TCL038 Engineering Drawings

Participant Guide
SERV1896
Caterpillar Apprentice Service Technician Training Program
TCL038
Engineering Drawings

Published by Caterpillar of Australia Pty Ltd.

1 Caterpillar Drive
Tullamarine Vic 3043
AUSTRALIA

Version 5.0; 2013

Copyright © 2013 Caterpillar Inc.

All rights reserved. Reproduction of any part of this work

without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
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addressed to the Caterpillar Learning Manager, Australia.

This subject material is issued by Caterpillar Inc. on the

understanding that Caterpillar Inc., its officials, author(s) or any
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expressly disclaim all or any contractual, tortious or other form
of liability to any person (purchaser of this publication or not) in
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upon the whole or any part of the contents of this publication.

Caterpillar Inc. expressly disclaims all and any liability to any

person in respect of anything and if the consequences of
anything done or omitted to be done by any such person in
reliance, whether whole or partial, upon the whole or any part of
the contents of this subject material.

Acknowledgements
A special thanks to all concerned for their contribution in the
construction of this program, in particular:

Caterpillar of Australia Pty Ltd

Caterpillar engineers and instructors
Caterpillar dealer engineers and instructors
Business Training by Design Pty Ltd
Olga Stergiou Graphic Design
Fionna Yao - Graphic & Web Design
Contents
TOPIC 1 Engineering Drawings
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Print Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Perspective Drawing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Isometric Drawing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Multi-view Drawing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Multi-View Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Front View Projection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Right Side Projection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Top View Projection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Bottom View Projection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Left Side Projection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Rear View Projection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Six Standard Projections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Six Standard Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Three Common Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
General Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Front Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Top Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Isometric Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Types Of Lines In Engineering Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Visible Lines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Hidden Lines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Center Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Extension Line. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Dimension Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Leader Line. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Detail Symbol Line. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Break Line. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Phantom Line. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Surfaces On Engineering Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
True Length Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
True Surface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Inclined Line. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Inclined Surface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Oblique Line. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Oblique Surface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Curved Lines and Curved Surfaces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Auxiliary Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Oblique Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Inclined Surface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Sectional Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Hidden Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Cutting Plane Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Full Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Partial Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Offset Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Resolved Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Removed Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Broken Out Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Aligned Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Drawing To Scale. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
True Size. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Zero Plane Dimensioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Internal Feature Dimensions And Tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Maximum Material Condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Least Material Condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Threads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Policy On Providing Caterpillar Prints And Related Technical
Information To Dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
General Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Procedures For Requesting Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
 TOPIC 1
Engineering Drawings

Contents

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Print Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Perspective Drawing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Isometric Drawing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Multi-view Drawing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Multi-View Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Front View Projection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Right Side Projection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Top View Projection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Bottom View Projection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Left Side Projection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Rear View Projection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Six Standard Projections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Six Standard Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Three Common Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

General Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Front Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Top Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Isometric Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Types Of Lines In Engineering Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Visible Lines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Hidden Lines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Center Line. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Extension Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Dimension Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Leader Line. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

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Participant Guide TCL038 Engineering Drawings
 Detail Symbol Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Break Line. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Phantom Line. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Surfaces On Engineering Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

True Length Line. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
True Surface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Inclined Line. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Inclined Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Oblique Line. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Oblique Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Curved Lines and Curved Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Auxiliary Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Oblique Views. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Inclined Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Sectional Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Hidden Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Cutting Plane Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Full Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Partial Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Offset Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Resolved Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Removed Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Broken Out Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Aligned Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Drawing To Scale. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
True Size. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Zero Plane Dimensioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Internal Feature Dimensions And Tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Maximum Material Condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Least Material Condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Threads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Policy On Providing Caterpillar Prints And Related Technical Information To
Dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
General Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Procedures For Requesting Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

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Participant Guide TCL038 Engineering Drawings
 Introduction
The term “drawings” refers to all copies, original tracings or working drawings made by an
engineer.
This unit is designed to provide the student with the ability to read a basic engineering
drawing, which has been provided by a manufacturer to conduct modification on a machine,
engine or equipment. It will also provide the information required by the student to produce a
sketch of a part.

