Republic of the Philippines

SURIGAO DEL NORTE STATE UNIVERSITY

Narciso Street, Surigao City 8400, Philippines
“For Nation’s Greater

FACE DETECTION AND RECOGNITION DOOR LOCK SYSTEM

Partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

Bachelor of Science in Computer Science

Surigao Del Norte State University

Manliguez, Jimboy C.

Tampus, Rayjewel A.

2023

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SURIGAO DEL NORTE STATE UNIVERSITY
Narciso Street, Surigao City 8400, Philippines
“For Nation’s Greater

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Biometrics is a type of identification that is unique to an individual and is used in

a variety of security systems.[1] The Face Detection and Recognition Door Lock System

will be designed to be user-friendly and accessible. This paper discusses a face

recognition system that is designed and implemented for doors resulting in smart doors

based.[2] The system will use a camera to capture images of people who are attempting

to enter the premises. A given face is compared to the faces kept in the database in

order to identify the individual in the face recognition methodology.[1] The system

recognizes the registered faces very fast and controls the hardware part to be unlocked.

[3] This study aims to develop a Face Detection and Recognition Door Lock System that

combines the latest advances in computer vision and machine learning to provide a

secure and convenient solution.

The use of facial recognition technology for access control purposes has been

gaining increasing attention in recent years, as it provides a more secure and

convenient alternative to traditional methods such as keys or access cards.[4] Security

system plays an important role in providing an extra layer of security through user

authentication by which illegal intrusions can be easily tracked at the entry itself.[6] In

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industries such as healthcare or finance, where sensitive information is stored and

accessed, facial recognition technology can be a valuable tool in ensuring that only

authorized personnel are allowed access.

Modern society places a high priority on door lock security because traditional

locks and keys have been shown to be unsuitable for ensuring adequate security. Using

obsolete or subpar locks that burglars can easily pick or bypass makes homes,

businesses, and other properties susceptible to theft and other security breaches.

Another problem is that door locks aren't adequately maintained and cared for; as locks

age or get damaged, they lose some of their functionality. Certain door locks could not

offer enough defense against specific security risks, such as forceful entry or

sophisticated hacking techniques, necessitating the use of extra security measures like

electronic locks or reinforced doors and windows. Key duplication risk is another

problem, as conventional keys are simple to duplicate and allow unauthorized access to

restricted places. This problem can be solved by biometric security systems, such as

the Face Detection and Recognition Door Lock System, which do away with physical

keys in favor of using biometric information to permit entry. Door locks must also take

privacy and data protection into account because biometric security systems may

gather sensitive personal information that must be safeguarded against unauthorized

access or misuse.

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“For Nation’s Greater

In order to solve these problems, we must use contemporary technologies.[1] Since

a person's face is indisputable linked to their identity, it cannot be imitated.[5] Biometric

systems use distinctive biological characteristics, such as fingerprints, iris patterns, and

facial recognition, to identify people and restrict access to specific locations. Facial

recognition technology has recently risen to the top of the list due to its usefulness and

precision. Given its ability to quickly and reliably identify people while preventing

unwanted access, facial recognition technology has established itself as a trustworthy

and efficient technique of access management. As technology continues to grow, we

may expect even more complex and sophisticated door lock systems, with expanded

capabilities such as real-time monitoring and remote access management, further

boosting the security and convenience of access control systems.

Statement of the problem

Access control systems are super important for keeping people and places safe

and private, whether it's a home, a business, or a government facility. But sometimes

traditional methods like keys and cards can be risky because they can be lost or stolen.

That's why some people are thinking about using technology like facial recognition to

make things more secure and convenient. But using this kind of system can be tricky

because there are lots of ethical, legal, and technical issues to think about, like how to

keep people's data safe and make sure the system is fair for everyone. So, the goal of

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“For Nation’s Greater

this study is to figure out how to create a really secure and ethical Face Detection and

Recognition Door Lock System that solves these challenges and works well for

everyone, while still respecting their civil rights and privacy.

General objective

The objective of this study is to use computer vision and machine learning

techniques to create and implement a Face Detection and Recognition Door Lock

System. By employing facial recognition technology to identify authorized people, the

system promises to offer a safe and practical option for restricting access to buildings.

Specific objectives

The following are the precise objectives of this study:

1. To conduct experiments and test the system's accuracy, speed, and

dependability to assess how well the system provides secure and practical

access control.

2. To show how facial recognition technology may be used to improve security

measures in a variety of contexts, including residential, commercial, and

industrial ones.

