TOPIC 1 : SCALAR PRODUCT, WORK AND KINETIC ENERGY Scalar Product We have studied how vectors are added or subtracted Physical quanti nt velocity, acceleration, force et, are vectors. We h How weread ttn eae are rutile There are two ways of multiplying vectors, one way is known as scalar product hich produces sealer trom tayo vectors and the others known a8 vector product hich produces anew vector fom two vectors Het we take up the scalar product of two vectors. _ The scalar product or dot product of the two vectors A and & is denoted as AB and is defined as 5 A.B =|A[B |coso ‘here Q isthe angle between two vectors as shown in figure (a, . Since, |), |B | and coso are scalar, the dot product of A and a ‘Sa scalar quantity, Each vector A and B has a direction but ‘28K Scalar product does not have a direction. “om ean. (), we have 4 B= A(B cosd) = BA c0s®)Geometrically, B cos® is the projection of 8 onto A shown in figure (b) and A cos is the projection of A onto & Shown in fy (0.50, A -B is the product ofthe magnitude of A and the component of 8 along A. Alternatively, itis the product of m of B and the component of A along & . Since, A(Bcos®) = B(A cosO), therefore AB = B.A Hence, we can say that the scalar product follows the commutative law. Similarly, the scalar product follows distributive law. A-(B +C)= A.B + A- Cand a(ag)=2(A- 8) where 2 is 2 real number, Now, let us assume three unit vectors 7, j and & along three mutually perpendicular axes X, Y and Z respectively. As cos 0° ie atte Also, cos 90° These two findings will help us to deduce the scalar product of two vectors in three dimensions. Now, let us assume two vectors. HAlt Ait Ak =Bi+8,j+B,k So, thelr scalar product willbe, AB= Wi +Aj+Ab)-8,i+8,j+8,0) o A-B=A8,+A8,+A8, i) Similarly, from the definition of dot product and en. (i), we have, () AA aAR+ ARS AR (oA A =| ANA cose =A (i) A» 8 =0,if A and & are perpendicular to each other, Work Wot is said tobe done by a force on an objec, when the objects dsplaced through some distance inthe direction ofthe apd force. Thus work will be done on the object ony if following two conditions are satisied (i) the force must act on the object (il) the object must move in the direction of the force For example, work is done when a horse pulls a cat, an engine pulls a train, a man goes up a hl etc Work done by a constant force TOK telated to force andthe csplacement over which tats. Consider a constant force F acting on an object of mass‘ (i) When the force acts along the direction of motion : The applied force F displaces the object through a distance s parallel to the line of action of the force or in the direction of force, as shown in figure. 4 =Fxs (i) When the force and dis, Gisplacement & in the object a Placement are inlined to each other : a constant force F acting on the object proiues? ‘Cos® and F sin®, di is the angle between the f lies rae nae a he force and displacement, then the rectangular components of pal Fess te mua a since : on ete im eye one ‘tion of displacement x magnitude of displacementor W=FeosO xs or W= FE ‘Thus, work done by the force is the dot product of force and displacement vectors. In terms of rectangular components, the force and displacement vectors can be written as fl + El +E iEesles]+sh w= Ei+h G+ ER) Gi +5,)+58) or WHFS, + FySy + Fs, Thus, works a scalar quantity -., it has only magnitude and no direction. However, work done by a force can be positive or negative or