Print Reading

Figure 1 – ITP011

Industry uses the term “PRINT” to refer to all types of engineering drawings. The example
shown in Figure 1 is a typical print for the machine component 1TP011.
The body of the print contains the drawing and dimensions, which describe the part. The title
block contains the part name, part number and other details. Almost all CATERPILLAR prints
made today use metric units. Prints that are metric will be marked “metric” on the drawing.
The title block provides the unit of measurement shown on the print. The words “millimeter
dim” in the title block indicate that print dimensions are in millimeters. Dimensions shown on
non-metric drawings are in inches.

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Participant Guide TCL038 Engineering Drawings
 Perspective Drawing

Figure 2 – Perspective Drawing

We see things in perspective. A perspective drawing of a building (Figure 2) represents the

way you would see it in real life. A perspective drawing does not represent the true size or
shape of objects shown, but gives an indication of the space and depth of which an object
occupies. You do not really know if the rear corner is the same height as the front corner
because the perspective drawing does not give that information.

Isometric Drawing
Isometric – defined in the Macquarie Dictionary as: projection or drawing representing a solid
object having three mutually perpendicular axis represented as being equally inclined to the
plane of projection, all lines being drawn to scale.
In Isometric Drawings the angle used for the left and right angled lines is 30° to the horizontal.

Figure 3 – Isometric Drawing

The same building can be illustrated with an isometric drawing (Figure 3). By comparing the
drawings, you can see that in the perspective drawings, the length of the line that represents
the rear corner of the building is shorter than the line that represents the front. In the
isometric drawing, you can be relatively sure that the rear corner is the same height as the
front corner, but you do not have a good indication of the space that the building occupies.

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Participant Guide TCL038 Engineering Drawings
 Figure 4 – Distorted Dimension

When objects are represented on paper, one dimension is always distorted. For example,
shown in Figure 4 is a perfect cube 20mm by 20mm by 20mm.
Even with an isometric drawing some distortion occurs. Although lengths of the lines that rep-
resent the edges are equal, the diagonal lines drawn from corner to corner are not equal.
Distortion also occurs when you look at the shape of a circle on a cube. The circle becomes
distorted.

Multi-view Drawing

Figure 5 – Multi-view Drawing

To eliminate the problem of distortion we use multi-view drawings (Figure 5). Multi-view
drawings have a series of separate views arranged so that each view shows the true shape
of an object when looking at it from a specific direction.

Figure 6 – Cube

In the case of a cube (Figure 6), the only way to represent features such as diagonals or
circles without distortion is to draw the cube once from the front, once from the top and once
from the right side.

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Participant Guide TCL038 Engineering Drawings
 Here is one way of thinking of multi-view drawings. Imagine that the cube shown in Figure 6
is placed between a light source and a projection plane or screen. It casts a shadow on the
screen. The outline of the shadow represents the outline of the object.
Here you see a projection of the front view of the object on the projection screen.
When the object is turned so that the right side is towards the bulb, you see a shadow of the
right side, which represents the right side view.
When the object is turned so that the top faces the bulb, you see a shadow of the top of the
object, which represents the top view.
With these three projections, an object which has width, height and depth, can be shown on a
sheet of paper without distortion.

Figure 7 – ITP012

Figure 7 is a multi-view drawing which has front, top, and right side views. Notice how the
views are positioned.
Width is shown in both front and top views. Height is shown in both front and right side views.
Depth is shown in both top and right views.

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 Multi-View Drawings
Front View Projection

Figure 8 – Front View Projection

We have seen how multi-view drawings can be used to represent objects. Instead of using a
light source to produce outlines, imagine the object inside a cube. The front of an object can
be projected onto the front of the cube (Figure 8).

Right Side Projection

Figure 9 – Right Side Projection

The right side can be projected onto the right side of the cube (Figure 9).