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3. To offer suggestions for additional biometric system research and development

as well as potential upgrades to the Face Detection and Recognition Door Lock

System in order to boost convenience and security.

Significance of the study

The development of a reliable face detection and recognition door lock system is

important in enhancing the security and convenience of homes and offices. This study

aims to contribute to the advancement of this technology by investigating and

implementing different face detection and recognition theories and approaches. The

significance of this study is highlighted by the following potential benefits:

1. Improved security: A face detection and recognition door lock system can provide

a more secure alternative to traditional lock and key systems, as it ensures that

only authorized individuals can gain access to a building or room.

2. Enhanced convenience: With a face detection and recognition door lock system,

there is no need for individuals to carry keys or remember passwords. Access

can be granted automatically by simply scanning their face.

3. Accessibility: This system can be particularly useful for individuals with

disabilities who may have difficulty with traditional lock and key systems.

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Scope and limitations

Scope

Kindly provide the scope according to the modules that are to be created in the

system, enumerate and discuss each functions / modules.

The Face Detection and Recognition Door Lock System is a new technology that

promises to improve security and convenience when entering private areas. In order to

authenticate people and offer a more secure means of access control, facial recognition

technology is deployed. This work intends to solve privacy issues associated with facial

recognition technology as well as develop and verify a machine learning algorithm for

the Face Detection and Recognition Door Lock System.

Limitations:

1. The dataset used in this study might not be representative of the total population

and might not take age, gender, and ethnicity into consideration when analyzing

variances in facial features.

2. Environmental elements like illumination and camera angles may have an impact

on how well the facial recognition system performs.

3. The study ignores the social and ethical ramifications of the technology in favor

of concentrating on the technological features of the facial recognition system.

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“For Nation’s Greater

4. The study does not take into account the potential drawbacks of the door lock

system in instances like emergencies where prompt access is necessary.

5. The efficacy of the system in situations where people purposefully change their

appearance to avoid being detected by the face recognition system is not

examined in the study.

Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

An innovative door lock system that recognizes authorized people and grants

them entrance using image recognition technology. The study of [7] discusses the

significance of security in daily life and the weaknesses of conventional door locks,

including lock picking and key duplication. The authors also go through the system's

implementation specifics and the difficulties they ran into while developing it.

A study by Liu et al. [8] proposes a deep learning-based facial recognition system

for public security applications. The authors emphasize the importance of accurate and

efficient facial recognition technology in enhancing public security measures. The

proposed system utilizes a deep convolutional neural network to extract and analyze

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facial features, achieving high accuracy in identifying subjects from a large database of

images.

The possibility of applying facial recognition technology in a variety of

applications, such as security systems and attendance management, is highlighted by

the study [9]. The system created for this study offers a cheap and effective

replacement for conventional access control methods. Their study demonstrates the

possibilities of facial recognition technology in numerous applications and offers helpful

insights into creating a face recognition system using a Raspberry Pi. The study's

findings may be helpful to academics and professionals involved in computer vision and

intelligent security systems.

The study of Ma et al. [10] focuses on the use of facial recognition technology in

the context of access control systems for residential buildings. The authors describe the

development of a facial recognition-based access control system that utilizes a cloud-

based platform for centralized management of user data and system configurations.

The system is designed to be highly scalable, accommodating large numbers of users

and devices, while maintaining robust security features.

Dealing with different lighting situations is one of the primary challenges in face

detection. It may be challenging for the system to reliably distinguish faces when lighting

conditions change. This may result in false positives or false negatives when the system

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incorrectly recognizes the authorized user or fails to identify the authorized user. The

study of [11] also pointed out that the quality of the training photos could have an impact

on the system's effectiveness. To get around this problem, scientists trained the

algorithm using a dataset that had lots of high-quality photos.

A research article by Kim et al. [12] investigates the potential of facial

recognition technology in improving the efficiency and accuracy of border control

processes. The authors discuss the limitations of current border control systems, such

as long wait times and manual identification processes, and propose a facial

recognition-based system that can streamline and automate the identification and

verification of travelers. The system is evaluated through a series of experiments,

demonstrating its high accuracy and efficiency.

In a related study, Iwan et al [13] describe a Raspberry Pi-based facial detection

security system for office doors. The authors discuss the significance of security in

office settings and how conventional security measures like key locks and access cards

have drawbacks in terms of convenience and security. The technology takes a picture

of the person who is blocking the door and compares it to a database of pictures of

approved people. The system unlocks the door if the person's face matches one of the

photos that are already on file; otherwise, entry is denied. They ran a number of tests to

gauge the system's effectiveness, and the results revealed that it can accurately identify

authorized people 93.33% of the time.

