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Lecture 9

This document discusses key concepts in applied mechanics including: 1. Calculating the moment of inertia of composite areas and various shapes by integration or using formulas for common shapes. 2. Applying the parallel axis theorem to determine the moment of inertia about any parallel axis passing through the centroid. 3. Defining the radius of gyration and mass moment of inertia, and methods for calculating these values.

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Zulizah Natasha
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24 views

Lecture 9

This document discusses key concepts in applied mechanics including: 1. Calculating the moment of inertia of composite areas and various shapes by integration or using formulas for common shapes. 2. Applying the parallel axis theorem to determine the moment of inertia about any parallel axis passing through the centroid. 3. Defining the radius of gyration and mass moment of inertia, and methods for calculating these values.

Uploaded by

Zulizah Natasha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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KG12903

Applied Mechanics
Ts. Dr. Norzilawati Mohamad
❖ Determine moment of inertia of an area

❖Analysis the moment of inertia of composite area

❖Discuss the mass of inertia


1. Moment of Inertia of an Area
✓Moment of Inertia of an Area by Integration
✓Polar Moment of Inertia
✓Radius of Gyration of an Area
✓Parallel Axis Theorem

2. Moment of Inertia of Composite

3. Mass Moment of Inertia


✓Parallel Axis Theorem
✓Radius of Gyration
✓MoI of 3D Body by Integration
▪ Consider 3 different possible cross-sectional shapes and areas for the beam RS. All have
the same total area and assuming they are made of same material, they will have the same
mass per unit length.
▪ For given vertical loading P on the beam shown on the right, which shape will develop
less internal stress and deflection? Why?

▪ Depends on Moment of Inertia (MoI) of the beam about the x-axis.


▪ Section A has the highest MoI because most of the area is farthest from the x-axis.
▪ So, it has the least stress and deflection
▪ Consider distributed forces ∆ 𝐹Ԧ whose magnitudes are
proportional to the elemental areas ∆A on which they act and
also vary linearly with the distance of ∆A from given axis.

Pressure linearly increase with depth

▪ The ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝐴 is familiar from centroids chapter.


▪ The ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝐴 known as area moment of inertia / second
moment of area
Unit of MoI is 𝑚4 , 𝑚𝑚4 , 𝑓𝑡 4 , 𝑖𝑛4
MOMENT OF INERTIA OF AN AREA BY INTEGRATION
❖2nd moments or moments of inertia of an area with
respect to the x and y axes

❖Evaluation of the integrals is simplified by choosing


dA to be a thin strip parallel to one of the coordinate
axes
❖Rectangular area

❖Formula for rectangular areas may also be applied to


strips parallel to the axes

Notes: Since differential element is dx, y needs to be expressed


in x terms and integral limit must be in x.
POLAR MOMENT OF INERTIA

❖The polar moment of inertia is used when involving torsion of cylindrical shafts
and rotations of slabs.

❖The polar moment of inertia is related to the rectangular moments of inertia


RADIUS OF GYRATION OF AN AREA

❖Consider area A with moment of inertia 𝐼𝑥 . Imagine the area is concentrated in a thin
strip parallel to the x axis with equivalent 𝐼𝑥 .
❖Concentrated area A has the same MOI with respect to x-axis, the strip should place at a
distance 𝑘𝑥 from x-axis.

❖Similar for y-axis,


Example Solution

A differential strip parallel to x axis is chosen for dA

For similar triangles

Integrating 𝑑𝐼𝑥 from y = 0 to y = h


Determine the moment
of inertia of a triangle
with respect to its base
PARALLEL AXIS THEOREM

❖Consider moment of inertia I of an area A with respect to the axis AA’

❖The axis BB’ passes through the area centroid and is called a centroidal axis

MoI of an area about any axis that is


parallel to an passing through centroid
+ product of the area & square of the
perpendicular distance between axes
Concept of Application

▪ Moment of inertia 𝐼𝑇 of a circular area with respect to a


tangent to the circle

▪ Moment of inertia of a triangle with respect to a centroidal


axis
▪ The moment of inertia of a composite area A about a given axis is obtained by adding the
MoI of the simple components areas with respect to the same axis

Refer
textbook for
properties of
composite
areas
STEPS FOR ANALYSIS

1. Divide the given area into a simpler shaped parts.

2. Locate the centroid of each part and indicate the perpendicular distance from each
centroid to the desired reference axis.