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 Top View Projection

Figure 10 – Top View Projection

The top can be projected onto the top of the cube (Figure 10).

Bottom View Projection

Figure 11 – Bottom View Projection

The bottom can be projected onto the bottom of the cube. A dotted line shows the edge
hidden when viewing the object from the bottom (Figure 11).

Left Side Projection

Figure 12 – Left Side Projection

The left side can be projected onto the left side of the cube. Again a dotted line represents the
edge hidden when viewing the object from the left side (Figure 12).

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 Rear View Projection

Figure 13 – Rear View Projection

Six Standard Projections

Figure 14 – Six Standard Projections

If the cube is opened, all of the views can lie flat (Figure 14).

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 Six Standard Views

Figure 15 – Six Standard Views

The standard views are: front, right side, top, bottom, left side, and rear view (Figure 15). It is
not always necessary to use all six views to show an object. With the exception of the dotted
line representing the bottom edge, the bottom view is exactly the same as the top view, so the
bottom view can be eliminated. The rear view is the same as the front view, so it too can be
eliminated. Again with the exception of the dotted line used to represent the hidden edge, the
left side view is the same as the right side view, so it can be eliminated.

Three Common Views

Figure 16 – Three Common Views

Now the three most commonly used views – the front, top and right side can be shown
(Figure 16). Generally, we will only see the number of views required to show all of the
information about the shape of the object.

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 General Rules

Figure 17 – Multi-view

A ball, Figure 17 for example, can be shown using multi-view drawings, however only one
view would be required if there is a note stating it is a ball. As all views are identical.

Figure 18 – Front View

Usually more than one view is used on a drawing. For example, the right view of the ball looks
the same as the right view of a cylinder. By comparing the front views, we can see how the
shape of the cylinder differs from the shape of a ball (Figure 18).

Figure 19 – Differing Shapes

The front view of a cylinder looks the same as the front view of a rectangular object. By
comparing the right views, we can see how the shapes differ (Figure 19).

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 Front Views

Figure 20 – Front Views

The front views of these objects are also identical (Figure 20).

Top Views

Figure 21 – Top Views

Even the right side views look the same, but the top view shows how the two objects differ
(Figure 21).

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 Isometric Drawings
We have learned that multi-view drawings have been used to make prints, but we do not see
real objects in separate views. The ability to visualize an object shown in a multi-view drawing
takes practice.
The following process details the steps for drawing a rectangular object.

Figure 22 – Line A

Draw line A at an angle of 30 degrees to the horizontal, the same length as the bottom edge
of object in the front view (Figure 22). This line represents the width of the object.

Figure 23 – Line B

Draw a second line B in the other direction at 30 degrees to the horizontal and same length
as the bottom edge (B – Figure 23). This line represents the depth of the object.

Figure 24 – Lines C, D, E

Draw three vertical lines (C, D, E) that are the same length as the vertical edges of front and
side view (Figure 24). These lines represent the height of the object.

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 Figure 25 – Lines F, G

Draw two lines (F, G) which connect the ends of the vertical lines (Figure 25).

Figure 26 – Lines H, J

Draw two lines (H, J) 30 degrees to horizontal and the drawing is complete (Figure 26).

Figure 27 – Line A

To draw an ‘L’ shaped object. Draw line A at 30 degrees to horizontal the same length as the
object edge in right side view (Figure 27). This is the object depth.

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 Figure 28 – Line B

Draw a line B in other direction at 30 degrees to horizontal (same length as bottom edge)
(Figure 28). This line represents the width dimension of the object.

Figure 29 – Line C, D, E

Draw three vertical lines (C, D, E) same length as front and right side views (Figure 29).
These lines represent the height of the object.

Figure 30 – Lines F, G

Draw two lines (F, G) parallel to B and touch tops of lines (D, E) (Figure 30).

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 Figure 31 – Lines H, J

Draw two vertical lines (H, J) that touch F, G (Figure 31).