ze. Werk depends on the frame of reference. Suppose a box is dsplaced in @ bus (moving with constant velocity with respect to the | ground), work done in the frame of reference of bus will be F -d. while as seen from the ground it will be F (d+d,) wee | d: is the displacement of the bus relative to the ground, J Nature of work done Positive work tf force acting on an object has a component in the drection of displacement, then the work done by the force is positive When @ < 90° (acute), cos@ is positive Fees® 5 «. W=Fscos® =a positive value Hence, work done is positive Examples : {When a body falls freely under gravity (8 = 0°), thus work done by gravity on the body falling freely is positive i) When @ horse pulls 2 cart, the applied force and displacement are in the same direction, therefore work done by the horse is positive, Lui) When a spring is stretched, both the stretching force andthe displacement act in the same direction. So, work done by the stretching force is positive. Negative work If @ force acting on an object has a component in the opposite direction of displacement, then the work done by the force is negative. [ we ~ When 6 > 90° (obtuse), cos6 is negative. reso : Examples : (When a body is thrown up, its motion is opposed by gravity. The angle O between gravitational force F and the displacement is 180°, As here @ = 180", - cos180° =~, thus work done by gravity on a body moving upwards is negative (i) When a body slides over a rough horizontal surface, ts displacement i oposite to the force of ction, Thus, work done by the friction is negative. Note that the work done by the applied force is postive (i) When brakes are applied toa moving vehicle, the work done by the braking force is negative. This is because the braking force and the displacement act in opposite directions. Zero work ar Work done by a force is zero if the body gets displaced along a direction perpendicular to the direction of applied force. Es = When 0 = 90°, cos@ = cos90° = 0 Therefore, work done by the applied force is zero, _ Note: The work done is also zero ifthe applied force F or the displacement 5 or both are zero, Examples : . z (“When a body ted to one end of a stings rotated uniformly in a cil, the centipetal force applied along the string and displacement are perpendicular to each other as shown in figure, So, the work done bythe centripetal force is zero. (i) Tension inthe sting of a simple pendulum is always perpendicular tothe displacement ofthe bob as shown in figure. Therefore, work done by the tension is always zero. ° ooDate > Za F | Tey 2 Oh as a cy lama iliby to“ douche. I op aL body fs__meastired by the _amunt—4f T _—twotk—, the _bods Can__Perfarin therepore QE _i)| dimensional Dorma = enexg y= Lau ‘| iil) nergy fs mensuredt tn ante units as the coork Mechanica t Coss. T ——T Kinetic Eneygy Plenttal Energy | a) | pO The energy possessed by 2 bods 7 its molisn ts ate A Yet by uictue A Up ae The amount fee ork done by 2, Ym o. afe = nn | a is = | ( Teacher's Signature+E Fapression i» fe Kinetic Energ fa: The kénel¥c Eneway op a Sed ean be | determined by cabestalt tig ‘Ty amount of work | required bo bitng th booly tnt> ~—mokfon frm Hike tote oP reat® dicen | | a = mass of a bo | IF. as sv ms ceest. of dy ob | | K— 5 —4 ent Hal velocly op the Fs coats Force applted on| I the bo a = acceleration prociued th the | | body tn. the direction af | She force « v = Read veloth, of the body, 8 = distance