Biochemistry for Nurses - Introduction
Introduction
DKP/COF/GS
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Molecule: Group of atoms bonded together
Biomolecule: Combination of different molecules that
create life (Composed of living things)
Introduction
Definition of Biochemistry:
Biochemistry is the chemistry of
biological systems
Molecules are lifeless but they
compose living things
These molecules are called
Biomolecules
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Monomers of the biomolecules and the polymers of the biomolecule
Biomolecules
Building block Macromolecule
(Monomer) (Polymer)
Amino Acids Protein Glucose is
Nitrogen is an essential nutrient for the only used
production of amino acids and proteins by the
human body
Sugar residues (e.g Carbohydrate
glucose, sucrose, What is the form of glucose that
we give for a person has low
fructose) energy and do not eat? Dextrose
Nucleic Acids DNA, RNA
What do you call the cell division that happen in somatic cell? Mitosis
What do you call the cell division that happen in sex cell? Meiosis
Glycerol and fatty acids Lipids
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Characteristics of Living Systems-4
1.Highly organized and complicated
2.Biological structure serve functional purpose
Characteristics of Living Systems
3.Energy transformation
4.Self replication
1. Living organisms are
complicated and highly
organized In the process of cell
division if there is no
composed of many cells break the person may
develop cancer
cells are highly structured into
organelles; macromolecules within
organelles take part in many
chemical reactions
Organelles enclosed with membrane
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Characteristics of Living Systems
2. Biological structures serve
functional purposes Biological structures
play a role in the
Structures are specific organism's existence
The levels of organization observed
by organelles and macromolecules
allows them to perform specific
functions
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What are the special biomolecules which
Characteristics
provide energy to of
theLiving Systems
cell? ATP,NADPH
3. Energy transfomations occur within
living systems
Solar energy is transformed into ATP
(adenosine triphosphate) and NADPH
(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
phosphate) which are special
biomolecules which provide energy to the
cell All cellular activities need ATP and NADPH
Activities of the cell which require energy
include biosynthesis, movement and
osmotic work against a concentration
gradient
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Characteristics of Living Systems
4. Living systems are highly
efficient at self-replication.
This is due to DNA
(deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules
which are able to reproduce into
duplicate DNA strands from an
original DNA strand.
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What elements are biomolecules
composed of?
Nonmetallic elements-6
CHN/OPS
Biomolecules are composed mainly of six
nonmetallic elements: carbon, oxygen,
hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorous, and
sulfur 3% from vitamins
These atoms make up >97% of the weight
of most organisms
These elements can form stable covalent
bonds As a human being, why we are organic
organisms?Because most of our body
Points to note: is composed of C&H
Water is a major component of cells
Carbon is more abundant in living
organisms than it is in the rest of the
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What are elements are more abundant in
sun?H&He (Hydrogen
Periodic Table and Helium)
showing the elements present in biomolecules
•Carbon,
Importantoxygen,
elementshydrogen, nitrogen,
found in living cells are
phosphorous,sulfur
shown in color (CHN/OPS)
6• The six abundant elements are in red
(CHNOPS)
Na,Mg,K,Cl,Ca
5• Five essential ions are in purple 5/13
• Trace elements are in dark blue (more
common) and light blue (less common)
Mn,Fe,Co,Cu,Zn V,Cr,Ni,Ga,Al,B,Si,A,Se
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,Sn,Mo,F,I
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Atom
Element
Compound
Molecule
Biomolecule
Cell
Tissue
Organ
System
Human body
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Biomolecules are essentially organic
compounds
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Common functional groups present in
biomolecules
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Common linkages present in
biomolecules
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Biomolecules Are Carbon Compounds
Why is carbon so predominant in
living systems?
Carbon is predominant molecule in human body
97% of the human body is made up of carbon
This is because of the ability of
carbon atoms to bond together to
form long chains and rings.