Figure 32 – Lines K, L, M, N

Now draw four lines (K, L, M, N) same length as A to complete object depth (Figure 32).

Figure 33 – Lines O, P

Finally draw lines O, P parallel to B (Figure 33).

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 Types Of Lines In Engineering Drawings
Various types of lines are used on engineering drawings to show surfaces, features and to
give information about represented parts.

Visible Lines

Figure 34 – Visible Lines

Visible lines show visible edges of parts. They are drawn so that the outline of the object
stands out clearly (Figure 34).

Hidden Lines

Figure 35 – Hidden Lines

Hidden lines show the surface edge outlines concealed when looking at the parts in normal
views (Figure 35).

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 Center Line

Figure 36 – Center Line

A center line indicates the center of the holes and components (Figure 36)

Extension Line

Figure 37 – Extension Line

Extension lines show points on surfaces, features or center lines from which distances are
measured (Figure 37).

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 Dimension Lines

Figure 38 – Dimension Lines

A dimension line shows the distance between surfaces, features or center lines (Figure 38).

Leader Line

Figure 39 – Leader Line

Detail Symbol Line

Figure 40 – Detail Symbol Line

A detail symbol line indicates an area where additional detail is shown (Figure 40).

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 Break Line

Figure 41 – Break Line

A break line saves drawing space by eliminating unnecessary length (Figure 41).

Phantom Line

Figure 42 – Phantom Line

A phantom line shows alternative positions, lines of motion or repeated detail (Figure 42).

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 Surfaces On Engineering Drawings
Lines are drawn on an engineering drawing to show edges and surfaces of parts. It is
important to be able to identify these lines and match them with the edges and surfaces. In
the following examples, the boxes contain a line or surface. On the right is how that line or
surface would appear from the top, front, and right side.

True Length Line

Figure 43 – True Length Line

Figure 43 illustrates a true length line. It shows true length in the top and front views. It
appears as a point in the right side view.

True Surface

Figure 44 – True Surface

Figure 44 illustrates a true surface showing true length and width in the front view. In the
other views it shows a line in true length.

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 Inclined Line

Figure 45 – Inclined Line

Figure 45 illustrates an inclined line showing true length in the front view and a shortened line
in the other views.

Inclined Surface

Figure 46 – Inclined Surface showing a Line of True Length

The inclined surface in Figure 46 shows a line of true length in the right side view and as a
shortened surface in the other views.

Oblique Line

Figure 47 – Oblique Line

The oblique line in Figure 47 does not show true length in any view. It cannot show as a point;
it can only show as a shortened line (Oblique line is described in the Macquarie Dictionary as
neither perpendicular nor parallel to a given line or surface – indirect).

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 Oblique Surface

Figure 48 – Oblique Surface

An oblique surface (Figure 48) does not show true shape in any standard view. It cannot
show as a line but only as a shortened surface.

Curved Lines and Curved Surfaces

Figure 49 – Curved Lines and Curved Surfaces

Curved lines and curved surfaces appear as rounded and cylindrical objects. A curved line
appears as is in a right side view and as a straight line in other views (Figure 49).

Figure 50 – Curved Surface

The curved surface illustrated in Figure 50 shows as a curved line in a right side view and as
a rectangle in other views.

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 Auxiliary Views
The most common views used to show parts on prints are the front, right side and top.
Sometimes these standard views are inadequate.

Oblique Views

Figure 51 – Oblique Views

Oblique views do not show as true shapes in standard views. Auxiliary views can be prepared
to assist in print interpretation (Figure 51). The above drawing represents the edge of inclined
surface ‘D’.

Inclined Surface

Figure 52 – Inclined Surface

For example, when inclined surfaces are shown on multi-view drawings (Figure 52), the
inclined surface is shortened on one or more views.

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 Figure 53 – Inclined Surface

Figure 53 shows an auxiliary view of an inclined surface. In Figure 53, line ‘A’ in the front view
represents the edge of the inclined surface, ‘E’.

