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Metamaterial AMC backed Antenna for Body-worn Application at 2.45 GHz

Thesis · April 2017

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.25982.38720

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Department of Electrical Engineering

Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven

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Series title:
Master graduation paper,
Electrical Engineering
Metamaterial AMC backed Antenna
for Body-worn Application at 2.45
Commissioned by Professor:
Prof. dr. ir. Giampiero Gerini GHz
Group / Chair:

Electromagnetics

Date of final presentation:

by
April 7, 2017
Author: Adedayo Eberechukwu Omisakin
Report number:

(Optional for groups)

Internal supervisors: Asst. prof. dr. ir. Vito Lancellotti

External supervisors: ir. Mark Kleijnen, ir. Gert Doodeman

Disclaimer
The Department of Electrical Engineering of the Eindhoven University of Technology
accepts no reTponsibility for the contents of M.Sc. theses or practical training reports
 1

Metamaterial AMC backed Antenna for Body-worn

Application at 2.45 GHz
Adedayo Omisakin
Department of Electrical Engineering
Eindhoven University of Technology
Eindhoven, The Netherlands
Email: [email protected]

Abstract—Antennas worn on the human body for off-body

communication suffer from impedance detuning, a significant
drop in gain and efficiency due to the body degrading the antenna
performance. An Artificial Magnetic Conductor (AMC), which is
a type of metamaterial could shield the antenna from radiating
towards the body, reducing the drop in gain and efficiency
while having sufficient impedance bandwidth and good coverage.
An AMC backed Coplanar fed Inverted-F Antenna (CPW-IFA)
operating at the 2.45 GHz Industrial, Scientific and Medical
(ISM) band was designed, simulated, fabricated and analyzed.
The AMC was realized through a High Impedance Surface (HIS). Fig. 1: Off-body and On-body communication
A unit cell is designed and a 2×2 array was used to back the CPW-
IFA and then optimized. Results show that the novel antenna
is very robust to impedance detuning: the resonant frequency
shifting more than 50 times less than the reference CPW-IFA
when placed on the body. The simulated gain of 6.5 dBi and a 3
dB beamwidth of 86° show good coverage away from the body.
The gain of the antenna, when placed on the body, dropped only
by 0.8 dB while the radiation efficiency was 71% on the body. The
compact 60 mm×60 mm×3.28 mm metamaterial backed antenna
with a corresponding wavelength form factor of 0.5×0.5×0.027 is
suitable for integration with wearable electronics.
Index Terms—Metamaterial, Artificial Magnetic Conductor,
High Impedance Surface, Body-worn antenna, CPW–IFA, off-
body communication

Fig. 2: A metamaterial surface (EBG, FSS or AMC)

I. I NTRODUCTION
ody-worn devices are on the rise for applications such
B as personal health monitoring and smartwatches. The
antenna plays an important role in the performance of the
Metamaterials are periodic structures that exhibit proper-
ties not readily found in nature such as negative refractive
communication system of a body-worn device. Two differ- index [3], electromagnetic bandgap [4], frequency selectivity
ent applications can be distinguished: on-body, where both [5] and an artificial magnetic conductor [6], [7]. Figure 2
communicating devices are located on the same body, and shows a metamaterial surface consisting of metallic patches
off-body where only one of the communicating devices is and substrate beneath that could be engineered to realize
located on a body. Both applications have different antenna either frequency selectivity, electromagnetic band gap or an
performance requirements (gain, efficiency, impedance sen- artificial magnetic conductor. Metamaterials have been applied
sitivity, beamwidth). Figure 1 shows both off-body and on- to antennas for various purposes. Electromagnetic bandgap
body scenarios. When an antenna is placed on a human structures (EBG) have been used to improve the bandwidth of
body the resonance frequency shifts (impedance detuning), the patch antennas and suppress surface waves [8], [9], Frequency
efficiency and gain drops, and the radiation pattern is distorted Selective Surfaces (FSS) have been used to improve the gain
[1]. Also in body-worn antennas for off-body communication, of antennas [10], Artificial Magnetic Conductor (AMC) have
radiation towards the body is undesired. This is in contrast been used to realize low-profile antennas [11]. In this paper,
to on-body communication where surface waves and coupling an Artificial Magnetic Conductor is explored to improve the
between antennas is exploited to improve antenna performance performance of body-worn antennas for off-body communica-
[2]. This paper is focused on improving the performance of tion.
body-worn antennas for off-body communication by using a An Artificial Magnetic Conductor (AMC) is a class of meta-
metamaterial backing. material that has 0◦ reflection phase to an incident wave upon
 2

