Isabela National High School- Senior High School

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Isabela National High School

Senior High School

ANTISEPTIC AND ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES AND SKIN-FRIENDLY

PROPERTIES OF NEEM (Azadirachta indica) AND GUDUCHI (Tinospora cordifolia)
AND ITS POTENTIAL AS AN ANTISEPTIC LIQUID BODY SOAP

A Research Proposal
Presented to
The Faculty of Isabela National High School
Senior High School

In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the diploma on
Senior High School
Science and Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Strand

Research Group Members:

Jaypee Almonte

Jennifer Acera

Jhasmin Guzman

Kevin Gatan

Mabeth Delaluna

Angelica Mae Gammad

Sigmound Joaquim Biclar

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Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

In the ever-present fight against the never-ending attack of microorganisms,

antiseptics stand as formidable guardians, protecting human health by preventing or

inhibiting the growth and activity of harmful bacteria, viruses, and fungi. These valiant agents

play a pivotal role in healthcare settings, diligently disinfecting wounds, sterilizing medical

equipment, and preparing skin surfaces for injections, serving as unsung heroes in preventing

healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). Their ubiquitous presence in hospitals, clinics, and

surgical theatres is a testament to their unwavering commitment to patient safety.

According to Allied Market Research and Fortune Business Insights (August 2023),

the antiseptic soap market has grown significantly over the long period, reaching a startling

USD 3.7 billion in 2020. These analyses project a CAGR (Compound Annual Growth Rate)

of 6.3% from 2021 to 2030 and estimate that the market will reach USD 6.9 billion by that

time. The market is growing as a result of increased demand for appealing, effective personal

hygiene products and growing worries over infectious illnesses. However, this buildup is in

response to the environmental and health effects of conventional antiseptic soaps, which have

been found to cause problems like dryness, irritation, and even contribute to antibiotic

resistance (Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, 2019). This has sparked a rise in

demand for natural and eco-friendly alternatives.

The Philippines market for antiseptic soap is expected to grow at a CAGR of 6% from

2023 to 2028, reaching USD 120 million by 2028 (Insights10, March 2023). Personal
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hygiene awareness among consumers is rising, and infectious diseases are becoming more

common, which are the main drivers of this growth. According to the Centers for Disease

Control and Prevention (CDC, March 2023), consumers in the Philippines are emphasizing

the significance of personal hygiene and its role in disease prevention.

Moreover, the predominance of irresistible illnesses, featured by the World Health

Organization (WHO, December 2022), has driven people to look for defensive measures,

further moving the market's extension. In medical care and food handling ventures, there is a

developing interest for antiseptic soaps, as shown by Allied Market Research (August 2023)

because of their part in infection prevention. Moreover, the market has extended with a

different scope of antiseptic soap products, answering Fortune Business Insights' (August

2023) report, mirroring the interest for effective and varied antiseptic solutions.

In the study of Saha & Ghosh (2012), Natural materials with therapeutic efficacy are

gradually gaining prominence in clinical research due to their well-known attribute of having

no side effects when compared to medications. Tinospora cordifolia, is well-known in old

Ayurvedic literature for its extensive use in the treatment of numerous ailments. Recently, the

discovery of active plant components and their biological significance in disease control has

sparked worldwide interest in the plant.

A 2020 study in the "Indian Journal of Dermatology" demonstrated the effectiveness

of Guduchi extract in soap, successfully eradicating bacteria and fungi like Staphylococcus

aureus and Candida albicans while remaining skin-friendly. These results underscore

Guduchi's potential suitability as a secure and reliable component of personal hygiene

products. To assess the long-term efficacy and safety of these natural components, it is

crucial to consider that more in-depth research is required.

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According to the study "Effect of Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi) extract on skin

irritation and dryness" (2014) by Kumar et al., the incorporation of Tinospora cordifolia

(guduchi) leaf extract into liquid soap demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory and

moisturizing properties, effectively reducing skin irritation and dryness. The study evaluated

the effects of guduchi leaf extract-infused liquid soap on skin irritation induced by sodium

lauryl sulfate (SLS), a common irritant found in many soaps and detergents. The results

showed that guduchi leaf extract-infused liquid soap significantly reduced skin redness,

inflammation, and irritation compared to SLS-treated skin. Additionally, the study assessed

the moisturizing effects of guduchi leaf extract-infused liquid soap by measuring skin

hydration levels. The results demonstrated that guduchi leaf extract-infused liquid soap

improved skin hydration and reduced skin dryness compared to a control group. The authors

attributed the beneficial effects of guduchi leaf extract to its anti-inflammatory and

antioxidant properties. These findings suggest that guduchi leaf extract holds potential as a

natural ingredient in liquid soaps to alleviate skin irritation and dryness.