Figure 54 – Inclined Surface and Perpendicular Lines

The auxiliary view must be a direct projection of the incline so two projection lines are drawn
perpendicular to the inclined surface (Figure 54). One line must be at each end of line ‘A.’

Figure 55 – Line B in the front view

Line ‘A’ in the auxiliary view is drawn parallel to the inclined line ‘B’ in the front view (Figure
55). This represents the true height of the inclined surface.

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 Figure 56 – Depth of the Inclined Surface

The depth of the inclined surface (C and D) is taken from the right side view and drawn on
each of the projection lines (Figure 56).

Figure 57 – Showing True Size and Shape of Inclined Surface

Line ‘G’ that completes the auxiliary view is drawn parallel to ‘A’ connecting ‘C’ and ‘D’.
The auxiliary view shows the true size and shape of the inclined surface.

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 Sectional Views
An engineering drawing must be read and understood by people everywhere. There are times
when standard views are not clear.

Hidden Line

Figure 58 – Wheel

When parts have complicated internal features, the hidden lines can be confusing. For
example, look at the diagram of a wheel in Figure 58.

Figure 59 – Part cut in half

Confusion can be eliminated if the part is cut in half and one piece removed. The internal
shape is revealed and the external outline is also shown (Figure 59). This is called a Sectional
View.

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 Cutting Plane Line

Figure 60 – Cutting Plane Line

A cutting plane line indicates where the sectional view is taken. The cutting plane line shows
the plane of the cut through the material; arrowheads indicate the direction in which the part
is viewed (Figure 60).

Figure 61 – Hidden Line

When sectional views are made, the basic outline is retained. If the cutting plane line passes
through a hole or feature, the lines that would normally be shown as hidden lines would
become solid lines in the section (Figure 61).

Figure 62 – Diagonal Lines

Whenever a section is shown, the cut surface of the sectioned part is illustrated with diagonal
lines. These are called section lines (Figure 62).

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 Full Section

Figure 63 – Full Section

A full section is one where the cutting plane passes through the part in a straight-line cutting
it in two; half the part is then removed (Figure 63).

Partial Section

Figure 64 – Partial Section

A partial section is similar to a full section. However, only a smaller piece of the part is
removed. It is used when both internal and external views are needed (Figure 64).

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 Offset Section

Figure 65 – Offset Section

There are times when more than one internal surface must be shown in one drawing. When
more than one internal surface must be shown, the cutting plane is drawn so that it passes
through all the features. This is an offset section (Figure 65).

Resolved Section

Figure 66 – Resolved Section

When a long part such as an ‘I’ beam is shown with a section view, a resolved section is
used. A resolved section is made by passing a cutting plane through the center of the part
and then turning the cross section 90 degrees to face the viewer (Figure 66).

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 Removed Section

Figure 67 – Removed Section

A removed section is drawn separately from the multi-view drawing and placed in alternate
location on the engineering drawing (Figure 67).

Broken Out Section

Figure 68 – Broken Out Section

Often only a small portion of a part must be shown. A broken out section is used, shown with
a freehand break line (Figure 68).

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 Aligned Section

Figure 69 – 1TP071

The drawing of 1TP071 shows an aligned section.

The cutting plane line is offset at an angle to allow it to pass through features that do not lie
on a straight line. This avoids having to draw two separate sections.

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 Drawing To Scale
In engineering drawings, the multi-views and any additional views show the part shape. An
equally important function of a drawing is to inform the reader of the exact size or dimension
of the part. Parts of all sizes are drawn. Many of these are impossible to show life size on
paper because the part may be too big or small. The engineer then uses a method to show
the part either larger or smaller. This is called drawing scale.

Figure 70 – Scale

If the part is too large the scale used may be 1=3. That is 1mm on the drawing represents
3mm on the part. If the part is very small it may be drawn 3=1; 3mm on the drawing
represents 1mm on the part.
The scale is always listed in the title block of a drawing. (In the example in Figure 70, the part
is actual size).