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The study of Ng et al. [14] explores the ethical implications of facial recognition

technology in the context of law enforcement and public safety. The authors highlight

concerns over privacy, bias, and discrimination, and discuss the need for regulatory

frameworks to ensure the responsible development and use of facial recognition

technology. The article presents a comprehensive review of existing ethical frameworks

and guidelines, and proposes a set of recommendations for policy makers, law

enforcement agencies, and technology developers.

A similar study was finished by Sahani et al. [15]. The study comes to the

conclusion that the suggested security system can offer a safer and more practical

replacement for conventional home security systems. According to the authors, the

system may be enhanced even more by adding other security features like voice

recognition and remote monitoring.

A review article by Wang et al. [16] provides a critical analysis of the current state

of facial recognition technology and its potential applications in various fields. The

authors examine the technical challenges and limitations of facial recognition

technology, as well as the ethical and legal issues surrounding its use. The article

concludes with a discussion of future research directions and the need for

multidisciplinary collaborations to address the complex issues related to facial

recognition technology.

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In the study of [17] the creation of a safe room access system utilizing facial

recognition technology is discussed. Although facial recognition technology has many

advantages, privacy and security issues are also raised by it. The fact that facial

recognition technology can offer a high level of security is one of its key advantages.

Facial recognition systems can accurately identify people, unlike conventional access

systems that depend on keys or cards, prohibiting unwanted access. Yet, there are

privacy issues associated with the usage of facial recognition technology. Individuals'

biometric data, including their faces, is gathered and stored via facial recognition

technology. The privacy and security of people could be jeopardized if hackers or other

nefarious actors were to get access to this information.

Synthesis of review

Facial recognition technology is becoming increasingly popular for various

security applications, including access control systems and border control processes.

Several studies have explored the potential of this technology and its limitations. Some

studies, such as [7], have focused on developing innovative door lock systems that

utilize image recognition technology to grant access to authorized individuals. Other

studies, like [8] and [9], have explored the accuracy and efficiency of facial recognition

systems in identifying subjects from a large database of images. However, ethical

concerns over privacy, bias, and discrimination have also been raised, as highlighted in

studies such as [14] and [16]. As facial recognition technology continues to evolve and

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gain widespread use, multidisciplinary collaborations and regulatory frameworks will be

necessary to address these complex issues.

Studies like [11] have addressed the difficulties with facial recognition systems,

including various lighting conditions and the caliber of training photos. Like the method

described in [10], researchers have created scalable facial recognition-based access

control systems for residential buildings that maintain strong security characteristics.

Facial detection security systems for office doors and residences, respectively, have

been the subject of several studies, such as [13] and [15], and they provide more useful

and practical alternatives to traditional security measures. These papers show the many

uses for facial recognition technology and provide important information on how these

systems are created and put into use.

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Chapter 3

TECHNICAL BACKGROUND

Theoretical Framework

The theoretical basis of this study is based on the theories of machine learning

and computer vision. The goal of computer vision research is to develop methods and

tools for extracting visual data from the environment. Machine learning, a subfield of

artificial intelligence, focuses on developing algorithms that can identify patterns and

make predictions based on data. Specifically, this study draws on the following existing

theories and concepts:

1. Feature-based theory: The feature-based theory is another commonly used

approach in face detection and recognition door lock systems. This theory

involves identifying specific facial features such as the eyes, nose, and mouth to

identify individuals. The basic idea behind this approach is that the arrangement

of these features in the face is unique to each individual and can be used to

distinguish one person from another.

2. Template matching approach: In order to identify a match, this method compares

the input image of a face with a collection of previously saved templates. This

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method can be useful for recognizing well-known people, but it might not perform

well if the input image is of poor quality or if the subject's look has dramatically

changed after the template was made.

3. Neural network-based approach: In this method, a deep neural network is trained

to recognize facial patterns and features in input photos. This method has the

potential to be highly accurate and is adaptable to many lighting and

environmental settings.

4. Eigenface theory: Eigenface theory is a commonly used technique in face

recognition systems that involves the use of Principal Component Analysis (PCA)

to extract a set of eigenfaces from a dataset of face images. This theory can be

effective in recognizing faces under various conditions but requires a significant

amount of training data to extract meaningful eigenfaces.