In another Study "Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory and moisturizing effects of

Tinospora cordifolia (guduchi) leaf extract in liquid soap" (2016) by Patel et al., the

incorporation of Tinospora cordifolia (guduchi) leaf extract into liquid soap significantly

enhanced the soap's anti-inflammatory and moisturizing properties, effectively reducing skin

irritation and dryness. The study investigated the effects of guduchi leaf extract-infused liquid

soap on skin irritation induced by sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), a common irritant found in

many soaps and detergents. The results demonstrated that guduchi leaf extract-infused liquid

soap significantly reduced skin redness, inflammation, and irritation compared to SLS-treated

skin. The study further evaluated the moisturizing effects of guduchi leaf extract-infused

liquid soap by measuring skin hydration levels and skin elasticity. The results showed that
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guduchi leaf extract-infused liquid soap improved skin hydration, reduced skin dryness, and

enhanced skin elasticity compared to a control group. The authors attributed the beneficial

effects of guduchi leaf extract to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and collagen-boosting

properties. These findings further support the potential of guduchi leaf extract as a natural

ingredient in liquid soaps to alleviate skin irritation and promote skin health.

According to the study "Antibacterial Activity of Neem (Azadirachta indica) Leaf

Extracts" (2010) by Farjana et al., the methanolic extract of neem leaves exhibited significant

antibacterial activity against a range of pathogenic bacteria, including Escherichia coli,

Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Bacillus subtilis. The study

demonstrated that the methanolic neem leaf extract effectively inhibited the growth of these

bacteria at concentrations as low as 3.125%. The authors attributed the antibacterial activity

of neem leaf extract to the presence of various bioactive compounds, including azadirachtin,

nimbidin, and nimbolide. These compounds have been shown to possess antibacterial

properties through various mechanisms, such as disrupting bacterial cell membranes and

inhibiting bacterial enzyme activity. The study concluded that neem leaf extract has potential

as a natural antibacterial agent and could be used in the development of alternative

antibacterial products.

In another study "Antimicrobial Activities of Neem (Azadirachta indica) Oil in Liquid

Soap" (2017) by Iwu et al., the incorporation of neem oil into liquid soap significantly

enhanced the soap's antibacterial activity against various pathogenic bacteria, including

Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhimurium. The study

demonstrated that the incorporation of neem oil at concentrations as low as 1% resulted in a

substantial reduction in bacterial viability. The authors attributed the enhanced antibacterial

activity of neem oil-infused liquid soap to the presence of various bioactive compounds in
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neem oil, particularly azadirachtin and nimbidin. These compounds have been shown to

disrupt bacterial cell membranes, inhibit bacterial enzyme activity, and interfere with

bacterial protein synthesis, leading to effective bacterial inhibition. The study concluded that

neem oil-infused liquid soap holds promise as a natural and effective antibacterial agent for

personal hygiene applications.

The widespread use of antiseptic body liquid soaps has raised concerns about their

potential negative impacts on human health and the environment. The overuse of these soaps

has been linked to the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), a growing global

health threat that renders antibiotics ineffective against bacterial infections. According to the

World Health Organization, AMR accounts for an estimated 700,000 deaths worldwide

annually, and this number is projected to rise to 10 million by 2050.

According to the American Academy of Dermatology (2023), the widespread use of

antiseptic body liquid soaps has raised concerns about their potential to cause skin irritation

and allergies. These soaps often contain harsh chemicals that can disrupt the skin's natural

barrier, leading to dryness, redness, itching, and burning sensations. Individuals with

sensitive skin are particularly susceptible to these adverse effects, as their skin is more prone

to irritation and inflammation. The organization estimates that 15 to 20% of the population

suffers from eczema, a chronic skin condition that makes individuals more susceptible to

irritation from harsh soaps. Additionally, certain ingredients commonly used in antiseptic

soaps, such as fragrances, preservatives, and artificial dyes, can trigger allergic reactions in

some individuals. These allergic reactions can manifest as skin rashes, hives, and swelling.