Figure 71 – Gear

A gear could be so large that it would not fit on a normal size print (Figure 71). It might be
drawn, 1=3; 1mm on the drawing would represent 3mm on the gear.

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 Figure 72 – Pin

A pin could be small enough to be drawn on an engineering drawing, but it might be so small
that the details will not show (Figure 72). Details would be shown more clearly if it were drawn
3=1; 3mm on the print would represent 1mm on the pin.

True Size

Figure 73 – Showing a part’s true space

On a multi-view drawing, a part’s true shape is clearly shown. If extension lines, dimension
lines and dimensions are added, the true size of the part can be shown. Dimensions are a
measurement of distance and are used to show a part’s height, width and depth (Figure 73).

Figure 74 – Extension Lines

An extension line indicates the two points from which the dimension is taken (Figure 74).
Dimension lines indicate the distance between extension lines.

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 Figure 75 – Bold arrows indicating ends of dimension lines

Bold arrows are located at the ends of dimension lines (Figure 75).
The dimension line is usually broken in the middle to allow room for the dimension.

Figure 76 – Not enough space

If there is not enough space, dimensions and dimension lines will be drawn as shown in
Figure 76).

Figure 77 – Dimensions without dimension lines

Some dimensions are shown without dimension lines. Symbols can be used instead of words.
The diameter of the hole of the part below is 20mm and is called out with a leader line,
instead of extension and dimension lines. Instead of writing out diameter, the symbol Ø is
used.

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 Figure 78 – Correctly dimensioned part

Figure 78 illustrates how a part is correctly dimensioned. You can see from the sketch that
the part is 35mm high, 50mm wide, and 30mm deep. It has a hole drilled in it that is 17mm
in diameter. The center of the hole is positioned 35mm from the left side of the part, and
15mm from the front of the part. Surface ‘A’ is 20mm from the left side of the part. Surface ‘B’ is
20mm from the bottom of the part.

Figure 79 – Dimensions in a Multi-view Drawing

The same part can be shown as a multi-view drawing and can be dimensioned using the
extension and dimension line method (Figure 79). By comparing this drawing with the
preceding drawing, you can see that they both show the same dimensions.

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 Zero Plane Dimensioning
There is another way of dimensioning industry uses, which will often be seen on engineering
drawings. It is called zero plane dimensioning. This method permits dimensions to be shown
without the use of dimension lines.

Figure 80 – Zero Plane

A zero plane is an imaginary plane used as a reference or starting point for dimensioning.
Zero plane -01 -is established with all dimensions from left to right (Figure 80).
The distance from zero plane -01 -to surface ‘A’ is 20mm. The center of the hole is 35mm from
zero plane. The right side of the part is 50mm from zero plane 01.

Figure 81 – Second Zero Plane

A second zero plane 02 is established, and all dimensions are shown (Figure 81).

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 Figure 82 – Third Zero Plane

A third zero plane 03 is established, and all height dimensions are referred from 03 (Figure
82).

Figure 83 – Zero plane often used because it uses fewer lines

The zero plane method of dimensioning is often used on prints because it uses fewer lines to
show dimensions. Compare the two drawings above.

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 Figure 84 – Passing through the center

Zero planes can also pass through the centers of features, such as holes. For example: zero
plane 02 passes through the centers of holes ‘A’ and ‘D’ (Figure 84). Surface ‘F’ is 10 mm from
02. The center of hole ‘B’ is 20 mm from 02. Surface ‘H’ is 10 mm from 02.

Figure 85 – Combination Zero Plane and Extension and Dimension Line

A combination of the zero plane dimensioning method and the extension and dimension line
method can be used. For example, the right side view shown in Figure 85 is dimensioned with
extension lines and dimension lines, and the front view is dimensioned using the zero plane
method.

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 Internal Feature Dimensions And
Tolerances
In all drawings it is important to show feature dimensions and tolerances. These indicate the
exact dimensions that are allowed for parts without causing damage to any operating parts.

