CHAPTER (2)

Complex Integration
14.1 Line Integral in the Complex Plane
𝑧(𝑡) = 𝑥(𝑡) + 𝑖𝑦(𝑡) where 𝑡 is a real parameter in the complex plane.
𝑓(𝑧) is continuous function defined at each point of smooth curve 𝐶.
Line integral of 𝑓(𝑧) (called at the path of integration) is denoted by ∫𝐶 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧.

If 𝐶 is closed path, then ∮𝐶 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧.

Basic Properties

Linearity
, ∫ [𝑘1 𝑓1 (𝑧)𝑑𝑧 + 𝑘2 𝑓2 (𝑧)𝑑𝑧] = 𝑘1 ∫ 𝑓1 (𝑧)𝑑𝑧 + 𝑘2 ∫ 𝑓2 (𝑧)𝑑𝑧
𝐶 𝐶 𝐶

where 𝑘1 and 𝑘2 are constants.

Sense Reversal
𝑧 𝑧1

∫ 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = − ∫ 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧
𝑧1 𝑧

Partition of Path

∫𝐶 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = ∫𝐶 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 + ∫𝐶 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧.

1 2

Theorem 1: Indefinite Integration of Analytic Functions

𝑧1
∫𝑧 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = 𝐹(𝑧1 ) − 𝐹(𝑧0 ) [ 𝐹 ′ (z) =𝑓(𝑧) ].
0

Page 1 of 26
Example 1:
1+𝑖 1 1 1
∫0 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧 = [𝑧 3 ]1+𝑖
0 = [1 + 𝑖]3 = (−2 + 2𝑖)
3 3 3

Example 2:
𝜋𝑖
∫−𝜋𝑖 cos 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = [sin 𝑧]𝜋𝑖
−𝜋𝑖 = 2 sin 𝜋𝑖 = 2𝑖 sinh 𝜋 = 23.097 𝑖

Example 3:
8−3𝜋𝑖 𝑧⁄ 𝑧⁄ 8−3𝑖 4−3𝜋𝑖⁄ 4+3𝜋𝑖⁄
∫8+𝜋𝑖 𝑒 2 𝑑𝑧 = 2[𝑒 2]
8+3𝑖
= 2 [𝑒 2 −𝑒 2] =0

since 𝑒 𝑧 is periodic with period 2𝜋𝑖 .

Example 4:
𝑖 1 𝜋𝑖 𝜋𝑖
∫−𝑖 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = [ln 𝑧]𝑖−𝑖 = ln 𝑖 − ln(−𝑖) = 2
+
2
= 𝜋i

Theorem 2: Integration by the Use of the Path

𝑏 𝑑𝑧
∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑧(𝑡) )𝑧́ . (𝑡)𝑑𝑡, 𝑧́ . (𝑡) = 𝑑𝑡
)

∮ 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑧(𝑡) )𝑑𝑧

𝑐
𝑎

Example 5: A Basic Result: Integral of 1/𝑧 Around the Unit Circle

1
Show that ∮𝐶 𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖.
𝑧
1
Solution: Let 𝑓(𝑧) = on 𝐶 (𝐶 𝑡h𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒, 𝐶. 𝐶. 𝑊)
𝑧

𝑧(𝑡) = cos 𝑡 + 𝑖 sin 𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑖𝑡 , 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑖𝑒 𝑖𝑡 𝑑𝑡 (0≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2𝜋)

2𝜋 2𝜋
∮𝑐 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑒 𝑖𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑖 ∫0 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑖[𝑡]2𝜋
0 = 2𝜋𝑖

Page 2 of 26
Example (6) Integral of 1/𝑧 𝑚 with integer power 𝑚
Let 𝑓(𝑧) = (𝑧 − 𝑧0 )𝑚 where 𝑚 is an integer and 𝑧0 is a constant.
Integrate C.C.W around the circle 𝐶 of radius 𝜌 with center at 𝑧0 .

Let 𝑓(𝑧) = (𝑧 − 𝑧0 )𝑚
𝑧 = 𝑧(𝑡) = 𝑧0 + 𝑒 𝑖𝑡 , 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2𝜋
̇ 𝑖𝑡 𝑑𝑡,
𝑑𝑧 = 𝑖𝜌𝑒
(𝑧 − 𝑧0 )𝑚 = (𝑧0 + 𝜌 𝑒 𝑖𝑡 − 𝑧0 )𝑚 = 𝜌𝑚 𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑡
2𝜋
∮𝑐 (𝑧 − 𝑧0 )𝑚 𝑑z = ∫0 𝜌𝑚 𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑡 𝑖𝜌𝑒 𝑖𝑡 𝑑𝑡
2𝜋
= 𝑖𝜌𝑚+1 ∫0 𝑒 𝑖(𝑚+1)𝑡 𝑑𝑡
If 𝑚 = −1
2𝜋
2𝜋
𝑚 −1+1 𝑖(−1+1)𝑡 2𝜋
∮ (𝑧 − 𝑧0 ) 𝑑z = 𝑖𝜌 ∫𝑒 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑖∫ 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑖 [𝑡] = 2𝜋𝑖
0 0
𝑐 0

If 𝑚 ≠ −1
2𝜋
𝑚 𝑚+1 𝑖(𝑚+1)𝑡 𝑚+1
𝑒 𝑖(𝑚+1)𝑡 2𝜋
∮ (𝑧 − 𝑧0 ) 𝑑z = 𝑖𝜌 ∫𝑒 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑖𝜌 [ ]
𝑖(𝑚 + 1) 0
𝑐 0
𝜌𝑚+1
= (𝑚+1) [𝑒 𝑖𝜋(𝑚+1) − 1]
𝜌𝑚+1
= (𝑚+1) [cos(𝑚 + 1) 2𝜋 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑚 + 1)2𝜋 − 1] = 0