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The number of the electrons
Atomic number: Number of protons (P)
in the outer orbit is always
Atomic weight: Neutrons (N)+Protons(P)
unstable, so they need other
electrons to be stabilized by
connecting with another Carbon
elements forming bonds and
to form compound
P:6
N:6
2SP4 Add 4e to stabilize it
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2SP4Atomic
(Add 4e of H Number
number: to stabilize the C
of protons and form a
(P)
compound
Atomic called
weight:CH4)
Neutrons (N)+Protons(P)
CH4-Methan
Carbon can covalently bond with up
to four other atoms.
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Carbon can form immensely diverse compounds,
from simple to complex.
The discovery in of the double helix is done by francis crick
Atom
Simple form Element Complex form
Compound
Molecule
Biomolecule
Cell
Tissue
Organ
System
Human body
Methane with 1 Carbon DNA with tens of Billions of
atom Carbon atoms
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LCBP
Examples of Carbon Biomolecules
Structural Organization of Complex Biomolecules-4
LINEAR ALIPHATIC
Stearic acid-18C
CYCLIC
Cholesterol Planar: Chlorophyll a
BRANCHED
B-Carotene
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Hierarchy of Molecular Components
in a Cell -6
The
Cell
And its Organelles
Supramolecular
Complexes
e.g Enzyme complexes,
ribosomes,chromosomes
Macromolecules
Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids,
DNA, RNA
Biomolecules
(Building Blocks) Amino acids, Sugars,
Fatty acids, Glycerol, Nucleic acids
Formation of metabolites Metabolites
Pyruvate,citrate, succinate,
Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate, Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
Most common compounds that Precursors
can be found inside the cell-5 H2O, CO2, NH4+, NO3- and N2
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Precursors or metabolites (H2O, CO2, NO3-, NH4+
and N2) react chemically to produce biomolecules
such as amino acids, sugars (monosaccharides),
nucleic acids, fatty acids, glycerol.
These biomolecules are building blocks or monomers
for the formation of the polymers which are
macromolecules (Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids, DNA, RNA)
Each type of macromolecule is made up of a different
type of building block.
Macromolecules are assembled into supramolecular
complexes (e.g chromosomes, ribosomes, enzyme
complexes) which are responsible for specialized
functions
Supramolecular complexes are localized into
organelles within each cell. Organelles also have
specific functions
Organelles enclosed with membrane
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Properties of Biomolecules Which Reflect
their Suitability for Living Systems
1. Macromolecules are made up of building blocks which make them
non-symmetrical. They have structural polarity
2. Because of this structural polarity, they are able to store
information. The sequence of building blocks which make up the
macromolecules allows different bits of information to be stored e.g
proteins (made up of amino acids) and DNA (made up of nucleic
acids)
3. They have unique 3D shapes because of their sequences which give
them different chemical and physical properties and allow
them to perform different functions
4. Weak chemical forces (non-covalent) link macromolecules together
which allow constant formation and breaking of interactions
between macromolecules. These forces include hydrogen bonds,
van der Waals forces, ionic and hydrophobic interactions.