coveredt by the body i Sistng vw = gas, \ v-0 = gas | v7 = 2as , ry i a= _v i 28 ee ee ae i ee Fm x ye as As the : force ond displacement axe tn the same direction So work done. rte| w= Pe or — [ow = v \ xs. _... Subetlute P= mix. oh ; = |W \ - | — a IS work done onthe body 13 A Meneure 02 ine ti cnergy acquired by the boda - 2. k= 1 mo* 2 we observe that k&m and Kav Le az heavier ea and a. beduy vt, Pasakers . | enol ene, The t al trues Rag “Theorem. Por a Contant Porce \ = eat | Sl f E eV by th on CY e ne forceSuppese a Constant force PR ke aking on the be + gp mass m, tort fe accelerntiors 0 th % y Pptex Coverin a distane 8, thee omens | change in We. veloc’ by op the bedy Prom ub v aptee t Seconds. Using equaten oP ~—-rnolion , | N* — uh = das ' \ Molkiplying both aides by mM. ) we gt 1. my? — 1 mu* = nas 2 2 | By Neustor's gecond = Maw ,/ P=, ma | ! | & Lmwt- Lm = fe = We p 2 \ OR, | | Kp -. kt = WwW (rotBis \ { ve Change in Kinetic enewgy op the body =) j Werk done on the bedy y the fore | \var = fined olfrvectt y * T oocis— tng a _udtioble FETT: Trg as acaete | TACHA We have bb ealoulake ack? "a *™ ne. S__ Pm | ‘Entticl posthion xt 7 bs pinall Lpost fon xp ur ex ie aati it) vorfoble foree Ps ub x ig divided fntp_a (Qarge 1 number Of 2mall__displac ment |oo dw = Pla) ax = ab X bC | = area of veedtangu oe Strip bed. ~Total werk done in moving the body’ Prom at Xp ts gier by we} Ia om } i ye i ey Me Re) ae me ue 1 = Sum oP akeas af all eectang des erected coved all the smalt Aegplecement cn the Qimit when ax +o, the number of / uectangles lends by be . tnpintke, butt the abeve | Summation Approaches a deginike tober udhose Value ts agua to the area unter the | Shade cyeves hon mom dd | “Thus, botal work done 2a)” i W= Lin oF POD ae ny a BU+40 W i ; | - | > { Feo dhe = Gkea, undes the cee | % ' bebween PR and a— a3 | Prom vt to xp Hence, work done by! a vartable ce TS numer! cya > the oreq 4, d { Jor “4 the displacement nig, the forces cunve | eveW =f Plx) dee. ar| | Nv , we = “Lamu divx = mi pae ys Ve t Work de = Changi & kinetic ener “ the 9 body. vod (F Ths as the TTE is measuzed by the amount op work that) a boday or system Can do fn passin from its present posite post Hen Example the Now, onan the limits e Ligeia iy terme op | gee ‘ Concept op TR kenbtad oepyy “Potential nn bee tg ineck Fe eney, pe age ea] “hy } ogthaw ue | @ tts posit fn w Pieed pike oe Hy ad Con) fig abo Cattek zero posibisn, — RB astretrheds bous - string possesses — \ 2) _ ay, W Lm Oy ) W = Lo yy® = Lm 2 2 w= Ke -ke GE configuration 45 aome | stanclaes potential Energy. When it ts orc leased QkkOUD plied tf ak a greek Speed, a ega", , a a — | expt No. Page No. _———_ | Phential—eney Sn ~cintSay toe > ansendlie “force « het us ru SF ye batt upto a Aso | _ the Ate —dene by the" exk Open against a al Le ol _| “This wark gots Storeol "as —| Cilistinad— ara ohn cton — re i en ——— mM — iV a ®ef | Ip his considered a9 vioriable, then the | geavitalfonal force (P _equals reed Qh dexiuokive: op VOh) Vasily ye : - f+ 2d ongh) & GF = —d Vin) = mg 2h mq dhtm* F ™gh * i iL Show S the a Pos poten? ener U lsc: at heh i Phen the Bec vs \ fi Ma Ped. thd prenbd one ved is ley invedt ben PO) Con be cori agan bn rie) Lh iP PO) = -dv dhe This ‘implies Ap ite ) ‘ i nt Wer cc che = per =) Yi Nip ‘ot Co ensenaton oe Mech ance "Daeg 4. ie Us BES { “The - mechanical energ a bs ig the Sum of Kineble | energy and pestle ig op the body. ¥ eli ) sae » Sheodrirte 43 5 8 vat se >a (B= eae , aes o4 O11 Bide ele f ) Prineigle ch = ensenstion = teshonil eed / =e otet ea tet ip the £ He ty a. work on a Sy are conservalve , then the total mechanical energy ap the systen " bs? Con. tant. y ( oy eu ha Cie) eae- : Page No. ___—— _ | Psseme_one~ dimensiene! motion . _——-——— - - Te a - =a a; isplared by @ Tay gn aPRese ts displac by ; | Small__displacement ax Gad the chon apa. Conservative Perce Poe) — 4k = -ki = work done — 4 pt AK = Fe) ax rn) Ktu =F = constant pee | “a ki t= kp Op i a f Taba_mecrniel_enegy 5 sonst ~8s_“Takal mechani ca! — ~ indivi a eens Ue) may chee. _grom one Chale op the WO_and_® “onother but “thir sum Cmechenice) : glen 8 "the _gystem — remains congtank —Reelng Ua reg Tiere Teacher's Signature ive Force 4 _ Onder conservative joree — Ying ON SEr+\Tilee fa a Vekieal —— aadewling -¢_ALhigheat) Circle f/m YR | 1 |Mebion in vertical circle is an 9+ of ef -example a non- wniform Ciruslar | ue ) motion . \ When a body moves Prom lowest — Te S| j » point bo highest point in a circle, ~~ “ff ng B its Speed “decreases and becomes an cn “minimum at the highest point . 4 . ) jSalotalbimechanical energ op the bedly remains conserved as KE is nected ni PB and _ Vice - versa. | bes external forces actS on the body i.e Wejgnt (ng) | of the ‘ood ,» acking vertically doton wards ancl | ee Ct) in the string Gleng Co. | Now, weight Cmg) can be regclved into boo | rectangular Components . ii) mg cos 8, opposite tb Te iD my sine along tangent by the circle at B | Net fore on the bedy at c s acbng along co is _ o co = (7 mq cos 6) This most provide the necessary centripetal | force C7) required 4, the body a vis the \inear _velouity af the. becly, Date, a It — | | | |Teacher's Signature | —$__——| 1 | | | oo nr = Ve-VA> => hry = Ve - rg minimum velo | Ver = hing + 9 - reusiet at th | lowest potnt B | ve” = era => for looping the ~ Vertiel | Circle | > Ab mid groint (cond ®) | | KB = Lmve™ ) PE = mgr mid position | 2 K.£ = _L mve" 5 PE= 0 aa ak B | | 2 | | Ta = ‘To Lapplyin conservation af enewgy | Teta) mechanical: energy atB =~ Total mechaniaal enepyy at c i KEG) + PEG = Kec + Pere) me +0 = Lme + mgr | 2 z | mx 5 = L mvc + mgr | 9 3 2 “ 3 a S mer — mar = mVe | here FSDate : — = |Patenttal TPheg y of a. spring Q) At eqyilibrtum DOORAC __|Pe o S220 ¥5e 6 Ps = Spring Posce —_B)\Stretched ee Po fs negative HORT _ ts Astle —Sferpeeset, EH _| ts negative. eee Soa i - - . : x50. - Theory. lo produce...Compresston.. or = co exleneton tn 0 apting_, tina equal. —}ond. opposite... Porees_are. “apple onthe. | SPxun —— — - a in Mequilibsium.,. restoring force._developed. due to slasticrty of. We Spring ts equal Land. opposite. 4p Othe. applied... Serce.. : ID de pin be amount. of work..has. bo. be. done against. the. kesboring . Porce...developedl. a the. epring clung, both. Compression or._exclmsion othe epying. This. .voork done is Shred a8. clastic ote gnewsy of. Spring. — Teacher's SignatureConsider a block mass rn’ attached b Spring = and. el on @ Smooth Sete) SuePace, other end’ is attoched to “(gba support. Consider Spring to be massless , The positon L=0 18 cquiflostum positon woheyve %e Cepring force) te xero, * When the pring is sbrebched by pulling the dlock a Spring force (®) begin by ack Gn thé Spring Duords” the eqyilibrtum position. &o for the abetched epring ~>o ond Fo | Patenttal eney, a + opr b ophead [Ratetal cnegy fo arty y 8 [Prential enex O.. spi i. je ae c s = akc uae . nm) Te Gisen $i axe _ehouss ye plot - Sis Fe_versus. dieplacement: x op jo. hae itech to. the...pyeeend... of the... 8p’ nftng.. Deca in “by Hooke!s..Jaw ‘the prin force. | fer ont a Xm_ ts. —— d : : NM [tok done. ly the Spy porce fn. an_exlenain | Mm ts a Ws =. Oren. op the. shaded. a = QkeQ OP _A.OBR. _ | =... 