2𝜋i , 𝑚 = −1
Hence ∮𝑐 (𝑧 − 𝑧0 )𝑚 𝑑𝑧 = { ,
0, 𝑚 ≠ −1

Page 3 of 26
Example (7) Integral of a Nonanalytic Function
Integrate f(z) = Re z = x from 0 to 1+2i (a) along 𝐶 ∗ (b) along C
consisting of 𝐶1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶2 .
Solution
On 𝑪∗
(0,0) → (1,2)
𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑥 − 𝑥1
= =𝑡
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
𝑦−0 𝑥−0
= =𝑡
2−0 1−0
𝑦 = 2𝑡, 𝑥=𝑡
𝑥=0→𝑡=0
𝑥=1→𝑡=1
𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑡 + 𝑖2𝑡, 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 1
𝑑𝑧 = (1 + 2𝑖)𝑑𝑡
1 1
𝑡2 1 1 1
∫ 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ 𝑡 (1 + 2𝑖)𝑑𝑡 = (1 + 2𝑖) [ ] = (1 + 2𝑖) = + 𝑖
𝐶∗ 0 0 2 0 2 2

On 𝑪𝟏
(0,0) → (1,0)
𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑥 − 𝑥1
= =𝑡
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
𝑦−0 𝑥−0
= =𝑡
0−0 1−0
𝑦 = 0, 𝑥=𝑡
𝑥=0→𝑡=0
𝑥=1→𝑡=1
𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑡, 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 1
𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑡
1 1
𝑡2 1 1
∫ 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ 𝑡𝑑𝑡 = [ ] =
𝐶1 0 0 2 0 2

Page 4 of 26
On 𝑪𝟐
(1,0) → (1,2)
𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑥 − 𝑥1
= =𝑡
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
𝑦−0 𝑥−1
= =𝑡
2−0 1−1
𝑦 = 2𝑡, 𝑥−1=0→𝑥 =1
𝑦=0→𝑡=0
𝑦=2→𝑡=1
𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑡, 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 1
𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑡
1 1
1
∫ 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ 2𝑖𝑑𝑡 = 2𝑖[𝑡] = 2𝑖
𝐶2 0 0 0
1
𝐶 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 + ∫ 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = + 2𝑖
𝐶1 𝐶2 2

Problem Set 14.1

Integrate by the first method or state why it does not apply and use the second
method. Show the details

(1,1) → (3,3)
𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑥 − 𝑥1
= =𝑡
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
𝑦−1 𝑥−1
= =𝑡
3−1 3−1
𝑦 − 1 = 2𝑡, 𝑥 − 1 = 2𝑡
𝑦 = 2𝑡 + 1, 𝑥 = 2𝑡 + 1
𝑥=1→𝑡=0
𝑥=3→𝑡=1

Page 5 of 26
𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = (2𝑡 + 1) + 𝑖(2𝑡 + 1), 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 1
𝑑𝑧 = (2 + 2𝑖)𝑑𝑡
1
∫ 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = ∫ 𝑅𝑒 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑧
𝐶 𝐶 0
1
2𝑡 2 1
= ∫ (2𝑡 + 1) (2 + 2𝑖)𝑑𝑡 = (2 + 2𝑖) [ + 𝑡] = (2 + 2𝑖)(1)
0 2 0
= 4 + 4𝑖

𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑒 𝑧
2𝜋𝑖 2𝜋𝑖
∫𝐶 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = ∫𝐶 𝑒 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = ∫𝜋𝑖 𝑒 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = [𝑒 𝑧 ] = 𝑒 2𝜋𝑖 − 𝑒 𝜋𝑖
𝜋𝑖
= cos 2𝜋 + 𝑖 sin 2𝜋 − cos 𝜋 − 𝑖 sin 𝜋 = 1 − (−1) = 2

On 𝑪𝟏
(0,0) → (1,0)
𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑥 − 𝑥1
= =𝑡
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
𝑦−0 𝑥−0
= =𝑡
0−0 1−0
𝑦 = 0, 𝑥=𝑡
𝑥=0→𝑡=0
𝑥=1→𝑡=1
𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑡, 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 1
𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑡
0 0
𝑧2 2
∫ 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = ∫ 𝑧𝑒 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ 𝑡𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝐶1 1 1
1
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑡 2 → 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑡𝑑𝑡 → 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑡𝑑𝑡
2

Page 6 of 26
𝑡=0→𝑢=0
𝑡=1→𝑢=1
0
1 1 0 1 1 1
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = [𝑒 𝑢 ] = [1 − 𝑒] = − 𝑒
1 2 2 1 2 2 2

On 𝑪𝟐
(0,0) → (0,1)
𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑥 − 𝑥1
= =𝑡
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
𝑦−0 𝑥−0
= =𝑡
1−0 0−0
𝑦 = 𝑡, 𝑥=0
𝑦=0→𝑡=0
𝑦=1→𝑡=1
𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑖𝑡, 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 1
𝑑𝑧 = 𝑖𝑑𝑡
1 1 1
𝑧2 (𝑖𝑡)2 2
∫ 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = ∫ 𝑧𝑒 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ 𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑑𝑡 = − ∫ 𝑡𝑒 −𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝐶2 0 0 0
1
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑡 2 → 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑡𝑑𝑡 → 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑡𝑑𝑡
2
𝑡=0→𝑢=0
𝑡=1→𝑢=1
0
1 1 0 1 1 1 1
= − ∫ 𝑒 −𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = [−𝑒 −𝑢 ] = [−1 + ] = − +
1 2 2 1 2 𝑒 2 2𝑒
1 1 1 1 1
𝐶 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = − 𝑒− + = (𝑒 −1 − 𝑒)
𝐶1 𝐶2 2 2 2 2𝑒 2

Page 7 of 26
𝑧 2 = (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)2 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑖
𝑅𝑒 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 𝐼𝑚 𝑧 = 2𝑥𝑦
On 𝑪𝟏
(0,0) → (1,0)
𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑥 − 𝑥1
= =𝑡
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
𝑦−0 𝑥−0
= =𝑡
0−0 1−0
𝑦 = 0, 𝑥=𝑡
𝑥=0→𝑡=0
𝑥=1→𝑡=1
𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑡, 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 1
𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑡
1 1
∫ 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = ∫ 𝐼𝑚 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ (2𝑥𝑦) 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ [2𝑥(0)] 2 𝑑𝑡 = 0
2 2
𝐶1 𝐶1 0 0

