors can be connected to one

IoT module. The wastewater department can easily analyze
the data and make reports. Further, SMS notifications keep
all administrators up to date on all events and allow for con-
tinuous follow-up, making control, monitoring, and decision-
making easier. It reduces the manpower as less manual work
is needed. The government can identify the company that
discharged illegal industrial wastewater based on the data and
act against the guilty parties.
VII. CONCLUSION & FUTURE WORK
Our main intentions of this research work were to create a
small, economical, flexible, easily configurable, and portable
system that could monitor, and control industrial wastewa-
ter discharged into wastewater treatment plants and prevent
FIGURE 21. Gates & alarms control. damage in the treatment process and equipment and protect
the workers which are not qualified to deal with such type
of water. The system can achieve reliability and feasibility
in the monitoring processing by verifying the parameters of
water and the warnings notifications which made the system
more flexible and controllable. This research protects the
natural ecosystem of water resources. Based on the compari-
son study, the proposed system was found to outperform the
existing system and related work.
More water parameters will hopefully be added in future
work so that all water parameters can be analyzed. Further
improvisation will develop a custom dashboard using the
mobile application would be ideal for such application in
consumer networks. Physical parameters such as DO, tur-
bidity, conductivity, Residual Chlorine, wastewater Flow will
be added to the system using additional sensors to propose a
complete SCADA system that integrates with IoT technology
for real-time monitoring of all pumping stations and treat-
ment plants. Automatic control of all equipment was done
based on results and sending SMS notifications for abnormal
values and necessary actions to be taken by the users. Fur-
thermore, it is vital to protect sensor data communication via
wireless networks from intrusion. Machine learning will be
used to supplement the system, which will be a terrific addi-
tion to the system in keeping with the current developments
in the world.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors are grateful to the staff of the holding company
for water and wastewater ‘‘Canal Cities’’ and to the wastew-
ater treatment plant C9 Staff for their administrative support.

FIGURE 22. Measurements records. REFERENCES

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