98.%_08 = RX xm = 1 Ckxm) Xm = Ws = —- + kee 2. Que be “op posi sign op. ° 5 Se and. x.,..this.uSork, done. M ne gadis. Teacher's SignatureSh order to gtretch_ the spring lowly jan Crteenal Porce F eaqyal ond apposib CJ Fs has tv be applied » 60, work done by the erieenal — Porce ¢ ts = -We = ++ km TKR wok done 78 sted as polentiak energy. => Conservation of energy fo an elasttc spring Consider an eSostic apring with tbs one end attached to a block op moss “m’ and the othee, end attatched t a fixed woll . A ie the normal position of the block tm unstretehed position of the Spring. Now, When the block ts pudled fom Ot & ithe block fe dleplaced through AB= x . “Thos at 8, woosk ts done against the' esting Porce F. Rlentios energy sted fn the spring at ® Ug = 1 kx? ° 2 New, when the block %3 veeleagedl Cena ies veins t> move buds x=0 ce positon 6, on accoun t of spolention Cnergy ohved tn the opr?ng 3 “Polen Hal erevay of oping na , Ua = + kx =o LP x 20heb MTO. ft 1G Ae enhire RE of the Spitng. ts .conveetedd inte Me® ofp the. bod. at A “this fs chy the blodk Cannot... shop at A whee ut Vhas Mai mam cacy — ond... overshoots the x= 0 ‘position. IIE. goes...ovee.. the. postition. .C. cohexe Ac=-x«. % __4 3. P-L af the orig ak C Uc = kw = ae kx Thee, ak C - K€ of the. block fs rosy convertesl_ tato paeech enetgy op. the tom C., tre block moves to tahen.. the entive. |P2. stored in the Springs converted nto kB. “Thos, the block. Keepe on. osetilakin absut the “capil brium position A 1 bebiods Bandc. Iola mechanical ene y fn..alt. the petitans weemain the Same. ‘Let vm tthe maximum “apeeol. “ond. Xm 's the maximam die placement Teacher's Sionature. Spring:Pr ertreme position > . C3} ee bXm and velocity =0 Date : ° - 2 ° eel éo K= tmv =o U e = pe 2 = Mx = mMaxtmuny Valus ertermediate pasitton For any postben between — %m and +2%m , the eneygy is partly Krnetio and portly polentbal . Heee, we have fnvoked the conservation of Mechanicad energy . Tota) Energy =-e€ At any = K+0 Ae ki = him 4 et =z mm z mv + x oa 2 a a mo = Lk Xm aL, koe’ Lmvr = Vik Cate? — x2) ot = & (xp 2D mM = Tk eer 2 9 ar Coen” 2) At the equiltbytum position Weve, x%=0 a va e® =0 ¢§ kz=tmvs Teacher's SignatureDate: _ Me = and polga depends}. ; their ot DO parabe “Teta! ener tena its._._gy Dine & -/-£rerg ; a _ below. = Lohanicol.— & a re a The. reagan “energy CE), Kinebie. CX) Polentiall _ enegg-L (v)_ ustth..distane. Kinetic eners yd Kal ences 0). SO... ON... eo te constant. $0 __ Displace c nent Go. —- h_io..o.... Sra a alle)_o_the “Een DIES Teacher's Signature...=Féwer Tower ts deflheh as the rate Ff Going work, ) Dverage power - TE is the rato of work done to the totag time taken. av = W * Shorter the time taken by machine or person to perporm particule task, Dorger ia the. power of the person or machine . J “nstantaneous TE ie depined a8 the limitin power value ap the average power, 08 time inte¥val approaches Zero. Pe dim 4W = dw ato at aE os Work done ey 0 Force g Por a emall Cisplacene dr’ is given by dw = Fa? Se, instant aneous Power can be expressed 0S Page = Bde 2 P= £2 4 rn stanterneou Velen sha a