Figure 86 – Internal Dimensions and Tolerances

The exact dimension of the hole is 21.20mm. The smallest limit of size is 21.20 mm minus
the tolerance 0.08 mm or 21.12mm. The largest limit of size is 21.20 mm plus 0.08mm or
21.28mm.

Figure 87 – Perfect Form Boundary

The perfect form boundary for an internal feature, such as a hole, is an imaginary straight
hole that has a perfect diameter at the smallest limit of size. The perfect form boundary for the
hole in Figure 87 is 21.20mm minus 0.08mm or 21.12mm. Note that the perfect form boundary
has the same diameter as the smallest limit of size.

Figure 88 – Maximum Material Condition

At maximum material condition (MMC) the hole would be the same as the perfect form
boundary. A hole at MMC is at its smallest limit of size (Figure 88).

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 Figure 89 – Tapered Hole

If the hole were larger than its smallest limit of size, it could be slightly tapered and still fit its
perfect form boundary (Figure 89).

Figure 90 – Bent

It could also be slightly bent, and still fit around its perfect form boundary (Figure 90).

Figure 91 – Determining Size

Prints can be used to determine if parts will fit together. You can determine if the pin shown
in Figure 91 will fit inside the hole shown in Figure 90 by comparing their perfect form
boundaries. The dimensions and size tolerance of the pin show that the pin has a minimum
diameter of 20.92mm, and a maximum diameter of 21.08mm.

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 Figure 92 – Minimum and Maximum Diameter

The hole shown in Figure 92 has a minimum diameter of 21.12mm and a maximum diameter
of 21.28mm.

Figure 93 – Form Boundary

The perfect form boundary of the pin is 21.08mm and the perfect form boundary of the hole is
21.12mm. The pin will fit the hole because its perfect form boundary is smaller than that of the
hole (Figure 93).

Maximum Material Condition

ƒƒ Hole 21.12
ƒƒ Pin -21.08
ƒƒ +00.04mm CLEARANCE
We can compare parts to see if they will fit together. We can determine how much clearance
there will be between them when they are assembled. When both the pin and the hole are at
MMC the clearance between them is 0.04mm.

Least Material Condition

ƒƒ Hole 21.28
ƒƒ Pin -20.92
ƒƒ + 00.36mm CLEARANCE
When both the pin and the hole are at least material condition, the clearance between them
is 0.36mm

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 Threads

Figure 94 – Internal and External Threads

Many parts are assembled to other parts with fasteners such as bolts and nuts which have
threads (Figure 94).

Figure 95 – Internal Threads

Internal threads are made by cutting or by using thread forming taps (Figure 95).

Figure 96 – External Threads

External threads are formed by either rolling or cutting (Figure 96).

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 Figure 97 – Internal Threads - Hidden and Solid Lines

Internal threads are shown on a print with hidden and solid lines (Figure 97).

Figure 98 – External Threads – Hidden and Solid Lines

External threads are also shown on a print with hidden and solid lines (Figure 98).

Figure 99 – Specifications

When threads are shown on a Caterpillar print, it will contain a specification such as 1E0500
THREAD for inch threads or 1E2650 for metric threads in the information block. The body of
the print will also have a call out to provide information about threads.
Figure 99 shows an example of an internal thread with an Ø16.75. A hole must first be drilled
within the class A 1E0421-hole tolerance.
The 3/4 – 10 – 2B thread specification means thread diameter is 3/4 inch. The thread
designation is 10 threads per inch and the thread length is the part thickness. The Class of fit
is “2” and B indicates internal thread.

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 Figure 100 – Blind Hole

When internal threads are specified on a blind hole the hole and thread depths are also
specified (Figure 100).

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 PARTICIPANT GUIDE – ATTACHMENT

Policy On Providing Caterpillar Prints

And Related Technical Information To
Dealers.
NOTE:
Extracted from Dealer Edition of Service Engineering Reference Manual. Policy on Providing
Caterpillar Prints and Related Technical Information to Dealers.