its surface. This is in contrast to a Perfect Electric Conductor

(PEC) that has −180◦ reflection phase to an incident wave.
The range of frequencies where the reflection phase is 0 ± 90◦
is usually accepted as the AMC region and thus defined as its
bandwidth. Figure 3 illustrates a PEC and an AMC very close
to a radiator such as an antenna. When an antenna is backed
with a metallic ground plane with a spacing less than λ/4, its
−180◦ reflection phase causes destructive interference to the
forward propagating radiation, yielding poor return loss and
in turn low total efficiency [12]. An AMC ground plane when
engineered with a reflection coefficient of 1, could shield the
body-worn antenna from being degraded by the human body, (a) PEC
direct more radiation away from the body while maintaining
good return loss and sufficient impedance bandwidth. If a PEC
was used, it will require very thick substrates of about λ/4.
In this work the AMC is realized through a High Impedance
Surface (HIS).
In this paper, an AMC backed Coplanar-fed Inverted-F
Antenna (CPW-IFA) operating at 2.45 GHz ISM band (2.4-
2.5 GHz) is designed, manufactured and measured. Planar
antennas such as patch antennas, printed dipoles and inverted-
F antennas are well suited for body-worn applications due to
their low cost, flexibility and ease of manufacture [13]. Co-
planar fed antennas usually have a wider bandwidth than the
conventionally fed ones [14], [15]. The Coplanar-fed Inverted- (b) AMC
F Antenna (CPW-IFA) is designed and used as the reference Fig. 3: A radiator lying flat against a PEC and a Metamaterial
antenna. This antenna is compact and has a wider bandwidth AMC
compared to other narrow band antennas such as a patch
antenna. The CPW-IFA has only one layer followed by a
substrate for mechanical support. An AMC through a High can be realized through a High Impedance Surface (HIS). Let
Impedance Surface is engineered and simulated in FEKOr . the surface impedance ZS be:
The AMC is used to back the CPW-IFA and optimized for
the 2.45 GHz ISM band in CST Microwave Studior . The ZS = Ez /Hy (1)
novel antenna is fabricated and measured with and without
a body phantom. The designed AMC backed antenna shows of a surface in the YZ plane. In a PEC the tangential electric
robustness to impedance detuning and a low drop in efficiency/ field Et = 0 so it follows from equation 1 that the surface
gain when placed directly on the human body, while providing impedance is zero. In contrast, in an AMC Ht = 0, thus the
a good coverage away from the body (beamwidth). surface impedance is infinite. The 0◦ reflection phase in a HIS
The remainder of this paper is a follows: In Section II, can be derived as follows: For a HIS in the yz-plane at x=0
the theory and design of the AMC through a HIS is ex- Let
plained, Section III shows the performance of the designed
reference antenna on the body highlighting the body-worn
antenna challenge. Section IV presents the designed AMC E(x) = Ef e−jkx + Eb ejkx ; H(x) = Hf e−jkx + Hb ejkx (2)
backed antenna, its results and comparison with the reference
antenna. In Section V, a parametric study is carried out on key represent the forward and backward TEM wave: where E(x),
design parameters. Section VI discusses the fabrication of the H(x) are the electric and magnetic field vector, Ef , Hf the
antenna, measurement and comparison with simulation. foward travelling electric and magnetic field amplitudes and
Eb , Hb the backward travelling electric and magnetic field
amplitudes. Since the TEM wave has no electric and magnetic
field components in its direction of propagation, equation 1
II. M ETAMATERIAL : AMC THROUGH A HIS
becomes:
Etotal (x = 0)
A. Theory ZS = (3)
Htotal (x = 0)
A Perfect Electric Conductor (PEC) has −180◦ reflection
The ratio of the forward electric field to the forward magnetic
phase to an incident wave upon its surface. An AMC has
field is the characteristic impedance of free space η:
0◦ reflection phase to an incident wave upon its surface. The
range of frequencies where the reflection phase is 0 ± 90◦ is
r
Ef (x) Eb (x) µ0
usually accepted as the AMC region and bandwidth. An AMC = = =η (4)
Hf (x) Hb (x) 0
 3