5. There is structural complementarity between certain
macromolecules which allow them to recognize each other. Weak
chemical forces hold these macromolecules together when
necessary so that their functions can be carried out, after which the
attractions are broken e.g an enzyme and its specific substrate
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LEVEL 1: THE CELL AND ITS ORGANELLES
LEVEL 2: SUPRAMOLECULAR COMPLEXES
LEVEL 3: MACROMOLECULES
LEVEL 4: BIOMOLECULES
IN SUPRAMOLECULAR COMPLEXES, THE DIFFERENT MACROMOLECULES ARE HELD
TOGETHER BY (e.g.) non-covalent bond-4
HYDROGEN BONDS (between polar groups),
IONIC INTERACTIONS (betw. charged groups),
HYDROPHOBIC INTERACTIONS (betw. nonpolar groups), AND
VAN DER WAALS INTERACTIONS (these bonds have energies of only a few kJ; covalent
bonds have bond energies of 200 to 900 kJ/mol)
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Comparison of non-covalent forces of
attraction between molecules
Charged +-
Polar
-+-
+-
-+
Fear of combining
with water ex; lipids
Nonpolar
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Metabolism: Is the combination of capitalism and anabolism
2 process of metabolism:
Capitalism: Process of breaking down
Metabolism
Anabolism: Process of building up
Definition: Metabolism is the set
of chemical reactions that
happen in living organisms to
maintain life. These processes
allow organisms to grow and
reproduce, maintain their
structures, and respond to their
environments.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism
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Cells – 2 categories
• Prokaryotes - do not have a membrane-
bound nucleus or other organelles
2 classes or lineages – eubacteria and
archaea (thermoacidophiles, halophiles and
methanogens)
• Eukaryotes - possess nucleus and other
organelles
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1. Introduction to biochemistry
1. Organize the system of life? – 8
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
2. - - -, Group of atoms bonded together Molecules
3.----, Combination of different molecules that create life (composed of
living things) Biomolecules
4.----, Is the chemistry of biological systems Biochemistry
5. Which of the following is a characteristic of molecules?
A. Combination of atoms
B. Lifeless
C. Nonessential
6. What is the polymers of amino acids?
Proteins
7. What does the amino acids have that the sugar does not have?
A. Carbon
B. Nitrogen
C. Oxygen
8. What is the essential nutrient for the production of amino acids and
proteins?
A. Carbon
B. Nitrogen
C. Oxygen
9. What is the monomer of carbohydrates? Monosaccharides; glucose
sucrose, fructose
10. What is the form of glucose that we give for a person has low energy
and do not eat?
A. Dextrose
B. Normasol
C. Glucose
11. What is the substance needed to prevent dehydration and for irrigation?
A. Dextrose
B. Normasol
C. Glucose
12. Which form of sugar is only used by the human body?
A. Glucose
B. Sucrose
C. Fructose
13. What do you call the cell division that happen in somatic cell?
Mitosis
14. What do you call the cell division that happen in sex
six cell?
Meiosis
15. Identify the characteristics of living systems-4
1. Highly organized and complicated
2. Biological structure serve functional purpose
3. Energy transformation
4. Self replication
16. What is the subcellular structure that exist in the cell called?
Organells
17. Where does the macromolecules take part in many chemical reactions?
A. Cell wall
B. Cell membrane
C. Organelles
18. What is more significant about the organelles?
1. Does not enclosed with membrane
2. Enclosed with membrane
3. Too big in size
19. What is the reason behind performing specific functions in the cell?
A. Level of organization and biological structures
B. DNA replicated
C. Biological structures
20. What are the special biomolecules which provide energy to the cell?
A. ATP, NADPH
B. 1-6 Fructose biphospate
C. Pyruvate
21. Write the full form of ATP and NADPH
ATP: Adenosine triphosphate
NADPH: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
22. Why the living system are highly efficient at self-replication?
A. Due to duplicate DNA strand from the original DNA strand
B. Due to duplicate RNA strand from the original RNA strand
C. Due to duplicate of DNA and RNA
23. What elements are biomolecules composed of?-6
CHN/OPS
24. What is the percentage of the nonmetallic elements that makes up the
weight of the most organisms?
A. More than 97%
B. Less than 97%
C. Less than 90%
25. What is the major component of the cell?
A. H
B. H2O
C. N2
26. What is the more abundant element in living organisms than it is in the
rest of the universe?