On 𝑪𝟐
(1,0) → (0,1)
𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑥 − 𝑥1
= =𝑡
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
𝑦−0 𝑥−1
= =𝑡
1−0 0−1
𝑦 = 𝑡, 𝑥 − 1 = −𝑡 → 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑡
𝑦=0→𝑡=0
𝑦=1→𝑡=1
𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = (1 − 𝑡) + 𝑖𝑡, 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 1
𝑑𝑧 = (−1 + 𝑖) 𝑑𝑡

Page 8 of 26
∫ 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = ∫ 𝐼𝑚 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧
𝐶2 𝐶2
1 1
= ∫ [2(1 − 𝑡)𝑡] (−1 + 𝑖) 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ (2𝑡 − 2𝑡 2 ) (−1 + 𝑖) 𝑑𝑡
2
0 0
2𝑡 2 2𝑡 3 1 1 1 1
= (−1 + 𝑖) [ − ] = (−1 + 𝑖) ( ) = − + 𝑖
2 3 0 3 3 3

On 𝑪𝟑
(0,1) → (0,0)
𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑥 − 𝑥1
= =𝑡
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
𝑦−1 𝑥−0
= =𝑡
0−1 0−0
𝑦 = 1 − 𝑡, 𝑥=0
𝑦=0→𝑡=1
𝑦=1→𝑡=0
𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = (1 − 𝑡)𝑖, 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 1
𝑑𝑧 = −𝑖 𝑑𝑡
1 1
∫ 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = ∫ 𝐼𝑚 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ (2𝑥𝑦) 𝑑𝑧 = − ∫ [2(0)𝑦] 2 𝑖𝑑𝑡 = 0
2 2
𝐶3 𝐶3 0 0

𝐶 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 + ∫ 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 + ∫ 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧

𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶3
1 1
= ∫𝐶 𝐼𝑚 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧 + ∫𝐶 𝐼𝑚 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧 + ∫𝐶 𝐼𝑚 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧 = − + 𝑖
1 2 3 3 3

14.2 Cauchy’s Integral Theorem

Theorem 1: Cauchy’s Integral Theorem
If 𝑓(𝑧) is analytic in a simply connected domain D, then for every simple
closed path 𝐶 in D,
∮𝑐 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = 0.

Page 9 of 26
Example 1: Entire Function
∮𝑐 𝑒 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = 0.

∮𝑐 cos 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = 0.

∮𝑐 𝑧 𝑛 𝑑𝑧 = 0 (𝑛 = 0,1,2, … . )
for any closed path, since these functions are entire (analytic for all z).

Example 2: Points Outside the Contour Where 𝑓(𝑧) is Not Analytic

∮𝑐 sec 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = 0, where 𝐶 is the unit circle
1
Let 𝑓(𝑧) = sec 𝑧 = is not analytic at z = ± 𝜋⁄2 , ± 3𝜋⁄2 ,…, but all these
cos z
points lie outside 𝐶.
∴ 𝑓(𝑧) is analytic inside and on 𝐶, by Cauchy Integral Theorem ∮𝑐 sec 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = 0

𝑑𝑧
∮𝑐 dz = 0,where 𝐶 is the unit circle
𝑧 2 +4
1
Let 𝑓(𝑧) = is not analytic at z = ±2𝑖, but these points lie outside 𝐶.
𝑧 2 +4
1
∴ 𝑓(𝑧) is analytic inside and on 𝐶, by Cauchy Integral Theorem ∮𝑐 dz = 0
𝑧 2 +4

Example 3: Nonanalytic Function ∮𝑐 𝑧̅dz, where 𝐶 is the unit circle

𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑖𝑡 , 𝑧̅ = 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑖𝑡
𝑑𝑧 = 𝑖𝑒 𝑖𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Let 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧̅ is not analytic.
C.I.T does not apply.
2𝜋

∮ 𝑧̅𝑑𝑧 = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑒 𝑖𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 2𝜋𝑖

𝑐 0

Page 10 of 26
Example 4: Analyticity Sufficient, Not Necessary
1
∮𝑐 dz = 0, where C is the unit circle.
𝑧2
1
Let 𝑓(𝑧) = is not analytic at z = 0, but these points lie inside 𝐶.
𝑧2

C.I.T does not apply.

𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑖𝑡 → 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑖𝑒 𝑖𝑡 𝑑𝑡
1 2𝜋 1 𝑒 −𝑖𝑡 2𝜋
∮𝑐 2
dz = ∫0 𝑖𝑒 𝑖𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑖 [ ] = −[𝑒 −2𝜋𝑖 − 𝑒 0 ] = 0
𝑧 (𝑒 𝑖𝑡 )2 −𝑖 0

EXAMPLE 5: Simple Connectedness Essential

1 1 3
∮𝑐 dz, where C lies in the annulus < |𝑧| <
𝑧 2 2
1
Let 𝑓(𝑧) = is not analytic at z = 0, but these points lie outside 𝐶.
𝑧

∴ 𝑓(𝑧) is analytic inside and on 𝐶, but this domain is not simply connected.
C.I.T does not apply.
𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑖𝑡 → 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑖𝑒 𝑖𝑡 𝑑𝑡
2𝜋
1 1 2𝜋
∮ dz = ∫ 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑒 𝑖𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑖 [𝑡] = 2𝜋𝑖
𝑧 𝑒 0
𝑐 0

PROBLEM SET 14.2

Integrate counterclockwise around the unit circle. Indicate whether Cauchy’s
integral theorem applies. Show the details

2
Let 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑒 −𝑧 is analytic for all z.
2
By C. I.T ∮𝑐 𝑒 −𝑧 dz = 0

Page 11 of 26
 1 1
Let 𝑓(𝑧) = is not analytic at z = , but these points lie
2𝑧−1 2
inside 𝐶.
C.I.T does not apply.
𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑖𝑡 → 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑖𝑒 𝑖𝑡 𝑑𝑡
1 2𝜋 1 1 2𝜋 1 −1 1
∮𝑐 𝑑𝑧 = ∫0 1 𝑑𝑧 = ∫0 (𝑧 − ) 𝑑𝑧 = (2𝜋𝑖) = 𝜋𝑖
2𝑧−1 2(𝑧−2) 2 2 2

𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑖𝑡 , 𝑧̅ = 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑖𝑡
𝑑𝑧 = 𝑖𝑒 𝑖𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Let 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧̅ 3 is not analytic.
C.I.T does not apply.
2𝜋 2𝜋
3 −3𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑡 −2𝑖𝑡
𝑒 −2𝑖𝑡 2𝜋 1
∮ 𝑧̅ 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑖𝑒 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑖 ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑖 | = − [𝑒 −4𝜋𝑖 − 𝑒 0 ] = 0
−2𝑖 0 2
𝑐 0 0

Evaluate the integral. Does Cauchy’s theorem apply? Show details.