Fig. 5: Cross-section of the AMC unit cell (HIS plus the

antenna substrate)
(a) Unit cell of the AMC (b) Simplified Equivalent cir-
cuit model

Fig. 4: An AMC (HIS) unit cell and Equivalent circuit model

The reflection phase relative to forward wave can be written

as:      
Eb ZS − η
Θ = Im ln = Im ln (5)
Ef ZS + η
From equation 5 when ZS is high Θ= 0◦ , which is the
metamaterial AMC behavior. Fig. 6: Final Dimensions of the AMC unit cell
Realizing a HIS is possible by engineering the structure
shown in Figure 2. Figure 4a shows a unit cell of a poten-
tial HIS. It consists of a square metallic patch, a substrate B. Design
and a metallic ground plane. Figure 4b shows its simplified A unit cell of the structure is simulated in FEKOr using
equivalent circuit model. The capacitance C is caused by the periodic boundary conditions and an incident plane wave
proximity of the metal patch with the metal beneath, and also normal to surface (θ = 0; φ = 0) [17]. Figure 5 shows the
from the spacing between adjacent unit cells. The inductance cross-section of the HIS with the antenna substrate above. A
L is the total self-inductance of the metal patch and its metal unit cell size of about λ/4 is used and a side length of the
plane beneath. From the circuit model, the surface impedance square metallic patches is set to 25 mm. Practical dielectric
can be expressed as: constants within the range of 2 to 10.2 and a maximum
jωL thickness of 4 mm are investigated. The substrate above the
ZS = (6) AMC (Antenna substrate) was set to 1.2 mm and constrained
1 − ω 2 LC
to have the same dielectric constant of the substrate in the
If ZS is high; i.e, ZS −→ ∞ then 1 − ω 2 LC = 0; it follows AMC for easy manufacturing. The structure is then designed
that the frequency at which that surface is a HIS and the to operate around 2.45 GHz. The final unit cell after design
reflection phase is 0◦ is given by : had an antenna substrate thickness of 1.2 mm, AMC substrate
√ thickness of 2 mm, a dielectric constant of 4.2 for both
ω = 1/ LC (7)
substrates, a unit cell size of 30 mm and the side length of
The fractional bandwidth can be approximated as [16]: the metallic patches was 26 mm. Figure 6 shows the final
r dimensions of the AMC unit cell. Figure 7 shows the reflection
∆ω 1 L phase diagram of an incident plane wave normal to the surface
BW = ∼ (8)
ω η C of the final unit cell along with the antenna substrate under
From Figure 4a, l, w, and t are the length, width and thickness periodic boundary conditions (infinitely peroidic). The 2.45
respectively. The inductance and capacitance of the structure GHz ISM band is in the AMC region (0±90◦ ). The magnitude
have the following dependencies: of the reflection coefficient equals 1 for the entire frequency
range because last layer is a PEC plane.
L ∝ tl/w; C ∝ wl/t (9)

where  is the permivity of the substrate. the AMC frequency III. R EFERENCE ANTENNA PLACED ON THE BODY
and bandwidth dependencies can be re-written as: In this section, the reference antenna will be designed before
c t going to the metamaterial backed design in Section IV. A
ω ∝ √ ; BW ∝ √ . (10) Coplanar fed Inverted F antenna (CPW-IFA) is selected as
r l r w
the reference antenna for designing the metamaterial backed
where c is the speed of light in free space. antenna. A CPW-IFA, as shown in Figure 8can be described
The dielectric constant and the size of the metallic patch as a printed dipole antenna in which one of the dipole arm
are inversely proportional to the AMC frequency. While the is bent to form an inverted ’r’ shape and the second arm
thickness of the substrate layer is directly proportional to the is widened for a larger impedance bandwidth. Due to the
bandwidth. The dielectric constant is inversely proportional to high capacitance of the ’r’ shape, a shorting strip between
bandwidth. These concepts are used in designing the AMC the radiating element (the inverted ’r’) and the ground plane
behaviour at 2.45 GHz. is placed to compensate for the capacitance. Then the feed is
 4