A. H2O
B. C
C. N
27. As a human being, why we are organic organisms?
A. Because most of our body is composed of C&H
B. Because most of our body is composed of C&N2
C. Because most of our body is composed of H2&N2
28. What are the five essential ions?
Na,Mg,K,Cl,Ca
29. Which of the following is the more common type of trace elements?
A. Cu
B. Ga
C. Si
30. Which of the following is the less common type of trace elements?
A. Zn
B. Cu
C. Ga
31. Why is carbon so predominant in living systems?
A. This is because of the ability of carbon atoms to bond together to form
long chains and rings
B. This is because of the inability of carbon atoms to bond together to form
long chains and rings
C. This is because it's a famous element
32. What is the atomic number and atomic weight?
Atomic number: Number of protons (P)
Atomic weight: Neutrons (N)+Protons(P)
33. What is the atomic number of carbon?
A. 4
B. 6
C. 7
34. What is the atomic weight of carbon?
A. 4
B. 12
C. 7
35. How many electrons in the last orbit of carbon atom?
A. 4e
B. 2e
C. 5e
36. How many electrons needed to stabilize the carbon atom?
A. 4e
B. 2e
C. 5e
37. What is the atom that will form a covalent bond with the carbon atom to
be stable?
A. Hydrogen
B. Oxygen
C. Nitrogen
38. Which of the following is an example of simple form of carbon
compound?
A. CH4
B. DNA with billions of carbon atoms
C. CH2
39. Which of the following is an example of linear aliphatic shape of the
carbon biomolecules?
A. Streac acids
B. Cholesterol
C. B-caronate
D. Chlorophyll a
40. Which of the following is an example of cyclic shape of the carbon
biomolecules?
A. Streac acids
B. Cholesterol
C. B-caronate
D. Chlorophyll a
41. Which of the following is an example of branshed shape of the carbon
biomolecules?
A. Streac acids
B. Cholesterol
C. B-caronate
D. Chlorophyll a
42. Which of the following is an example of planar shape of the carbon
biomolecules?
A. Streac acids
B. Cholesterol
C. B-caronate
D. Chlorophyll a
43. According to the hierarchy of molecular components in cells, what are
the most common compounds that can be found inside the cell
(Precursors)?- 5
H2O, CO2, NO3, N2, NH4
44. Which of the following is an end product of metabolic mechanism?
A. Amino acids
B. Pyruvate
C. Glycerol
45. What will happen when the macromolecules are assembles together, this
will form?
A. Biomolecules
B. Supramolscular complexes
C. Organelles
46. What are the biomolecules properties?-4
1. Structure polarity able to store information
2. Have you need 3D shapes; contain different physical properties that allow them to perform different functions
3. Structural complementarity
4. Bound together by non covalent bond
47. How many KJ covalent bond contains?
A. 200KJ
B. 2KJ
C. 200 to 900KJ
48. What is the noncovalent force that refers to sharing of hydrogen atom
between electronegative atoms (N,O)?
A. Hydrogen bond
B. Electrostatic forces
C. Van der Waals forces
D. Hydrophobic forces
49. What is the noncovalent force that refers to attraction between opposite
charges?
A. Hydrogen bond
B. Electrostatic forces
C. Van der Waals forces
D. Hydrophobic forces
50. What is the noncovalent force that refers to unfavorably interaction with
water and tend to pack together to exclude water molecules, this attraction
involve van der Waals forces?
A. Hydrogen bond
B. Electrostatic forces
C. Van der Waals forces
D. Hydrophobic forces
51. What is the noncovalent force that refers to fluctuations in electron
clouds around molecules oppositely polarize neigrobing atoms?
A. Hydrogen bond
B. Electrostatic forces
C. Van der Waals forces
D. Hydrophobic forces
52. Define the following
Metabolism: Combination of the catabolism and anabolism
Capitalism: Process of breaking down
Anabolism: Process of building up
53. - - - - -, do not have a membrane-bound nucleus or other organelles
Prokaryotes
54. Which of the following is an example of prokaryotic cell?
A. Halophiles and Methanogens
B. Animal cell
C. Plant cell
55. - - - - -, Possess nucleus and other organelles Eukaryotes