1
Let 𝑓(𝑧) = is not analytic at z = 3𝑖, but these points lie
𝑧−3𝑖
inside 𝐶.
C.I.T does not apply.
𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑖𝑡 → 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑖𝑒 𝑖𝑡 𝑑𝑡
1 1
∮𝑐 dz = ∮𝑐 𝑑𝑧 = ∮𝑐 (𝑧 − 3𝑖)−1 𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖
𝑧−3𝑖 𝑧−3𝑖

Page 12 of 26
 2z−1
Let 𝑓(𝑧) = is not analytic at z = 0 and z = 1, but these points lie inside 𝐶.
𝑧 2 −𝑧
C.I.T does not apply.
2z − 1 2z − 1 𝐴 𝐵
2
= = +
𝑧 − 𝑧 𝑧(𝑧 − 1) 𝑧 𝑧 − 1
2z − 1 = A(z − 1) + Bz = Az − A + Bz
2z − 1 = (A + B)z − A
A + B = 2, A = 1 → B = 1
2z − 1 1 1
2
= +
𝑧 −𝑧 𝑧 𝑧−1
2z − 1 1 1 1 1
∮ 2
dz = ∮ ( + )𝑑𝑧 = ∮ ( ) 𝑑𝑧 + ∮ ( ) 𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 + 2𝜋𝑖 = 4𝜋𝑖
𝑧 −𝑧 𝑧 𝑧−1 𝑧 𝑧−1
𝑐 𝑐 𝑐 𝑐

𝑒𝑧
Let 𝑓(𝑧) = is not analytic at z = 0, but these points lie outside 𝐶.
𝑧
∴ 𝑓(𝑧) is analytic inside and on 𝐶, by C.I.T
𝑒𝑧
∮𝑐 dz = 0
𝑧

cos 𝑧
Let 𝑓(𝑧) = is not analytic at z = 0, but these points lie outside 𝐶.
𝑧
∴ 𝑓(𝑧) is analytic inside and on 𝐶, by C.I.T

cos 𝑧
∮ dz = 0
𝑧
𝑐

Page 13 of 26
 sin 𝑧
Let 𝑓(𝑧) = is not analytic at z = −2i, but these points lie
𝑧+2𝑖
outside 𝐶.
∴ 𝑓(𝑧) is analytic inside and on 𝐶, by C.I.T

sin 𝑧
∮ dz = 0
𝑧 + 2𝑖
𝑐

14.3 Cauchy’s Integral Formula

𝑒𝑧
Example 1: Cauchy’s Integral Formula ∮𝑐 𝑑𝑧 for any contour enclosing 𝑧0 = 2.
𝑧−2
𝑒𝑧
Let 𝑔(𝑧) =
𝑧−2
𝑒𝑧
𝑔(𝑧) = is not analytic at z = 2, 𝑧0 = 2 lies inside 𝐶.
𝑧−2
𝑧
𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑒 is analytic for all z.
By C.I.F
𝑒𝑧
∮𝑐 𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 [ 𝑒 𝑧 ]𝑧=2 = 2𝜋𝑖𝑒 2 = 46.4268𝑖
𝑧−2

Page 14 of 26
 𝑧 3 −6
Example 2: Cauchy’s Integral Formula ∮𝑐 𝑑𝑧
2𝑧−𝑖
𝑧3
𝑧 3 −6 𝑧 3 −6 −3
Let 𝑔(𝑧) = = 𝑖 = 2
𝑖
2𝑧−𝑖 2(𝑧− ) 𝑧−
2 2
𝑧3
−3 𝑖 𝑖
𝑔(𝑧) = 2
𝑖 is not analytic at z = , 𝑧0 = lies inside 𝐶.
𝑧− 2 2
2
𝑧3
𝑓(𝑧) = − 3 is analytic inside and on 𝐶.
2
By C.I.F
1 3
𝑧 3 −6 2
𝑧 −3
∮𝑐 𝑑𝑧 = ∮𝑐 1 𝑑𝑧
2𝑧−𝑖 𝑧− 𝑖
2

1 1 𝑖 3 𝜋
= 2𝜋𝑖[ 𝑧 3 − 3]𝑧=𝑖⁄ = 2𝜋𝑖 [ ( ) − 3] = − 6𝜋𝑖
2 2 2 2 8

Example 3: Integration Around Different Contours Integrate

𝑧 2 +1 𝑧 2 +1
g(𝑧) = =
𝑧 2 −1 (𝑧+1)(𝑧−1)

Counterclockwise around each of the four circles in Fig.

(𝑎)|𝑧 − 1| = 1
1
(𝑏) |𝑧 − | = 1
2
1
(𝑐) |𝑧 − (−1 + 𝑖 )| = 1
2
(𝑑) |𝑧 − 𝑖| = 1

𝑧 2 +1 𝑧 2 +1 𝑧 2 +1/(𝑧+1)
(a) g(𝑧) = = =
𝑧 2 −1 (𝑧+1)(𝑧−1) (𝑧−1)
𝑧 2 +1
𝑔(𝑧) = is not analytic at z = ±1.
(𝑧+1)(𝑧−1)

These point lies z = 1 outside and z = −1 inside.