Fig. 8: Reference antenna: CPW-IFA Layout and dimensions

Fig. 7: Phase of the reflected wave on normal incidence to

the AMC (HIS plus antenna substrate) ( θ= 0; φ = 0) under
periodic boundary conditions

TABLE I: D IMENSIONS OF CPW-IFA L AYER OF T HE R EF -

ERENCE AND M ETAMATERIAL BACKED A NTENNA

mm Reference Antenna Metamaterial backed antenna

Sx 60 60
Sy 22 60
gw 0.5 0.35
T1 2 2
T2 9 9 Fig. 9: S11 of Reference antenna placed on the body phantom
T3 10 10
L1 28.2 27.5 simulated
L2 2 2
L3 26 26
L4 5 2 6.8%. Figure 11 shows the current distribution on the reference
L5 8 10.1
antenna.

made in a Coplanar wave-guide style. The resulting antenna is IV. M ETAMATERIAL BACKED ANTENNA
compact and has a wider bandwidth than then a conventionally A. Design
fed IFA antenna. A similar type of antenna was presented in With the unit cell designed in Section II, a 3×3 array is
[18] for body-worn applications. Figure 8 shows the CPW-IFA formed. The top layer of the CPW-IFA designed in Section III
that was designed in this paper. The entire simulation was done is placed on top of the 3×3 array. The AMC is scaled down to
using Finite Difference Time domain (FDTD) method in CST a 2×2 array for compactness. The co-planar gap width gw and
Microwave Studio [19]. The substrate thickness was 1.2 mm the coplanar width L4 is then used to adjust the S11 of the
and the dielectric constant was 2.2. Table I shows the final antenna to the 2.45 GHz ISM band. A typical SMA connector
dimesions of the CPW-IFA, all dimensions are in mm. width of 4.5 mm is taken into conisderation. The radiation
The human body is mimicked by using a block of 120 length L1 and the shorting strip offset L5 were adjusted as
mm×120 mm×17 mm. The properties of the block is set to well. Table I shows the final dimensions of the top layer of
a conductivity of 1 S/m and a dielectric constant of 42 in the AMC backed CPW-IFA antenna. Figure 12 shows the 3
CST as proposed in [20]. The CPW-IFA was placed directly metal layers of the final antenna. The metal layers have a
on the body model and simulated with no spacing. Figure 9 1.2 mm antenna substrate and 2 mm AMC substrate both of
compares the S11 of the antenna with the body model and dielectric constant of 4.2 in between them. The total size is
without model. There is a signficant impedance detuning. The 60 mm by 60 mm. the layers were 25 µm thick amounting to
resonant freqency moves far away from the intended 2.45 GHz a total thickness of 3.275 mm. If a PEC was used instead of
ISM band to 1.95 GHz. This highlights a challenge of body- the AMC, it would require a total thickness of about 15 mm
worn antennas. Figure 10 shows the gain pattern with and (√λ/4
r ).
without the body. The gain drops drastically from 2.2 dBi to
-8.9 dBi. The radiation efficiency of the antenna drops from
99% to 5%. When a 1 mm spacing is added between the B. Results
body model and the antenna, the resonant frequency shift is Figure 13 shows the 3-D simulation model of the designed
200 MHz, the gain drops to -6 dBi and the efficiency drops to antenna on the body phantom block. The entire simulation was
 5