The Environmental Protection Agency (2023) states that, the use of certain antiseptic

body liquid soaps raises concerns about their potential environmental impact. These soaps
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often contain ingredients that can harm aquatic ecosystems when released into the wastewater

stream. Of particular concern is triclosan, an antibacterial agent commonly used in antiseptic

soaps. Studies have demonstrated that triclosan poses a significant threat to aquatic life,

exhibiting toxicity to fish, amphibians, and other organisms.

The agency has classified triclosan as a probable human carcinogen and has banned

its use in over-the-counter antiseptic products due to concerns about its potential health risks.

Triclosan's persistence in the environment further exacerbates its impact, as it can accumulate

in aquatic organisms and disrupt their hormonal systems.

Beyond triclosan, other ingredients in antiseptic soaps, such as surfactants, fragrances,

and preservatives, can also contribute to environmental pollution. Surfactants, which are the

main cleansing agents in soaps, can disrupt the delicate balance of aquatic ecosystems and

harm aquatic organisms. Fragrances and preservatives, while enhancing the product's appeal,

can also have adverse effects on aquatic life.

To address these environmental concerns, the development of more eco-friendly

alternatives to antiseptic body liquid soaps is crucial. This includes exploring the use of

biodegradable ingredients, reducing the overall concentration of potentially harmful

chemicals, and implementing effective wastewater treatment practices.

This research endeavors to thoroughly investigate the antiseptic potential of neem

(azadirachta indica) and Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia) in liquid soap formulations. The aim

is to create effective and skin-friendly antiseptic body liquid soaps in compliance with

regulatory standards while addressing environmental concerns.

Theoretical Framework
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Stage 1: Preparation

The goal of skin preparation before to surgery is to quickly remove dirt and temporary

flora from the skin (Piyush Durani, David Leaper 2008).

By eliminating dirt and transitory organisms from the skin, preoperative skin antisepsis

lowers the risk of wound infections following surgery. (Alexandra Holmes, Allyson

Lipp, and Peggy Edwards, 2004)

Stage 2. Cleaning

Cleaning physically removes infectious materials and the organic matter on which they

thrive, but does not destroy the microorganism itself. Sterilization is the complete

destruction of all forms of microbial life, including spores. (Himala de Zoysa, Emma

Morecroft 2007)

Stage 3. Application

Application of antiseptic products to the skin plays an important role in prevention of a

variety of health care–associated infections (John M Boyce 2019)

Skin pharmacology and physiologystrategic (2014) Prevention measures such as

standardized skin antisepsis must be implemented and rigorous

Stage 4: Observation and Monitoring

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In Observation and Monitoring healthcare settings, adherence to hygiene protocols [2,

17]. Monitoring hand hygiene compliance is also commonly done by self-reporting and

product usage measurement [18].(National Institute of Health)

Conceptual Framework

In the pursuit of effective and skin-friendly antiseptic solutions, Neem (Azadirachta

indica) and Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia) emerge as promising botanical candidates. These

extracts, deeply rooted in traditional medicine, carry a legacy of antimicrobial properties. The

conceptual framework of this study is anchored in these both ingredients ability to address

specific skin concerns such as dryness and irritation, preventing antibiotic resistance, and

assessing biodegradability and sustainability of this product.

In the course of this study, both variable combined as main composition of our

antiseptic liquid body soap will be tested on various skin types to determine whether they

have will result in more or lesser dryness and irritation, and whether they will provide better

skin benefits particularly in terms of moisturizing, reducing irritation. This product will also

be tested in a turbidity meter which will tell us about their biodegradability, sustainability and

how good are they at preventing antibiotic resistance, specifically on Staphylococcus aureus

and E. coli.

Input Process Output

Antimicrobial and
Antibacterial properties of
Guduchi (tinospora
cordifolia) and Neem Methanolic Extraction Antiseptic Liquid Body
(azadirachta indica) Soap Effectiveness as a
Skin Moisturizer Analyzer
Environmental and Skin- whole of Guduchi
friendly properties of Turbidity Meter (tinospora cordifolia) and
Guduchi (tinospora Neem (azadirachta
cordifolia) and Neem indica)
(azadirachta indica)
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Figure 1. Input, Process & Output model

Research Paradigm

Statement of the Problem

1. How do Neem and Guduchi-infused antiseptic liquid body soaps address specific skin

concerns such as dryness and irritation as measured by hydration levels and skin

sensitivity?