𝑧2 + 1
𝑓(𝑧) =
(𝑧 + 1)
𝑓(𝑧) is analytic inside and on 𝐶. 𝑧0 = 1 lies inside C.
By C.I.F

Page 15 of 26
 𝑧2 + 1 𝑧2 + 1 𝑧2 + 1
∮ 2 𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 ∮ 𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖[ ] = 2𝜋𝑖
𝑧 −1 𝑐 (𝑧 + 1) (𝑧 + 1) 𝑧=1
𝑐
𝑧 2 +1 𝑧 2 +1 𝑧 2 +1/(𝑧+1)
(b) g(𝑧) = = =
𝑧 2 −1 (𝑧+1)(𝑧−1) (𝑧−1)
𝑧 2 +1
𝑔(𝑧) = is not analytic at z = ±1.
(𝑧+1)(𝑧−1)

These point lies z = 1 outside and z = −1 inside.

𝑧2 + 1
𝑓(𝑧) =
(𝑧 + 1)
𝑓(𝑧) is analytic inside and on 𝐶. 𝑧0 = 1 lies inside C.
By C.I.F

𝑧2 + 1 𝑧2 + 1 𝑧2 + 1
∮ 𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 ∮ 𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖[ ]𝑧=1 = 2𝜋𝑖
𝑧2 − 1 𝑐 (𝑧 + 1) (𝑧 + 1)
𝑐
𝑧 2 +1 𝑧 2 +1 𝑧 2 +1/(𝑧−1)
(c) g(𝑧) = = =
𝑧 2 −1 (𝑧+1)(𝑧−1) (𝑧+1)
𝑧 2 +1
𝑔(𝑧) = is not analytic at z = ±1.
(𝑧+1)(𝑧−1)

These point lies z = 1 outside and z = −1 inside.

𝑧2 + 1
𝑓(𝑧) =
(𝑧 − 1)
𝑓(𝑧) is analytic inside and on 𝐶. 𝑧0 = −1 lies inside C.
By C.I.F

𝑧2 + 1 𝑧2 + 1 𝑧2 + 1
∮ 2 𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 ∮ 𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖[ ]𝑧=−1 = −2𝜋𝑖
𝑧 −1 𝑐 (𝑧 − 1) (𝑧 − 1)
𝑐
𝑧 2 +1 𝑧 2 +1
(d) g(𝑧) = =
𝑧 2 −1 (𝑧+1)(𝑧−1)

𝑔(𝑧) is not analytic inside at 𝑧 = ±1. 𝑧 = ±1 lies outside C.

By C.I.T

𝑧2 + 1
∮ 𝑑𝑧 = 0
𝑧2 − 1
𝑐

Page 16 of 26
PROBLEM SET 14.3
𝑧2
Integrate by Cauchy’s formula counterclockwise around the circle
𝑧 2 −1
1.|𝑧 + 1| = 1
𝑧2 𝑧2 𝑧 2 /(𝑧 − 1)
g(𝑧) = 2 = =
𝑧 − 1 (𝑧 + 1)(𝑧 − 1) (𝑧 + 1)
𝑧 2 +1
𝑔(𝑧) = is not analytic at z = ±1.
(𝑧+1)(𝑧−1)
𝑧2
𝑓(𝑧) =
(𝑧 − 1)
𝑓(𝑧) is analytic inside and on 𝐶. 𝑧0 = −1 lies inside C.
By C.I.F
𝑧2 𝑧2 𝑧2
∮ 2 𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 ∮ 𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖[ ] = −𝜋𝑖
𝑧 −1 𝑐 (𝑧 − 1) (𝑧 − 1) 𝑧=−1
𝑐

𝜋
2. |𝑧 − 1 − 𝑖| =
2
2
𝑧 𝑧2 𝑧 2 /(𝑧 + 1)
g(𝑧) = 2 = =
𝑧 − 1 (𝑧 + 1)(𝑧 − 1) (𝑧 − 1)
𝑧 2 +1
𝑔(𝑧) = is not analytic at z = ±1.
(𝑧+1)(𝑧−1)
𝑧2
𝑓(𝑧) =
(𝑧 + 1)
𝑓(𝑧) is analytic inside and on 𝐶. 𝑧0 = 1 lies inside C.
By C.I.F
𝑧2 𝑧2 𝑧2
∮ 𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 ∮ 𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖[ ] = 𝜋𝑖
𝑧2 − 1 𝑐 (𝑧 + 1) (𝑧 + 1) 𝑧=1
𝑐

3. |𝑧 + 𝑖| = 1.4
𝑧2 𝑧2 𝑧 2 /(𝑧−1)
𝑔(𝑧) = = =
𝑧 2 −1 (𝑧+1)(𝑧−1) (𝑧+1)
𝑧 2 +1
𝑔(𝑧) = is not analytic at z = ±1.
(𝑧+1)(𝑧−1)

Page 17 of 26
 𝑧2
𝑓(𝑧) =
(𝑧 − 1)
𝑓(𝑧) is analytic inside and on 𝐶. 𝑧0 = 1 lies inside C.
By C.I.F
𝑧2 𝑧2 𝑧2
∮ 2 𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 ∮ 𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖[ ] = −𝜋𝑖
𝑧 −1 𝑐 (𝑧 − 1) (𝑧 − 1) 𝑧=−1
𝑐

Integrate the given function around the unit circle

cos 3𝑧
cos 3𝑧 6
Let 𝑔(𝑧) = =
6𝑧 𝑧
𝑔(𝑧) is not analytic inside at 𝑧 = 0.But 𝑧0 = 0 lies inside C.
cos 3𝑧
𝑓(𝑧) = is analytic inside and on 𝐶.
6
By C.I.F

cos 3𝑧 cos 3𝑧 1 𝜋𝑖
∮ 𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 ∮ 𝑑𝑧 = 𝜋𝑖[cos 3𝑧]𝑧=0 =
6𝑧 𝑐 6 3 3
𝑐