Fig. 13: 3D Simulation model of Designed Antenna on body

phantom

(a) E-plane

Fig. 14: S11 of The designed AMC backed antenna placed

on the body phantom simulated

(b) H-plane
done using FDTD method in CST Microwave Studio. Figure
14 compares the S11 of the AMC backed antenna on the body
Fig. 10: Gain pattern of the reference antenna simulated and not placed on the body. The resonant frequency shifted
by 3 MHz which is negligible showing the robustness of the
metamaterial backed antenna. The 10 dB bandwidth is 50 MHz
and the 6 dB bandwidth is 100 MHz. This sufficiently covers
the 2.45 GHz ISM band. Figure 15 shows the gain pattern of
the antenna with and without body model. The antenna had
a good coverage away from the body. The 3dB beamwidth is
88◦ . The gain of the antenna only drops from 6.5 dBi to 5.7
dBi and the antenna efficiency from 86% to 71%. Figure 16
shows the surface current distribution on the metal layers of
the antenna.

Fig. 11: Surface current distribution on the reference antenna

C. Comparison with reference antenna

Table II compares the performance of the metamaterial

backed antenna and that of the reference antenna. For a stricter
comparison, the reference antenna is placed 1 mm away from
the body to compensate the fact that the metamaterial backed
antenna is 2 mm thicker and hence 2/r electrically thicker.
The metamaterial backed antenna is clearly more robust to
impedance detuning even though its bandwidth was less than
that of the reference antenna. The AMC back antenna provides
Fig. 12: Metal Layers of the Metamaterial backed antenna sufficient gain, efficiency and radiation away from the body
in contrast to the reference antenna.
 6

TABLE II: C OMPARING R EFERENCE AND M ETAMETERIAL

AMC BACKED ANTENNAS
CPW-IFA AMC CPW-IFA
Gain [dBi] 2.2 6.5
Gain (on the body) [dBi] -8.9 5.7
Gain (on body) 1 mm [dBi] -6
Efficiency [%] 99 86
Efficiency (on the body) [%] 5 71
Efficiency (on the body) 1 mm [%] 6.8
Resonance Frequency shift [MHz] 500 3
Resonance Frequency shift 1 mm [MHz] 200
Bandwidth [MHz] 500 50
Front to back radiation ratio 2.6 24

(a) E-plane

Fig. 17: Gain vs side length of the metallic patches

V. PARAMETRIC A NALYSIS
In this section, key parameters are varied such as the size
(b) H-plane
of the metallic patches of the AMC, the AMC array size and
Fig. 15: Gain pattern of the AMC backed antenna simulation the position of the antenna layer on its AMC backing. This
gives insights to their sensitivity, operation, and variants of the
design.

A. Varying the size of the metallic patches of the AMC

The side length of the metallic square patches is varied
between 10 mm to 30 mm with the unit cell size remaining
30 mm (recall Figure 4a). This corresponds to a side length
to unit cell size ratio of 0.33 - 1.00. Figure 17 shows the gain
of the antenna against the side length of the metallic patches
of the AMC. Figure 18 shows the reflection phase diagram at
various side lengths. The maximum gain occurs at ratio 0.867
which is the same the side length where the structure is in the
AMC region around the 2.45 GHz ISM band.

B. Varying the array size of the AMC

The AMC backing array size is varied from 2×2 to 3×3 and
1×2 (see Figure 19). Table III shows the directivity and gain
of the antenna when backed by each array size. The 2×2 is
optimal since it is compact and has a gain comparable to the
3×3. The efficiency of the 1×2 array backing is lowest due
to less the AMC backing it radiating element at the top layer
experiences.

Fig. 16: Surface current distribution on the Metamaterial C. Varying the position of the CPW-IFA layer on the AMC
backed antenna The position of the antenna layer is varied across its plane
on a 3×3 AMC backing. Figure 20 shows the antenna layer
 7