2. How do Neem and Guduchi-infused liquid body soaps differ from regular antiseptic

soaps, and

a. do they provide better skin benefits, particularly in terms of moisturizing, reducing

irritation, preventing antibiotic resistance, all while being affordable and

environmentally friendly?

3. How does the biodegradability and sustainability of Neem and Guduchi-infused antiseptic

liquid body soaps, assessed through turbidity measurements, compare to that of

traditional antiseptic soaps?

Hypothesis

H0: There is no significant difference between the biodegradability of the potential of Neem

(azadirachta indica) and Guduchi (tinospora cordifolia) as an antiseptic body liquid soap

H0: There is no significant difference between the antiseptic ability of the potential of Neem

(azadirachta indica) and Guduchi (tinospora cordifolia) as an antiseptic body liquid soap

H0: There is no significant difference between the specific skin concerns of the potential of

Neem (azadirachta indica) and Guduchi (tinospora cordifolia) as an antiseptic body liquid

soap
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Ha: There is a significant difference between the biodegradability of the potential of Neem

(azadirachta indica) and Guduchi (tinospora cordifolia) as an antiseptic body liquid soap

Ha: There is a significant difference between the antiseptic ability of the potential of Neem

(azadirachta indica) and Guduchi (tinospora cordifolia) as an antiseptic body liquid soap

Ha: There is a significant difference between the specific skin concerns of the potential of

Neem (azadirachta indica) and Guduchi (tinospora cordifolia) as an antiseptic body liquid

soap.

Scope and Delimitations of the Study

This study was conducted to find out the antiseptic activity of the Neem ( Azadirachta indica)

and Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia) extracts.Neem leaf extract offers a natural skin treatment

option with anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties, reducing skin

irritation, healing wounds, promoting collagen synthesis, and reducing acne scars.Guduchi is

a rich source of protein, micronutrients, and secondary plant metabolites like terpenes,

alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, and glycosides.

Additionally, Cagayan States University's laboratory will be used for the antiseptic testing for

this research study, showcasing the potential benefits of guduchi and neem tree leaf extracts

for skin care.

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Significance of the Study

In this research about making Neem (Azadirachta indica) and Guduchi (Tinospora

cordifolia) extracts as antiseptic and antimicrobial body liquid soap, would benefit the

following:

Society. Individuals with minor to severe skin infections stand to gain the most from this

study, as it will lead to the creation of an body liquid soap made from Neem (Azadirachta

indica) and Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia) extracts. This soap will prevent Staphylococcus

aureus infections and accelerate skin infections.

Parents. For them to be informed and to guide their children properly in their proper hygiene

through choosing the best soap for them and to keep them having a healthy skin.

Children. Children are especially susceptible to infectious diseases, so using Neem

(Azadirachta indica) and Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia) extract as antiseptic and

antimicrobial body liquid soap can help to protect them from getting sick.

Future Researchers. For them to have a reference if they would have a topic related

to this study. This research can serve as related study for the future researchers having a

similar topic.

Reseacher. This study will delve into the antiseptic and antimicrobial properties of extracts

derived from Neem (Azadirachta indica) and Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia) It will
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investigate whether these ingredients can effectively prevent and eliminate infections caused

by the Staphylococcus aureus.

Definition of Terms

Neem - Azadirachta indica is the scientific name for the tropical evergreen tree that is used

to make neem. It is well known for having a variety of therapeutic benefits, such as

antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and skin-soothing characteristics.

Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia) - Guduchi, also known as Tinospora cordifolia in science,

is a plant used for medicinal purposes that has been shown to have antibacterial and anti-

inflammatory effects.

Antiseptic and Antimicrobial properties - The word, as used in this study, refers to the

combined ability of the formulated body liquid soap that contains extracts of Guduchi

(Tinospora cordifolia) and Neem (Azadirachta indica) to stop the growth and fight a variety

of skin germs. This comprises pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and other entities. In order to

support skin health, prevent infections, and guarantee proper personal hygiene, the soap is

particularly made to function as a dual-action solution, offering both antiseptic and

antibacterial benefits.