𝑧3
𝑧3 𝑧3 2
Let 𝑔(𝑧) = = 𝑖 = 𝑖
(2𝑧−𝑖) 2(𝑧− ) (𝑧− )
2 2
𝑖 𝑖
𝑔(𝑧) is not analytic inside at 𝑧 = .But 𝑧0 = lies inside C.
2 2
𝑧3
𝑓(𝑧) = is analytic inside and on 𝐶.
2
By C.I.F

𝑧3 𝑧3 𝑧4 𝜋𝑖
∮ 𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 ∮ 𝑑𝑧 = 𝜋𝑖[ ] 𝑖 =
(2𝑧 − 𝑖) 𝑐 2 4 𝑧=2 64
𝑐

Page 18 of 26
Integrate counterclockwise or as indicated. Show the details

1 𝑧2 𝑧 2 /𝑧+2𝑖
𝑔(𝑧) = = =
𝑧 2 +4 (𝑧+2𝑖)(𝑧−2𝑖) 𝑧−2𝑖
𝑧2
𝑔(𝑧) = is not analytic at z = ±2𝑖.
(𝑧+2𝑖)(𝑧−2𝑖)

𝑧2
𝑓(𝑧) =
𝑧 + 2𝑖
𝑓(𝑧) is analytic inside and on 𝐶. 𝑧0 = 2𝑖 lies inside C.
By C.I.F
1 𝑧2 𝑧2 𝜋
∮𝑐 𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 ∮𝑐 𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖[ ]𝑧=2𝑖 =
𝑧 2 +4 𝑧+2𝑖 𝑧+2𝑖 2

𝑧+2
𝑔(𝑧) =
𝑧−2
𝑧+2
𝑔(𝑧) = is not analytic at z = 2.
𝑧−2
𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧 + 2
𝑓(𝑧) is analytic inside and on 𝐶. 𝑧0 = 2 lies inside C.
By C.I.F
𝑧+2
∮𝑐 𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 ∮𝑐 (𝑧 + 2)𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖[𝑧 + 2]𝑧=2 = 8𝜋𝑖
𝑧−2

cosh(𝑧 2 − 𝜋𝑖)
𝑔(𝑥) = ,
𝑧 − 𝜋𝑖
cosh(𝑧2 −𝜋𝑖)
𝑔(𝑧) = is not analytic at z = 𝜋𝑖.
𝑧−𝜋𝑖
2
𝑓(𝑧) = cosh(𝑧 − 𝜋𝑖)
𝑓(𝑧) is analytic inside and on 𝐶. 𝑧0 = 𝜋𝑖 lies inside C.
By C.I.F
Page 19 of 26
 cosh(𝑧2 −𝜋𝑖)
∮𝑐 𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 ∮𝑐 cosh(𝑧2 − 𝜋𝑖) 𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖[cosh(𝑧2 − 𝜋𝑖)]𝑧=𝜋𝑖
𝑧−𝜋𝑖

= 2𝜋𝑖[cosh((𝜋𝑖)2 − 𝜋𝑖)]𝑧=𝜋𝑖 = 2𝜋𝑖[cosh(−𝜋2 − 𝜋𝑖)]

2
𝑒𝑧
𝑧2
𝑒 𝑧2
𝑔(𝑥) = 2 = ,
𝑧 (𝑧 − 1 − 𝑖) (𝑧 − 1 − 𝑖)
2
𝑒𝑧
𝑔(𝑧) = is not analytic at z = 0. But 𝑧=0
𝑧2 (𝑧−1−𝑖)

lies outside C
2
𝑒𝑧
𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧2

𝑓(𝑧) is analytic inside and on 𝐶. 𝑧0 = 1 + 𝑖 lies inside C.

By C.I.F
2 2 2 2
𝑒𝑧 𝑒𝑧 𝑒𝑧 𝑒(1+𝑖)
∮ 𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 ∮ 𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖[ 2 ]𝑧=1+𝑖 = 2𝜋𝑖[ ]
𝑧2 (𝑧 − 1 − 𝑖) 𝑐 𝑧2 𝑧 (1 + 𝑖)2
𝑐
𝑒 1−1+2𝑖
= 2𝜋𝑖 [ ] = 𝜋𝑒 2𝑖 = 𝜋(cos 2 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2)
1−1+2𝑖

14.4 Derivatives of Analytic Functions

Theorem1: Derivatives of Analytic Function
If 𝑓(𝑧) is analytic in a domain D, then it has derivatives of all orders in D, which
are then also analytic functions in D. The values of these derivatives at a point 𝑧0 in
D are given by the formulas
1 𝑓(𝑧) 𝑓(𝑧)
(1′ ) 𝑓 ′ (𝑧0 ) = ∮ dz or ∮𝑐 dz =2𝜋𝑖 𝑓 ′ (𝑧0 )
2𝜋𝑖 𝑐 (𝑧−𝑧0 )2 (𝑧−𝑧0 )2
2! 𝑓(𝑧) 𝑓(𝑧) 2𝜋𝑖
(1′′ ) 𝑓 ′′ (𝑧0 ) = ∮ dz or ∮𝑐 dz = 𝑓 ′′ (𝑧0 )
2𝜋𝑖 𝑐 (𝑧−𝑧0 )3 (𝑧−𝑧0 )3 𝟐!
𝑛! 𝑓(𝑧)
and in general 𝑓 (𝑛) (𝑧0 ) = ∮ dz (𝑛 = 1,2, … . );
2𝜋𝑖 𝑐 (𝑧−𝑧0 )𝑛+1

Page 20 of 26
 cos 𝑧
EXAMPLE 1 ∮𝑐 𝑑𝑧 for any contour enclosing the point
(𝑧−𝜋𝑖)2

(counterclockwise)
cos 𝑧
Let 𝑔(𝑧) = (𝑧−𝜋𝑖)2
𝑓(𝑧) = cos 𝑧
𝑓(𝑧) is analytic inside and on 𝐶. 𝑧0 = 𝜋𝑖 lies inside C.
By Derivative Formula
𝑓(𝑧)
∮𝑐 dz =2𝜋𝑖 𝑓 ′ (𝑧0 )
(𝑧−𝑧0 )2
cos 𝑧
∮𝑐 𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 [ (cos 𝑧) ′ ]𝑧=𝜋𝑖 = − 2𝜋𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋𝑖 = 2𝜋𝑖 sinh 𝜋
(𝑧−𝜋𝑖)2