(a) Antenna shift = 0 mm (b) Antenna Shift = 35 mm

Fig. 20: Antenna at two extreme positions

Fig. 18: Reflection phase at various side length to unit cell

size ratio

Fig. 21: S11 on phantom: antenna over position on its AMC

Backing
Fig. 19: CPW-IFA on various AMC array sizes
consisting of the 2 by 2 array of copper patches, the AMC
substrate and copper plane. It is bonded using a prepreg
at 2 extreme positions that were simulated. The first one has
material of the IS420 substrate. The metal layers are finished
no offset while the other was an offset of 35 mm. Figure 21
with a tin coating for durability. An SMA connector was
shows S11 at various offset positions. The resonant frequency
soldered to the antenna. The antenna has no grounding vias
shifts by a maximum of 5%. The resonant frequency could
and no connection to the bottom, which is the metal plane.
easily be turned to be at 2.45 GHz using the gap width and
thickness of the coplanar feeding at the antenna layer. Figure The S11 was measured and compared against the default
22 shows the maximum gain at various positions. The gain FDTD simulation used throughout the paper, and an additional
of the antenna is insensitive to its position above the AMC Finite Element Method (FEM) Simulation in CST. Figure 25
backing as long as it is not close to an edge. However when shows the S11 result. Measurement and simulation are close:
radiating element on the CPW-IFA is very close to the edge,
the gain reduces. This is due to that the radiating element sees
less AMC backing.

VI. FABRICATION AND M EASUREMENTS

Figure 23 shows a picture of the fabricated AMC backed
CPW-IFA. The metamaterial backed antenna was manufac-
tured using a IS420 substrate which has a dielectric constant
4.04 and a loss tangent of ~ 0.015. Its loss tangent is quite
high compared to the simulated low loss tangent of 0.002 but
its dielectric constant is very close to the simulated antenna.
The top copper layer (the CPW-IFA) and the antenna substrate
was bonded to the last 3 layers which is the AMC backing

TABLE III: P ERFORMANCE AT VARIOUS AMC ARRAY SIZE

Eff.(w/ body) Eff. Gain (w/body) Gain Dir.
3x3 68.0% 74.2% 5.30 dBi 5.03 dBi 6.33 dBi
2x2 70.7% 86.3% 5.72 dBi 6.49 dBi 7.13 dBi
1x2 58.1% 87.6% 4.63 dBi 5.14 dBi 5.71 dBi Fig. 22: Gain of antenna over position on its AMC Backing
 8

there is a 40 MHz difference in the resonant frequency with

the FDTD simulation which comes from SMA connector con-
nection and the dielectric constant of the substrate. Figure 26
compares the gain pattern of the simulated and the measured
antenna. The radiation pattern simulation results match well
with the measurements. The antenna has a 3-dB beamwidth
of 87◦ and 85◦ in the E-plane and H-plane respectively. The
beam is concentrated away from the body and still provides
good coverage. The measured antenna has a gain of 4.2 dBi
which is 2.3 dB lower than the simulation. This is due to
the higher loss tangent of the IS420 substrate that has a loss
tangent of 0.015 in contrast to a low tangent of 0.002 used in
simulation.
For the antenna-on-body measurements, a tissue simulating Fig. 25: S11 of the fabricated antenna
liquid mainly consisting of DGBE (Diethylene glycol butyl
ether), and water was used in a 0.85 L container. Figure
24 shows the antenna on the container filled with the tissue
simulating liquid. The liquid was obtained from Schmid &
Partner Engineering AG and conforms to FCC KDB 865664
standard. A similar tissue simulation liquid was manufactured
in [21]. As in the simulation, the resonant frequency of the
antenna had a minor shift of less than 5 MHz when placed on
the body phantom. The gain dropped slightly from 4.2 dBi to
3.4 dBi when placed on the phantom.

(a)

Fig. 23: The fabricated metamaterial backed antenna

(b)

Fig. 26: Gain pattern of the AMC backed CPW-IFA

VII. C ONCLUSIONS AND R ECOMMENDATIONS

In this paper, a metamaterial backed body-worn antenna
comprising of a CPW-IFA and an AMC backing, targeted
for receiver off-body communication was designed, simulated
and fabricated. The antenna is fairly compact having a total
size of 60 mm×60 mm×3.28 mm. The AMC backing shielded
the antenna from being degraded by the human body while
maintaining good input matching. If a PEC was used instead
of the AMC, it would require a substrate thickness of about
15 mm. Although the simulated 10 dB bandwidth of the AMC
Fig. 24: Fabricated Antenna on the phantom backed CPW-IFA was 50 MHz compared to 500 MHz of the
 9

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