Skin-Friendly Properties - Skin-friendly properties are qualities of a product that are

appropriate for skin application, such as its mildness and lack of irritation.
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Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) - antimicrobial resistance describes the capacity of

microorganisms, such bacteria, to resist the effects of antimicrobial agents, resulting in a

reduction in the agents' efficacy. The study's primary goal is to create a liquid body soap that

efficiently fights dangerous germs while reducing the likelihood of antibiotic resistance. This

will aid in the global drive to practice antimicrobial stewardship.

Methanolic Extraction - Methanolic extraction is a process used to obtain bioactive

compounds from plant materials, such as Neem (Azadirachta indica) and Guduchi (Tinospora

cordifolia).

Skin Moisture Analyzer - An instrument for determining the skin's moisture content is a

skin moisture analyzer. The Skin Moisture Analyzer is a crucial instrument in this study

because it allows us to objectively assess how moisturizing the Neem and Guduchi-infused

antibacterial body liquid soap is.

Turbidity Meter - A turbidity meter is used to quantify the amount of suspended particles in

a liquid that generate cloudiness or turbidity.

Traditional Antiseptic Soaps - These antiseptic soaps are sold commercially and usually

include antibacterial ingredients derived from chemicals or synthetic materials. In this study,

an antiseptic body liquid soap prepared with neem (Azadirachta indica) and guduchi

(Tinospora cordifolia) is compared to typical antiseptic soaps to assess its efficacy and skin-

friendliness.
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Infused -Refers to the process of incorporating Neem and Guduchi extracts into body lotion

preparations. These natural ingredients are often mixed into soaps for their antibacterial and

skin-beneficial properties.

Biodegradability - The ability of a substance (in this case a body wash) to break down

naturally, reducing the impact on the ecosystem. This is an important factor in assessing the

environmental sustainability of manufactured products.

Sustainability - In the context of this study, sustainability refers to the capacity of the

antiseptic body liquid soap formulation to be environmentally friendly, economically viable,

and socially acceptable over the long term.

Environmentally Friendly - characterized by products or activities that have a minimal

negative impact on the environment. An antiseptic body wash is considered eco-friendly if it

addresses issues related to biocompatibility and sustainability

Skin Types - Refers to the classification of different skin conditions such as oily, dry,

sensitive, etc. Understanding how a body lotion interacts with different skin types is

important in evaluating its effectiveness and compatibility

Dryness - Dryness is a skin condition where the skin lacks moisture or natural oils and may

appear rough, flaky or tight. In the context of the study, dryness is the skin concern that the

antiseptic body wash aims to address by improving hydration and preventing excessive

moisture loss.
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Irritation - Irritation is red, itchy, or sore skin that can be caused by a variety of conditions,

including harmful chemicals in skin care products. It is reviewed as an antibacterial liquid

body soap that reduces skin irritation and has a gentle and soothing effect on the skin.

Hydration - Hydration refers to the process of adding and retaining moisture to skin cells. In

skin care, it is important to maintain skin health and avoid dryness. An antiseptic body wash

is supposed to help hydrate the skin, thereby improving overall skin moisture.

Moisturizing - moisturizing means applying products to the skin to retain or restore

moisture balance. This study evaluated the moisturizing properties of an antiseptic body wash

with the aim of making the skin soft, supple and well hydrated.

Environmental Concerns -Refers to issues related to the environmental impact of personal

care products. This research explores how antiseptic body wash can address and reduce

environmental issues such as pollution and non-biodegradability

Antiseptic Body Liquid Soap - The specific product being investigated in this study,

formulated with Neem and Guduchi extracts for potential antimicrobial properties, skin

benefits, and environmental sustainability..

Harmful Chemicals -These are substances that can cause damage to human health or the

environment. The aim of this study was to evaluate and reduce the presence of hazardous

substances in manufactured antiseptic liquid soaps.

Eco-Friendly - This means designing and manufacturing a product with an effort to

minimize its impact on the environment. Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli - Common
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bacteria that serve as indicators to evaluate the antibacterial effectiveness of body wash

soaps. This study examined the product and its ability to kill these bacteria to determine its

effectiveness as a antiseptic.