𝑧 4 −3𝑧 2 +6
EXAMPLE 2 ∮𝑐 𝑑𝑧 for any contour enclosing the point we obtain by
(𝑧+𝑖)3

counterclockwise integration
𝑧4 −3𝑧2 +6
Let 𝑔(𝑧) = 3
(𝑧+𝑖)
𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧4 − 3𝑧2 + 6
𝑓(𝑧) is analytic inside and on 𝐶. 𝑧0 = −𝑖 lies inside C.
By Derivative Formula
𝑓(𝑧) 2𝜋𝑖
∮𝑐 dz = 𝑓 ′′ (𝑧0 )
(𝑧−𝑧0 )3 𝟐!
𝑧 4 −3𝑧 2 +6
∮𝑐 𝑑𝑧 = 𝜋𝑖[(𝑧 4 − 3𝑧 2 + 6)′′ ]𝑧=−𝑖 = 𝜋𝑖(12𝑧 2 − 6)𝑧=−𝑖 = 𝜋𝑖.
(𝑧+𝑖)3

𝑒𝑧
EXAMPLE 3 ∮𝐶 (𝑧−1)2 (𝑧 2 +4)
𝑑𝑧for any contour for which 1 lies inside and lie
outside (counterclockwise),
𝑒𝑧
𝑒𝑧 2
(𝑧 +4)
Let 𝑔(𝑧) = (𝑧−1)2(𝑧2+4) = (𝑧−1)2

𝑒𝑧
𝑓(𝑧) =
(𝑧 2 + 4 )
𝑓(𝑧) is analytic inside and on 𝐶. 𝑧0 = 1 lies inside C.
By Derivative Formula

Page 21 of 26
 𝑓(𝑧)
∮𝑐 dz =2𝜋𝑖 𝑓 ′ (𝑧0 )
(𝑧−𝑧0 )2
′
𝑒𝑧 𝑒2
∮𝐶 (𝑧−1)2 (𝑧 2 +4)
𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 ((𝑧 2 )|
+4)
𝑧=1
𝑒 𝑧 (𝑧 2 +4)−𝑒 𝑧 2𝑧 6𝑒𝜋
= 2𝜋𝑖 ( (𝑧 2 +4)2
)| = 𝑖 ≈ 2.050𝑖
𝑧=1 25

PROBLEM SET 14.4

Integrate counterclockwise around the unit circle.

sin 𝑧
Let 𝑔(𝑧) = z4
𝑓(𝑧) = sin 𝑧
𝑓(𝑧) is analytic inside and on 𝐶. 𝑧0 = 0 lies inside C.
By Derivative Formula
𝑓(𝑧) 2𝜋𝑖
∮𝑐 dz = 𝑓 ′′ ′(𝑧0 )
(𝑧−𝑧0 )4 𝟐!
sin 𝑧 2𝜋𝑖 𝜋𝑖 𝜋𝑖
∮𝑐 𝑑𝑧 = [(sin 𝑧)′′′ ]𝑧=0 = (−cos 𝑧)𝑧=0 = − .
z4 𝟑! 3 3

𝑧6
Let 𝑔(𝑧) = 6
(2𝑧−1)
𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧6
1
𝑓(𝑧) is analytic inside and on 𝐶. 𝑧0 = lies inside C.
2

By Derivative Formula
𝑓(𝑧) 2𝜋𝑖
∮𝑐 dz = 𝑓 V (𝑧0 )
(𝑧−𝑧0 )6 𝟓!
𝑧6 2𝜋𝑖 2𝜋𝑖
∮𝑐 𝑑𝑧 = [(𝑧 6 )v ]𝑧=1 = (720 𝑧)𝑧=1 = 6πi.
(2𝑧−1)6 𝟓! 2 120 2

Page 22 of 26
 𝑒𝑧 cos 𝑧
Let 𝑔(𝑧) = 𝜋 3
(𝑧−4)

𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑒𝑧 cos 𝑧
𝜋
𝑓(𝑧) is analytic inside and on 𝐶. 𝑧0 = lies inside C.
4
By Derivative Formula
𝑓(𝑧) 2𝜋𝑖
∮𝑐 3
dz = 𝑓 ′′ (𝑧0 )
(𝑧−𝑧0 ) 𝟐!
𝜋
𝑒 𝑧 cos 𝑧 2𝜋𝑖
∮𝑐 𝜋 𝑑𝑧 = [(𝑒 𝑧 cos 𝑧)′′ ]𝑧=𝜋 = πi (−2𝑒 𝑧 sin 𝑧)𝑧=𝜋 = √2πi𝑒 4 .
(𝑧− )3 𝟐! 4 4
4

cosh 2𝑧
Let 𝑔(𝑧) =
1 4
(z−2)

𝑓(𝑧) = cosh 2 𝑧
1
𝑓(𝑧) is analytic inside and on 𝐶. 𝑧0 = lies inside C.
2

By Derivative Formula
𝑓(𝑧) 2𝜋𝑖
∮𝑐 dz = 𝑓 ′′ ′(𝑧0 )
(𝑧−𝑧0 )4 𝟐!
cosh 2𝑧 2𝜋𝑖 𝜋𝑖 8𝜋𝑖
∮𝑐 1 𝑑𝑧 = [(cosh 2 𝑧)′′′ ]𝑧=1 = (8 sinh 2𝑧)𝑧=1 = sinh 1.
(z− )4 𝟑! 2 3 2 3
2