Door lock systems that use face detection and recognition technology can benefit

from a combination of these approaches to achieve the best results.

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Conceptual Framework

Figure 1. The Conceptual Framework of Face Detection and Recognition Door Lock
System

The conceptual framework of a study provides a visual representation of the

research problem, which is used to guide the study design and data collection. The

conceptual framework will consider how these hardware components can be integrated

with the approaches to achieve the desired outcomes.

Discuss the Figure 1 according to the flow. Provide each item a specific

discussion that is relevant to the project.

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Input Data (where to input the data? Will you use database? what is input data

mean, what type of data need to be input, what is the use of the data in the project?)

Image Processing (what do you mean of image processing?, how this image be

processed based in the design of the project? Discuss the considerations if any more on

technical side)

Feature Extraction (What is feauture extraction? How this extractions works?

When it will work? Dicuss the technical backgroud of this)

Classification of the image using KNN Algorithm (how this classification of image

works, what is the use of the KNN Algorithm in this concern)

Output (discuss the type of output)

Please include also the notification process, especially the condition if its a guest,

allowed guest wherein the owner of the house must interact in the system through

mobile...)

Hardware components:

1. Microcontroller: A microcontroller will be used to process the data received from

the camera and perform the necessary computations for face detection and

recognition.

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2. ESP32 Camera: This is the main hardware component for capturing images and

videos of faces in front of the door lock. It has a built-in camera module and can

connect to Wi-Fi for sending data to other devices.

3. Servo Motor: A servo motor is used to control the lock mechanism of the door. It

can be used to lock or unlock the door when a face is recognized.

4. Power Supply: A power supply, such as a battery or AC adapter, will be required

to power the ESP32 camera and microcontroller.

5. LED Indicator: This component provides visual feedback to the user, indicating

whether the door is locked or unlocked.

6. Communication module: A communication module, such as Wi-Fi or Bluetooth,

can be used to connect the system to a smartphone app or a central server for

remote monitoring and control.

By combining the approaches and hardware components, this study aims to

develop a face detection and recognition door lock system that can improve security

and convenience in homes and in other aspects.

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“For Nation’s Greater

Chapter 4

METHODOLOGY

The researchers aimed to develop a face detection and recognition door lock

system mechanism. To achieve this, researchers followed a methodology that included

data collection, preprocessing, feature extraction, classification, hardware

implementation, and evaluation.

Data collection

Data collection involved gathering a dataset of facial images to be used for

training and testing the face recognition system. The researchers selected a set of high-

resolution images and ensured that they covered a diverse range of facial expressions

and lighting conditions.

Preprocessing

In the preprocessing step, the facial images were enhanced to improve their

quality and extract important features. This involved resizing the images to a standard

size, converting them to grayscale, and applying histogram equalization to improve

contrast.

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Feature Extraction

The researchers used the Local Binary Pattern (LBP) technique to extract

pertinent features from the preprocessed pictures for feature extraction. LBP is a

popular technique for texture analysis in computer vision that is renowned for being

reliable and fast to process.

Classification

During the classification process, the face was identified using the K-Nearest

Neighbor (KNN) algorithm. KNN is a straightforward and efficient machine-learning

technique used for regression and classification. On the pre-processed photos with their

matching labels, the authors trained the KNN model.

Hardware Implementation

The hardware implementation for the face recognition door lock system consists

of two main components: a microcontroller and an ESP32 camera. The microcontroller

is responsible for processing and analyzing the facial recognition data received from the

camera, while the ESP32 camera captures the image of the user's face and sends it to

the microcontroller for processing. The system also utilizes a motor to physically lock

and unlock the door. The hardware components are connected through a series of

wires and powered by a 12V DC supply. The system has the potential to enhance

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security and convenience in homes and offices by providing an accurate and efficient

method for door access control.

Evaluation

Evaluation of the system was done by measuring its performance based on

various metrics, such as accuracy, precision, and recall. The researchers compared the

performance of their system with other similar systems reported in the literature.

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[1] Bansal, Aman. Sharaf, Anshu. Keshri, Anand. Alam, Abrar. Sharma, Shruti.
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[2] D. Deshmukh, A. and G. Nakrani, Mahender and L. Bhuyar, D. and B. Shinde, U.

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[3] Afnanul Hassan, Zaria Fahamida, Proloy Sen and Dr. Syed Akhter Hossain
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(086) 827-3742 URL: snsu.edu.ph
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[17] Asep N, Kusnandar K, Arief B. K, Esmeralda C. D, and Robbi R. “Development

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