parallelpart

E E
t t
t

anytime
IV

3V g t t ran

A me
ZU

r
It Ing
Rx
KILIFI
2 At RR 3 R Rx Rx 2

2 2122 0
12 2RRx

Rx
2RIFIN
R I BR
i
 Mixed combination of batteries

Initiate
noms
Hiiiii time firm
i

imine timi time

E
me

I t t t rut ME
Im

Problems related to bulbs Heaters

Power P low
rating
µ voltage rats
V 220 V

be used to find the resistance

i This information can

give
instrumntr
IJ is operated
Rating means that when the instrument
then power is P
at the potential diff quad to u
 Rit
I HI 102

25 volts
108 Rt 62 5W
I V

pÉÉ ÉÉ m 25

R
5

Sr

Bulbs in series Bulbs in parallel

mmmm
Ei

Lt
Power output Pr i
E at Power output
E Ez
a P

less power rating more rating more brishtne

more power
brightness

Initiation.it
I 1

Find the total power associated with n identical bulbs

 in Series

Sa
Pty ihr n

netrin
It
In
Electrical Instruments

Galvanometer
current carrying coil experiences a

tonne
Angle of deflection is proportional
I I
if
to current

In electrical circuits a galvanometer is represented as

o
FatihI resistance y coil

Conversion galvanometer into ammeter

of
tie I me i
z
a IA

I IANNI iÉÉiE
 In order to measure the current the resistance offered

must be as small as possible

by galvanometer
connect small resistor
In order to do that
a
we
very
This resistor is called
in parallel to the galvanometer
shunt
Requivalent
1472
I Rsk Ra
y
I Rs

I insane
tied

IaRa I Ia

I Ia
Rt
Ex In a galvanometer coil resistance is Ra 2oz

and full deflection current is 1mA find the shunt

resistance to be used to convert it into an ammeter

range o 20mA
of
19mA Rs
20Mt
1mA Ra

amp EIA
me
Rs
26 1 051
 S

Conversion into voltmeter

of galvanometer

I'T 1 T
IFT
Tew k d amyl
lov
102 resistor we
To measure the parental diff across

current to pass through

small
can allow only a
very
the galvanometer and
this can be achieved by adding
series with the galvanometer
a large resistance in

Ligament Ia
mmmm
Ra Rs
G
a

shunt
voltmeter

Reading Pd across galvanometer Ia Rat Rs

Ra 202 and
Ex In a galvanometer of cost resistance
current 1mA And Rs shunt resistance
full deflection
voltmeter of range
to be used to convert it into
O 10 V

Sd Readies Ia Rat Rs
10 1mA 20 Rs
 Rs 9980 r

Potentiometer

t
I
ÉÉ Primary circuit
team e
stnocndnatr Resistance R

g
ftp.y resistance per unit
hmm length X Be

with the atc and

It the
jockey makes contact wire
no deflector
if galvanometer shows
The length is measured the scale attached to
n using
the wire AB

N length
balancing

In primary circuit Dra c

T Rae Ea Xn

In external secondary
circuit

current in this branch

Since there is no

DVA c Eo

This means Eo
E X
 T X
E

Primary DVA s X

1
III

8
1 5

t.tt
i

DV X1648
primary
mm

LEE
DVsecond 9.5
II g
 9.5
ftp.m
x1048
t 5
a

unknown resistance
Meter bridge

piety

Meterbridge is used to find the resistance of unknown

resistance x

It is based on the principle wheatstone bridge

g

Fix t
hea When galvanometer has no
current

NM To minimise the error the null point point where

galvanometer shows no
deflector must be closer to the

midpoint of the wire prove it yourself

wet
x R
Capacitance