1
1 (𝑧−2𝑖)2
Let 𝑔(𝑧) = 𝑖 = 𝑖
(𝑧−2𝑖)2 (𝑧− )2 (𝑧− )2
2 2

1
𝑓(𝑧) =
(𝑧 − 2𝑖)2
𝑖
𝑓(𝑧) is analytic inside and on 𝐶. 𝑧0 = lies inside C.
2

By Derivative Formula

Page 23 of 26
 𝑓(𝑧)
∮𝑐 dz =2𝜋𝑖 𝑓 ′ (𝑧0 )
(𝑧−𝑧0 )2

′
1 1 −2 32
∮ 𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 [ ( ) ] 𝑖 = 2𝜋𝑖 [ ] 𝑖 =− 𝜋
2 𝑖 2 (𝑧 − 2𝑖)2 𝑧=2 (𝑧 − 2𝑖)3 𝑧=2 27
𝑐 (𝑧 − 2𝑖) (𝑧 − )
2

𝑧3 +sin 𝑧
Let 𝑔(𝑧) = 3
(𝑧−𝑖)

𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧 3 + sin 𝑧
𝑓(𝑧) is analytic inside and on 𝐶. 𝑧0 = 𝑖 lies inside C.
By Derivative Formula
𝑓(𝑧) 2𝜋𝑖
∮𝑐 3
dz = 𝑓 ′′ (𝑧0 )
(𝑧−𝑧0 ) 𝟐!
𝑧 3 +sin 𝑧 2𝜋𝑖
∮𝑐 𝑑𝑧 = [(𝑧 3 + sin 𝑧)′′ ]𝑧=𝑖 = πi (6𝑧 − sin 𝑧)𝑧=𝑖 = 𝜋𝑖(6𝑖 −sin 𝑖) .
(𝑧−𝑖)3 𝟐!

tan 𝜋𝑧
Let 𝑔(𝑧) = 𝑧2
𝑓(𝑧) = tan 𝜋𝑧
𝑓(𝑧) is analytic inside and on 𝐶. 𝑧0 = 0 lies inside C.
By Derivative Formula
𝑓(𝑧)
∮𝑐 dz =2𝜋𝑖 𝑓 ′ (𝑧0 )
(𝑧−𝑧0 )2

tan 𝜋𝑧
∮ 𝑑𝑧 = −2𝜋𝑖 [ (tan 𝜋𝑧)′ ]𝑧=0 = 2𝜋𝑖 [ 𝜋𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜋𝑧]𝑧=0 = − 2𝜋 2 𝑖
𝑧2
𝑐

Page 24 of 26
 (1+𝑧) sin 𝑧
(1+𝑧) sin 𝑧 (1+𝑧) sin 𝑧 4
Let 𝑔(𝑧) = = 1 = 2
(2𝑧−1)2 [2(z− )]2 1
2 (z−2)
(1 + 𝑧) sin 𝑧
𝑓(𝑧) =
4
1
𝑓(𝑧) is analytic inside and on 𝐶. 𝑧0 = lies inside C.
2
By Derivative Formula
𝑓(𝑧)
∮𝑐 dz =2𝜋𝑖 𝑓 ′ (𝑧0 )
(𝑧−𝑧0 )2

′
(1 + 𝑧) sin 𝑧 (1 + 𝑧) sin 𝑧
∮ 𝑑𝑧 = −2𝜋𝑖 [ ( ) ]𝑧=1
(2𝑧 − 1)2 4 2
𝑐
= 2𝜋𝑖 [(1 + 𝑧) cos 𝑧 + sin 𝑧]𝑧=1 ≈ 2.82i
2

ln 𝑧
Let 𝑔(𝑧) = (𝑧−2)2
𝑓(𝑧) = ln 𝑧
𝑓(𝑧) is analytic inside and on 𝐶. 𝑧0 = 2 lies inside C.
By Derivative Formula
𝑓(𝑧)
∮𝑐 dz =2𝜋𝑖 𝑓 ′ (𝑧0 )
(𝑧−𝑧0 )2

ln 𝑧 1
∮ 𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 [ (𝑙 𝑛 𝑧)′ ]𝑧=2 = 2𝜋𝑖 [ ]𝑧=2 = 𝜋𝑖
2
(𝑧 − 2) 𝑧
𝑐

cosh 4𝑧
Let 𝑔(𝑧) = (𝑧−4)3

Page 25 of 26
𝑔(𝑧) is not analytic at 𝑧 = 4, C = 𝐶1 ∪ 𝐶2 . 𝑧0 = 4 lies outside C.
𝑔(𝑧) is analytic inside and on , C = 𝐶1 ∪ 𝐶2 .
By C.I.T
cosh 4𝑧
∮𝑐 𝑑𝑧 = 0
(𝑧−4)3

𝑒 −𝑧 sin 𝑧
Let 𝑔(𝑧) = (𝑧−4)3

𝑔(𝑧) is not analytic at 𝑧 = 4, C = 𝐶1 ∪ 𝐶2 . 𝑧0 = 4 lies outside C.

𝑔(𝑧) is analytic inside and on , C = 𝐶1 ∪ 𝐶2 .
By C.I.T
𝑒−𝑧 sin 𝑧
∮𝑐 𝑑𝑧 = 0
(𝑧−4)3

𝑒3𝑧
𝑒 3𝑧 𝑒 3𝑧 64
Let 𝑔(𝑧) = (4𝑧−𝜋𝑖)3 = π = π 3
[4(z− 𝑖)]3 (z−4𝑖)
4

𝑒 3𝑧
𝑓(𝑧) =
64
π
𝑓(𝑧) is analytic inside and on 𝐶. 𝑧0 = 𝑖 lies inside C.
4
By Derivative Formula
𝑓(𝑧) 2𝜋𝑖
∮𝑐 dz = 𝑓 ′′ (𝑧0 )
(𝑧−𝑧0 )3 2!

′′
𝑒3𝑧 2𝜋𝑖 𝑒3𝑧
∮ 𝑑𝑧 = [ ( ) ]𝑧=π𝑖
(4𝑧 − 𝜋𝑖)3 2! 64 4
𝑐
2𝜋𝑖 9𝑒3𝑧 9𝜋𝑖
= [ ]𝑧=π𝑖 = − (1 − i)
2! 64 4 64√2

Page 26 of 26