INTRODUCTION
Periodically questions arise from both field representatives and dealers on Caterpillar’s policy
regarding the control and distribution of engineering drawings and other technical information
to the field. The need to protect the confidentiality of Caterpillar engineering drawings and
certain technical information is necessary as it represents a key company resource and
unnecessary disclosure may cause a loss of our competitive advantage.

GENERAL POLICY
Generally speaking, it is the company’s policy not to distribute engineering drawings outside
the company. However, it is recognized that there are some situations where the release of
selected information is necessary to provide technical product support.
Service Engineering will attempt to provide the information necessary to salvage or rebuild
Caterpillar parts and make a machine repair in an expedient manner to minimize customer
downtime and excessive cost exposure. Every effort will be directed to assist in the
identification and resolution of product problems rather than merely responding to requests
for prints. However, Service Engineers will resist sending enough information to allow the
establishment of an alternative parts source. This information will be transmitted without
releasing the total drawing to the field. It is the dealer’s responsibility to ensure that the
confidentiality of partial engineering drawings or other technical information is maintained and
distribution controlled within the dealer’s own organization. Drawings and other information
supplied cannot be reproduced or copied without written permission from Caterpillar Inc., nor
used for any purpose except that for which it was loaned.

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 PROCEDURES FOR REQUESTING INFORMATION
Requests for drawings or technical information typically fall into one of several basic
categories, depending on the nature of the request and/or the amount of information required.
Outlined below are the categories and the appropriate contact points within Caterpillar Asia
Pacific to submit requests for this information. Due to the nature of the requests, dealers
are expected to make all requests through approved individuals at the dealership. We
would normally expect these persons to be the Technical Communicators, as this type of
interchange of information falls within the typical job responsibilities of this position.
Please note that this “approved” source at the dealership only pertains to actual requests for
engineering drawings or other proprietary information. Normal communication by dealers on
technical subjects with Caterpillar is not affected.
Below are the basic categories:
1. Fabricated Tool Drawings – Requests for “FT” drawings can be made directly to Service
Engineers or Service Tooling Product Specialist.
2. Specific Dimensional Information to Fix a Machine, Component or Part – If guidance
of a technical nature is required to analyze a failure situation that also includes the
requirement for dimensions, contact the appropriate Product Service Engineer. Similarly,
if a specific dimension is needed to rebuild or salvage a part, contact the appropriate
Service Engineer. In all cases we will, where possible reply to print information
with dimensions and sketches, rather than send entire engineering drawings. If an
engineering drawing is required to convey the necessary repair information, return or
destruction of the print after completion of its use will be requested.
3. Requests for Machining/Salvage/Rework Information – Occasionally a dealer may be
interested in establishing a salvage program which requires information on a number of
parts (i.e., bucket rework program, hydraulic cylinder rebuild, salvage of loader linkage,
etc.). This type of request requires extensive research time and effort. In many cases,
more than just dimensional information is required to successfully machine/salvage a
part. Procedures, equipment, and other dealer experience may be helpful in responding
to dealer requests.

Dealers are encouraged to identify how they plan to salvage these components and what
equipment they plan to use etc. – in effect, the dealer should have reviewed whether they
have a viable salvage project. Requests for this type of assistance should be made to the
Service Engineer with specific product responsibilities.

Requests for dimensional and salvage information pertaining to CCRs (Caterpillar

Certified Rebuilds) should be forwarded to the Product Support Engineer responsible for
CCR.

To ensure timely and accurate responses, please provide specific details of salvage/
repair planned on a Technical Request form (Refer to section 7.0), providing part number,
dimensions needed, machine model and serial number. Use of sketches or copies of
relevant parts/service manual is encouraged to ensure the request is understood.

We need to stress again that the distribution of print information is for

Dealer use only and that no further distribution or copies should be
made. Dealers should review the controls on this type of information and
take any needed steps to assure the information stays in-house.

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