3. Determine the MoI each simpler shaped part about the desired reference axis using
the parallel-axis theorem.

4. The MoI of the entire area about the reference axis is determined by performing an
algebraic summation of the individual MoIs obtained.

(NOTE: MoI of hole is substracted)


Example

The strength of a W14x38 rolled steel beam is increased by attaching a plate to its upper
flange.
Determine the moment of inertia and radius gyration with respect to an axis which is
parallel to the plate and passes through the centroid of the section.
SOLUTION:

1. Determine location of centroid of


composite with respect to a coordinate
system with origin at centroid of the
beam section
2. Apply parallel axis theorem to
determine moments of inertia of beam
section and plate with respect to
composite centroidal axis
3. Calculate the radius gyration from the
moment of inertia of composite section
SOLUTION

STEP 1
SOLUTION
STEP 2

STEP 3
Example

Determine the moment of inertia of the shaded area with respect to the x axis.

SOLUTION:

1. Compute the MoI of the bounding


rectangle and half-circle with respect
to the x axis.
2. The MoI of the shaded area is obtained
by subtracting the MoI of the half-circle
from the MoI of the rectangle.
SOLUTION
STEP 1
SOLUTION
STEP 2

NOTES:

1. The MoI had to reference the same axis


2. The parallel axis theorem had to be applied twice to the semi-circle.
▪ The mass MoI of a body is a measure of the body’s resistance to
angular acceleration. Since it is used in dynamics to study
rotational motion.

▪ Angular acceleration about axis AA’ of the small mass ∆m due


to application of a couple is proportional to 𝑟 2 ∆𝑚

▪ For a body of mass, m the resistance to rotation about axis AA’


❖MoI with respect to the y coordinate axis

❖Similarly to MoI with respect to x and z axes

❖ Unit used are 𝑘𝑔. 𝑚2 or 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔. 𝑓𝑡 2

Note: r is perpendicular distance from the axis to arbitrary


element dm
PARALLEL AXIS THEOREM

❖If the MoI of body about an axis passing through the body’s mass center is known,
then, the MoI about any other parallel axis can be determined
❖For the rectangular axes with origin at O and parallel centroidal axes

❖Generalizing for any axis AA’ and a parallel centroidal axis


RADIUS OF GYRATION
▪ The radius of gyration, k for a concentrated mass with equivalent mass MoI
▪ Unit of length
MOMENTS OF INERTIA OF 3D BODY BY INTEGRATION

❖MoI of a homogeneous body is obtained from double or triple integrations

where ρ is constant
Common
geometric
shapes of
Moments of
Inertia
EXAMPLE

Determine the moments of inertia of the steel forging with respect to the xyz coordinate
axes, knowing that the specific weight of steel is 490 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 3

SOLUTION

1. With the forging divided into a prism


and 2 cylinders, compute the mass
and moments of inertia of each
component with respect to the xyz
axes using the parallel theorem
2. Add the moments of inertia from the
components to determine the total
moments of inertia for the forging
SOLUTION
SOLUTION

Add the MoI from the components to


determine the total moments of inertia

𝐼𝑥 = 4.88𝑥10−3 + 2 2.59𝑥10−3
= 10.06𝑥10−3 𝑙𝑏. 𝑓𝑡. 𝑠 2

𝐼𝑦 = 0.977𝑥10−3 + 2 4.17𝑥10−3
= 9.32𝑥10−3 𝑙𝑏. 𝑓𝑡. 𝑠 2

𝐼𝑧 = 4.88𝑥10−3 + 2 6.48𝑥10−3
= 17.84𝑥10−3 𝑙𝑏. 𝑓𝑡. 𝑠 2

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